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So much growth, so little time! All babies need plenty of nutrients to promote healthy growth in the first year of life (and beyond!)—here are five of them.
By Sara Haas, RDN, LDN
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Babies are miraculous growers during their first year of life. From tiny sleeping newborns to animated little pre-toddlers, all of that growth in those 12 months requires serious nutrition. Luckily, breast milk and iron-fortified formulas supply just the right balance of key nutrients to support that fast moving development—and babies will get most of their nutrition from one of those two sources during their first year of life. The American Academy of Pediatrics reccomends starting solids between 4-6 months, when your baby is physically ready. And it's best to wait 3 days before adding a new food to determine if there is any allergic reaction.
Curious about what important nutrients baby needs? Here are just a few that help with your baby's growth and development.
Iron is an essential nutrient for life. As a part of hemoglobin, a component found in red blood cells, it helps carry oxygen throughout the body. During their first 4-6 months, babies will have a sufficient store of iron, built up during their days in-utero. After those 4-6 months, those stores become depleted. Luckily breast milk and iron-fortified formulas supply iron, but it probably won't be enough, especially when solid foods are introduced. That's why it's important to find iron-rich foods that help your baby meet her need of 11 milligrams each day. Good sources of iron include meat, poultry, and eggs as well as vegetarian sources such as beans, iron fortified cereals, whole grains, spinach, broccoli, apricots, prunes, and raisins. The introduction of these foods depends on your baby's development; that's why it's always best to consult your baby's pediatrician prior to starting solid foods.
Omega 3 fatty acids
Boost your baby's brain and eye development, as well as immunity with omega 3 fatty acids. DHA and EPA, types of omega 3 fatty acids, are required for life, but our bodies cannot produce them. That means we have to pay particular attention to making sure we (including baby) consume them. You can start introducing oily fish such as salmon, a powerful source of this unsaturated fat, around 6 months of age. While there are many types of oily fish that contain omega 3 fatty acids, they also contain high levels of mercury. That's why we recommend salmon, which is low in mercury. Baby can also safely consume other low-mercury fish such as whitefish, which supplies some omega 3 fatty acids. You can also try omega 3 eggs. The chickens who lay these eggs have been given feed that contains a source of omega 3 fatty acids. Just be sure to read the label on the carton; it will clearly state the eggs have additional omega 3 fatty acids.
Protein packs a lot of punch in terms of your baby's growth and development. Why? Because it is literally a part of every cell in their body - working hard to build, maintain and repair body tissues. Proteins are made up of amino acids, the "building blocks" of protein. Some of these amino acids are "essential", meaning the body can't make them. That means baby needs to acquire them from food. Luckily, there's just the right amount of protein in breast milk and iron-fortified formula. And when baby starts solids, there are plenty of protein-rich foods babies can try such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy. Baby also gets protein from non-animal sources such as nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, as well as some fruits and vegetables. (Some baby food pouches even offer fruit-and-grain combos). Make sure your baby gets protein from a variety of sources.
Vitamin D
You know babies need calcium for bone health, but did you know they also need vitamin D to help those growing bones? "Vitamin D is important for bone mineralization as well as immunity, says Angela Lemond, RDN and Board Certified as a Specialist in Pediatric Nutrition. Angela recommends baby gets 400 IU daily of Vitamin D each day. She points out that breastfed or partially breastfed babies need supplemental vitamin D whereas formula-fed babies receive adequate amounts of Vitamin D in their formula. To get that extra vitamin D, your pediatrician may recommend an over-the-counter liquid supplement. And although cow's milk is a source of vitamin D, it is not recommended for infants during their first year of life. (Yogurt is okay.)
Zinc is an important mineral in your baby's growth and development as it's required for making proteins and DNA. Vandana Sheth, RDN, CDE and Spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, notes that zinc "also plays a key role in maintaining immune function. Babies who are deficient in zinc (which is rare especially in the United States) can have impaired growth, and an increased susceptibility for infections." How much does your baby need? Infants between 0 to 6 months of age require 2 milligrams of zinc per day and children 7 months to 3 years old need about 3 milligrams of zinc per day. According to Sheth, "Formula will adequately meet babies' zinc needs up to the age of 1. However, after 6 months of age, it is critical that breast-fed babies are introduced to zinc-rich foods to adequately meet their nutritional needs." One easy way to do that? Sheth recommends adding 2 tablespoons of fortified cereal twice a day along with 1-2 ounces of pureed or finely choped meats to easily provide the recommended zinc intake.
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Self-Expression Or Not Self-Expression - That is the Question!
by Tom Grier
At the recent 10th annual Lyme Disease Foundation's conference held at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, there was a lecture by Dr. Catherine Luke, Ph.D., of the University of California, that went almost unnoticed. It was sandwiched between the controversial NIH Intramural Chronic Lyme Disease Study, and a provocative study showing persistent Borrelia infection in dogs post-antibiotic treatment. The lecture seemed innocuous at first glance, but a second look made me wonder if I was watching something out of a science fiction movie. You know the moment? It's where the hero has this sudden epiphany that the monster is out of the bottle, and only he seems to notice that the world is doomed!
So what is this monster in the bottle waiting to attack the "us"? Well, let's begin with a basic understanding of self In biology, we are what we are because our cells only express genes from our own chromosomes. Imagine how quickly we would be in trouble if we expressed all the genes of every virus or bacteria that we encountered. We wouldn't be ourselves for long - instead we would be a walking conglomeration of newly acquired genes. Although it sounds enticing to incorporate yeast genes into our cells, and be able to ferment our own alcohol right in our gut, it would shortly become very nonproductive if every time we ate sugar we got drunk! What I am saying is that we are us, and bacteria are bacteria, and wouldn't it be nice if it always stayed that way? Well, guess what? There is some evidence that mammalian cells may actually express foreign borrelia genes. Furthermore, that expression may also lead to autoimmunity!
We have known for some time that retroviruses like HIV use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to trick our cells into making new HIV virus. Yet, in bacterial systems this insertion of bacterial genes into host mammalian genes is not heard of until now.
Dr. Catherine Luke took the plasmid that contains the gene for Borrelia burgdorferi OSP-A protein and immunized mice with it. (She only injected purified borrelia DNA. There were no live bacteria used at this stage.) Under the influence of the cytomegalovirus (CMV), the OSP-A gene was transcribed by the mouse cells. The OSP-A protein was produced, and inserted into mouse cell membrane. Further, this expression of the bacterial protein by the mouse cells caused the immune system of the mice to launch an attack by creating anti-OSP-A antibodies. The immune response was enough to prevent active infection in the same mice when they were challenged with live Borrelia burgdorferi. So, at the same time the mouse incorporates the bacterial OSP-A protein into itself, the mouse also launches an immune attack against itself. The mouse in essence becomes allergic to the very protein it created when it decoded the bacterial OSP-A DNA!
What does this all mean? Does this mouse model have any application to human systems? Many scientists will be quick to point out that the promoter of this anomaly in the mouse model was the CMV virus, but in 1996 Dr. Simon and his coworkers showed that the OSP-A gene can be expressed in mammalian cells under the control of its own endogenous promoter. (Simon, et al, Eur J Immunol, 26:2831-2840,1996) This implies that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of inserting the OSP-A gene into mammalian cells all by itself, causing the expression of the bacterial protein within the membrane of mammalian host cells. Further, there is work supporting the expression of OSP-A protein in infected Lyme patient's joints in the absence of active infection. (Persing, et al, J Infect Dis, 169:668-72, 1994, and Persing DH, Ruteledge BJ, Rys PN, et al, Target Imbalance: Disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi Genetic Material in Synovial Fluid from Lyme Arthritis Patients. J Infect Dis, November 4, 1993; 169:668-672)
Although Dr. Catherine Luke tried to give her lecture a positive spin by suggesting that this mechanism of gene expression may one day be useful in developing a vaccine against Lyme disease, it seems impractical and quite risky. Instead of a potentially new vaccine, I see a new model for Lyme disease causing auto-immunity, even in the absence of live bacteria. Dr. Luke presented evidence that the mouse made antibodies against OSP-A bacterial protein that, for all practical purposes, had become part of the cell structure of the mice. This means the antibodies produced would now attack the healthy mouse cells.
Does this occur in infected humans? We don't know. The evidence is certainly sparse, because so few researchers have ever thought to look for the expression of Borrelia proteins within human cells. Does this mean that active infection is a myth, and that auto-immunity is the cause of persistent symptoms? No. There are many examples and case histories of culture positive Lyme patients, even after years of antibiotics. (Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, and Coyle PK. Seronegative Chronic Relapsing Neuroborreliosis. European Neurology, 1995;35(2):113-11 7)
The truth is, whether or not this exact model of autoimmunity occurs, there is much evidence that there are other autoimmune processes going on as well. It seems likely that both persistent infection and autoimmunity are occurring in patients who have persistent symptoms post-treatment. The narrow-minded view of just autoimmunity or just persistent infection occurring could lead to detrimental consequences in patients who receive only partial treatment based on a single minded belief. There needs to be a better understanding of the interplay of these bacteria in humans that goes beyond the belief there is a single cause to all Lyme patients' problems. This is a complex organism interacting with a complex system, and trying to define this disease by a single point of view is an oversimplification of what is really going on.
The more we look at this organism, the more we realize that the microbiology of this bacterium is highly unique, highly evolved, and poorly understood.
(An interesting side note: When the OSP-B gene is injected into mice, and the OSP-B protein is then expressed on the surface of mouse cells, there is no protection from a challenge of live Borrelia burgdorferi. In other words, the mouse antibodies against OSP-B seem to be ineffective against the live bacteria) |
Your color vision is not for seeing red sunsets or green grass; rather, it evolved as a kind of empath sense, optimized to detect the changes in blood physiology in the skin of the faces (and rumps) of others, thereby sensing their emotions.
Your forward-facing eyes are not for seeing in depth, but, rather, for significantly enhancing how much you can see in the cluttered forest habitats of your ancestors.
When you are concentrating on something, neural "noise" may cause you to miss important changes in your environment, new research indicates, and this binocular rivalry which occurs when the two eyes view radically different images means the brain temporarily rejects, or suppresses, one of those images in favor of the other.
The image that commands our visual awareness switches between the two over time. This fluctuation in visual awareness enables cognitive neuroscientists to study the neural correlates of awareness and consciousness.
A team of researchershas discovered a biological marker for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in older adults. The marker, a receptor known as CCR3, shows strong potential as a means for both the early detection of the disease and for preventive treatment.
Neovascular (or "wet-type") macular degeneration is caused by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) – the invasive growth of new blood vessels in the thin vascular layer that provides nourishment and oxygen to the eye. Central vision loss occurs when these abnormal blood vessels invade the retina, the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyeball.
Who says politics and science can't mix? Well, we say they shouldn't mix but we're rare in science media. Yet sometimes political events can make for great science studies too.
Case in point, the value neuroscientists at the University of Washington got when former President George W. Bush and Iraq's Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had shoes thrown at them by a crazy Iraqi 'reporter' during a Baghdad news conference.
When Bush ducked and Maliki didn't flinch as the first shoe sailed toward them, it was a real-world example supporting the theory that there are two independent pathways in the human visual system.
Seeing the world through 'rose-colored glasses' may be more biological reality than metaphor, according to a University of Toronto study that provides the first direct evidence that our mood literally changes the way our visual system filters our perceptual experience.
Erik Weihenmayer wears sunglasses often. He was wearing them to protect his eyes when he reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in 1997. He had them on when he completed the 2003 Primal Quest, the world's toughest multi-sport adventure race. And, he put on a pair during a recent visit to the National Eye Institute (NEI).
But this last set is no ordinary pair of Oakley sunglasses.
Weihenmayer looks through them, peering down at a white note card on a table. He silently moves his head back and forth, up and down. After a few moments, he says, "Is that a 12?"
Facial recognition is not as automatic as it may seem, according to researchers who have identified specific areas in the brain devoted solely to picking out faces among other objects we encounter.
What's different about nocturnal mammals that have 'night vision'? According to a Cell report, the DNA within the photoreceptor rod cells responsible for low light vision is packaged in a very unconventional way. That special DNA architecture turns the rod cell nuclei themselves into tiny light-collecting lenses, with millions of them in every nocturnal eye.
Video may have killed the radio star(*) but violent video games may save the vision of teens who play them, according to a new Tel Aviv University study.
Dr. Uri Polat of Tel Aviv University's Goldschlager Eye Institute and his collaborators compared the effects of playing violent action games like "Unreal Tournament 2004" and "Call of Duty 2" to other video games which do not require high levels of visual-motor coordination, like "The Sims."
We all know that people sometimes change their behavior when someone is looking their way. A new study in Current Biology shows that jackdaws, birds related to crows and ravens with eyes that appear similar to human eyes, can do the same.
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I'm a 31 year old female, 5'4", presently about 212 lbs (down from 231 57 days ago and from 288 a few years back). I have done tons of research and am quite confident about my diet (insulin resistance vegetarian diet: 30% carbs, 35% protein, 35% fat with a 1200 calorie/day baseline that I adjust accordingly when I burn more working out) and making good progress and feeling great. I just joined a gym again, after about 4 years away, and I don't feel nearly as confident about what I'm doing there. I can't afford a regular trainer and the one session I had wasn't really helpful.
My goals, in order of importance:
- Be healthy
- Lose weight (Goal is to reach 130 by 11/7/12)
- Gain strength, especially in ways that will make it easier to do my job (hairstylist) where I'm on my feet all day
- Gain flexibility
- Tone
- Gain additional strength for the sake of being more of a badass
Presently, I go to the gym about 4 days a week and I'm in a rut. I have been getting on the elliptical and doing an hour or so worth of cardio which the machine tells me burns about 715 calories. I'm gaining ground here and increasingly able to push and burn more with every workout. I do different programs; intervals, cross training, etc., to keep it at least a little diverse and to assure that the crossramp and resistance change throughout my workout, but basically it's the same thing every time. An hour on the elliptical.
Then I do some machines and strength stuff, but this is where I really get clueless. I've been doing about 3 sets of 15 reps on the ab machine, chest pull, and hip abduction and adduction, some squats against the wall with the ball behind my back, and some of those, uh, whatevers, where you lay on your back, put the big ball under your legs, lift your pelvis, and then use your legs to curl the ball under you.
Then I stretch quite a bit - about 12 different stretches in all for 10 minutes or so, and go home.
This is all working, and it's better than nothing, for sure, but it's not an educated workout. Given my goals, what do you experts suggest? What am I doing right/wrong?
Thanks much!
Edit: Formatting & typos |
# The John Varley Reader
***The John Varley Reader*** is a representative collection of 18 of the science fiction short stories by John Varley, first published in paperback in September 2004. It features 5 new stories. Each story is preceded by an autobiographical introduction; until this book Varley had avoided discussing himself, or his works, in print.
It was republished in 2020 by Open Road Media.
## Contents
## Back cover (2020 edition)
*"A landmark collection from the master of science fiction whose short stories “are quite literally unforgettable” (William Gibson).*
*These eighteen stories from the acclaimed author of the Gaea Trilogy, The Ophiuchi Hotline, and many other important works span thirty years of his distinguished career. In these pages are Hugo, Nebula, Prix Tour-Apollo, and James Tiptree Jr. Award winners, including “The Persistence of Vision,” “PRESS ENTER \[ \],” “The Pusher,” and “The Barbie Murders,” among other outstanding works of speculative short fiction. As a valuable bonus, each story includes an autobiographical introduction by the author."*
1. Varley, J. (2020). *The John Varley Reader: Thirty Years of Short Fiction*. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-6341-8. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
2. "Picnic on Nearside – John Varley". *varley.net*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
3. "Title: In the Hall of the Martian Kings". *isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
4. [email protected]. "Dans le palais des rois martiens, John VARLEY". *www.noosfere.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
5. "Title: Gotta Sing, Gotta Dance". *isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
6. jameswharris (2023-06-22). ""The Phantom of Kansas" by John Varley". *Classics of Science Fiction*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
7. "The Phantom of Kansas – Full Text – John Varley". *varley.net*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
8. "MathFiction: The Phantom of Kansas (John Varley)". *kasmana.people.charleston.edu*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
9. "Beatnik Bayou by John Varley (Summary) - Writing Atlas". *writingatlas.com*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
10. "Title: Beatnik Bayou". *isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
11. "Air Raid by John Varley (Summary) - Writing Atlas". *writingatlas.com*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
12. "- AIR RAID". *www.baen.com*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
13. "Title: The Pusher". *isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
14. "Tango Charlie and Foxtrot Romeo – John Varley". *varley.net*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
15. "Options - John Varley". *Babelio* (in French). Retrieved 2024-08-19.
16. Roussel, Frédérique. "Mardi SF : «Options», sexe réversible". *Libération* (in French). Retrieved 2024-08-19.
17. "Options de John Varley - Fantastinet" (in French). 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
18. "Just Another Perfect Day – John Varley". *varley.net*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
19. Magazine, Lightspeed (2011-08-09). "Just Another Perfect Day". *Lightspeed Magazine*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
20. "Birthday Reviews: John Varley's "Just Another Perfect Day" – Black Gate". 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
21. "MathFiction: In Fading Suns and Dying Moons (John Varley)". *kasmana.people.charleston.edu*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
22. "Title: In Fading Suns and Dying Moons". *isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
23. "The Flying Dutchman – John Varley". *varley.net*. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
## InfoBox
The John Varley Reader
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Varley |
| Cover artist | Ralph Mercer and Ian McKinnell |
| Language | English |
| Series | Eight Worlds |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Ace Books |
| Publication date | September 2004 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 532 |
| ISBN | 0-441-01195-0 |
| OCLC | 55105932 | |
Legal Challenges of Blockchain Technology: What Are the Most Common Problems?
In all honesty, Blockchain technology is powerful, exciting, and has multiple uses. The first use case of blockchain was with cryptocurrency, other use cases range from online transactions to decentralized apps and common supply chain processes. As good as blockchain technology is, there are some legal challenges.
Before institutions begin to utilize blockchain technology for their needs, they need to understand the legal challenges that blockchain has to overcome. Let’s dive a bit deeper into how blockchain works and what legal challenges of blockchain.
How does Blockchain Works?
Blockchain technology is a ledger, a decentralized ledger of information that is publicly owned. The information stored on the ledger can be shared and viewed by anyone. Once any information has been added to the ledger, it can’t be changed, that’s what makes blockchain so secure. That’s why blockchain is used in online document verification, online ID verification, and data management.
The immutability and the transparency of the blockchain make it extremely crucial for decentralization, privacy, security, and eliminating the need for ledgers. Cryptocurrency is supported by blockchain technology, as it offers a huge level of privacy and anonymity that centralized currency can’t compete with. But because of the uncertainty and lack of education around blockchain technology, not all the top institutions want to rely on it. Thus, causing numerous blockchain legal challenges.
Legal Challenges Faced by Blockchain
KYC and AML compliance regulators make sure that criminals don’t exploit blockchain and cryptocurrency for money laundering. The extreme level of privacy offered by blockchain-based cryptocurrency makes it easier for fraudsters to exchange money anonymously. This feature can be exploited by criminals who want to hide their fraudulent activities from governments and regulatory bodies. legal challenges of blockchain
This is one of the major reasons why a lot of countries don’t allow cryptocurrency transactions. Countries that do allow it is trying to make cryptocurrency transactions less private. Companies that offer blockchain services may be pressured to find a balance between privacy and anonymity. They also have to follow a strict level of regulations to reduce or eliminate the risk of crime. Some of the most common legal challenges of blockchain technology are:
1. Privacy Issues
The fight around blockchain privacy and the legality of this don’t seem to settle down anytime soon. As lawmakers are trying their best to prevent crime by removing the tools that can assist fraudsters in moving money from one place to another without being caught. While the cryptocurrency companies are pointing out that every individual has the right to privacy. The cryptocurrency community makes a fair point, but unfortunately, this also works in the favor of money launderers and other criminals.
2. Regulatory Challenges
One of the biggest regulatory issues revolving around blockchain technologies is if the cryptocurrencies are considered securities, they’ll be bound by the SEC regulatory rules. That’s not an ideal situation for cryptocurrency companies as they will need to follow a wide range of legal obligations that they currently don’t.
The biggest example of this situation is Telegram. In 2019, they launched an ICO, which was shut down by the SEC because they claimed the tokens were sold unlawfully. In June 2020, Telegram finally settled with the SEC and had to return more than $1.2 Billion to investors.
3. Federal Laws
When it comes to federal laws, a lot of organizations govern how cryptocurrency is regulated. These organizations include:
• The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• The Commodities and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
• The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
• The Department of Treasury
• Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
• The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
Although, regardless of this spade of organizations, there’s very little federal lawmaking on this issue. State laws on the other hand are a completely different deal.
4. State Laws
While there aren’t a lot of federal laws regarding cryptocurrencies, there are a lot of state laws. There’s a big difference in how the technology is treated on a state level as opposed to a federal level. Some states have a favorable stance and others are much tougher.
Wyoming is one such example of a crypto-friendly state. Just recently, Wyoming passed a law where cryptocurrencies are exempted from property taxation. Arizona and Georgia have also legalized Bitcoin as a type of payment method for taxes. State laws are one of the biggest blockchain legal challenges.
However, there are more than a dozen states that have issued warnings for investors regarding cryptocurrencies. New York is probably the biggest example of a state that’s highly restrictive with its crypto laws.
5. Anti-Money Laundering and KYC
One huge legal challenge for crypto and blockchain companies is following anti-money laundering laws. There are other laws that crypto companies and blockchain companies have to vary as well. American residents aren’t allowed to do business with foreign nationals who are on the blocked entities list.
And of course, companies that fail to follow the regulation laws can suffer from huge penalties. The new AML directive 5 included some laws regarding cryptocurrency that some cryptocurrency exchanges have to follow.
How to Fix Blockchain Legal Issues?
Solving the legal challenges around blockchain and crypto isn’t easy at all. In upcoming years, a lot of changes will be made which will probably change the environment around crypto. Cryptocurrency exchange and blockchain companies are trying hard to find a way around the legal complications. |
Mudjacking vs. Polyurethane Foam Raising: Which Is Right for You?
Concrete is the second-most used substance on Earth, only surpassed by water.
While it’s long-lasting, it doesn’t stay in good condition forever. Aged concrete is prone to all sorts of damage, making it both an eyesore and a safety issue.
Mudjacking and polyurethane injections are two of the most common concrete repair methods in use today. They have a similar purpose of repairing and leveling old or damaged concrete.
Despite their similarities, it’s important to know what sets these two methods apart to choose the best method for your project.
Read our guide to understand the differences between mudjacking and polyurethane concrete raising and how to choose the best method for your project.
Mudjacking is also known as concrete leveling, pressure grouting, and slab grouting.
Sand, cement, and other materials combine to make a mixture known as a slurry. This mixture is then pumped into holes drilled into the concrete to raise and level it.
Mudjacking is best for concrete that’s in good condition but is no longer level. It works for slabs, driveways, porches, walkways, decks, steps, and more.
There are some projects where mudjacking isn’t the best choice. It won’t work for slabs that are heavy or load-bearing because it doesn’t have enough power to move them without causing damage. It can also cause more problems for severely damaged concrete because it can’t fill every hole and may lead to sinking over time.
Also, if the soil below the concrete is not able to support additional weight – mudjacking materiel weighs around 100 lbs per cubic foot, then the concrete slab may sink again over time.
Lastly, the sand and mortar used in mud jacking is not water proof materiel and can easily erode away over time if water is draining along the sides and underneath the slab. So this process in a area that is going to be exposed to a lot of water is not ideal.
You can learn more about this check out more problems with mudjacking.
Polyurethane Foam Raising
Polyurethane concrete lifting, a.k.a. PolyLift or Polyjacking uses high-density geo-technical expanding foam to raise and stabilize concrete slabs. The material and equipment is similar to what is used in spray foam insulation however the foam used for lifting concrete is a lot stronger.
The first step in a polyurethane injection repair project is to drill penny sized holes. The high-density polyurethane foam is the spray through the holes and will begin to fill all the voids below the concrete.
The foam can expands up to 7 feet at each inject hole. It raises the concrete while stabilizing it and filling any gaps between the concrete and the soil.
Polyurethane concrete raising works best for large, heavy, or sensitive concrete slabs. It’s also perfect for concrete that needs to return the service quickly like roadways thanks to its quick drying time.
The benefit of using polyurethane over “mud” or sand/cement is that it will not breakdown overtime. This makes the repair a long lasting solution.
For more information, check out all the steps of the polyurethane process.
PolyLifting vs. Mudjacking
Weighing the pros and cons of each concrete repair method is the best way to decide which is best for you.
Mudjacking has some advantages over polyurethane concrete raising. It can be cheaper and easier to control.
At the same time, mudjacking uses heavier materials, and requires more cleanup. There are more holes that are large enough for weeds to grow through them. Water can also get in, leading to shifting slabs and further damage and settling.
Foam injections cure in 15 minutes compared to a full day for mudjacking. It’s less invasive because it requires smaller and fewer drilling holes. It’s stronger, doesn’t retain moisture or pollute the environment, and can reach areas that are inaccessible to mudjacking equipment.
Despite these benefits, you may be left wondering how long does foam jacking last? While mudjacking usually lasts 2-5 years, polyurethane can last much longer if properly maintained.
Check here for more information on polyurethane vs. mudjacking repairs.
Why Polyurethane Injections Are a Better Value
Mudjacking is the more traditional and less expensive method of concrete repair. A lower initial cost doesn’t always mean a better value.
A polyurethane injection lasts longer than a mudjacking repair job. This means you won’t have to repair the concrete again as often, saving you money over time.
For these reasons and more, you should consider a polyurethane injection over mudjacking. It’ll give you a better value for your money and a longer-lasting, better-looking repair. It’s also a versatile option that can repair concrete anywhere throughout your home.
Why You Should Choose a Polyurethane Injection
Professionals may recommend mudjacking because it’s cheaper and simpler,. It’s not always the best choice for several reasons. Many of the cons of a polyurethane injection don’t seem as problematic when compared with its positive aspects.
Polyurethane injections are more expensive than mudjacking but longer-lasting. This can lead to savings over time as it doesn’t need to be redone as often.
You also get a much quicker, more efficient job for your money when choosing polyurethane concrete raising. Your project will be done in no time thanks to benefits like fewer drill holes and shorter drying times.
Polyurethane injections can also be used on a larger range of projects.
The foam has enough power to lift large slabs. It’s easier to control and won’t cause as much damage to sensitive concrete. Polyurethane concrete raising equipment can also reach smaller spots than large mudjacking equipment.
Where to Get a Polyurethane Injection
There are several ways to repair concrete. The most traditional method is to replace every slab, but this can be a long, expensive process. That’s why there are now better alternatives for the modern homeowner.
Mudjacking is cheaper and faster than a full replacement but has several disadvantages like long drying time and the potential for additional damage.
Polyurethane concrete raising leads to a longer-lasting and quicker repair, and it can reach more areas than mudjacking. It’s a better value for your money and the best choice for almost all projects.
Concrete repair can be a DIY project, but hiring a professional will give you the best, most long-lasting results. We’ll use a polyurethane injection to keep all your home’s concrete in pristine condition.
Check out our wide range of services and contact us for more information. Concrete Hero services most of the northwest suburbs such as Arlington Heights concrete repair and far west suburbs such as Naperville concrete raising services.
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# Divine Word College of Vigan
The **Divine Word College of Vigan**, also referred to by its acronym **DWCV**, is a private, Catholic, co-educational institution of higher learning run by the Philippine Northern Province of the Society of the Divine Word in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines. It was founded in 1822 by the society as the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción. The current president is Rev. Fr. Edsel R. Demillo, SVD, PhD.
## InfoBox
Divine Word College of Vigan
| *Dalubhasaang Banal na Salita ng Vigan* (Filipino) | |
| --- | --- |
| Former name | Colegio de la Immaculada Concepción (1822) |
| Motto | *Semper Fidelis* |
| Motto in English | *Always Faithful* |
| Type | Private Roman Catholic Non-profit Coeducational Basic and Higher education institution |
| Established | 1822 (1822) |
| Founder | Society of the Divine Word |
| Religious affiliation | Roman Catholic<br>(Divine Word Missionaries) |
| Academic affiliations | |
| President | Fr. Dominador O. Ramis, SVD |
| Address | Burgos Street, Barangay I, Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines<br>17°34′29″N 120°23′23″E / 17.57481°N 120.38982°E / 17.57481; 120.38982 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Alma Mater song | Divine Hymn (DWCV Hymn) |
| Colors | Sky blue and White |
| Nickname | Divinians |
| Location in LuzonLocation in the Philippines | | |
Dogfights in Japan Are a Family Outing
Dogfighting at Bando, a small farming town two hours northeast of Tokyo. Maika Elan for Newsweek
Hiroshi Sudo takes a pair of pliers, clamps them around a dog's tooth and twists. The tooth comes free in a spray of bloody spittle. The dog snarls, but Sudo has tied a washcloth around his snout so he can't bite. Sudo hands the tooth to the dog's owner, who puts it under a hose, then wipes it off with a rag and pockets it. Later, he'll drill a hole through it, string a leather cord through the hole and wear it around his neck, a grisly memento.
On weekdays, Sudo is a veterinarian at an animal hospital in Toride, about 25 miles northeast of Tokyo. On weekends, he moonlights at dogfights, stitching up cuts and pulling loose teeth. "We do the bare minimum here," he says through a translator. "Emergency response." For anything more serious, he recommends that dog owners visit an animal hospital. But that's not an option today, because it's Sunday, the one day in the week when most animal hospitals, like most businesses in Japan, are closed.
It's not uncommon for these fighting dogs to die. "It happens, but not that many," Sudo says. The dogs, he explains, are like marathon runners: Sometimes they push themselves too far. But vets like Sudo try not to let that happen. He picks up a needle and thread and goes back to his work.
No permits or licenses are required to fight dogs, so there's no official record of how many fights happen each year. Teruaki Sudo, president of the East Japan Dog Fighting Association (and Hiroshi's father), says his group holds eight or nine tournaments per year, while smaller groups might hold two or three. Between 60 and 100 dogs might fight in a small tournament. In a large tournament, that number could be as high as 250. It's impossible to say how many fights happen off the books each year, especially if you count pit bull fights, which are almost entirely sponsored by the Japanese mafia, or yakuza.
Only five of the country's 47 prefectures have laws against dogfighting. Tokyo is one of them, so Tokyoites like Sudo come to the sticks, to places like Bando, a smallish farming town two hours northeast of the capital, to fight. Dogfights are loud, Sudo explains, "so it should be in a place where almost no one lives. So we set up this facility."
The facility is a giant metal shed next to a landfill. Inside are three wooden octagons, about 12 feet in diameter, each squatting atop a raised dais. Three small platforms are bolted to the sides of each octagon. Atop each platform is a single folding chair, and on each chair sits a judge. Sometimes, a fourth judge will observe from ground level. Two larger steel platforms are affixed at opposite sides of each octagon, giving the dogs' owners an unobstructed view.
In Japan, dogfights are family outings. Outside the arena, people cook yakitori skewers over makeshift grills, and kids eat watermelon and bento. Inside, rows of folding tables are set up for the crowd. They smoke, fan themselves and drink green tea from little plastic cups. The temperature is pushing 100 degrees, and some men's tattoos are visible through their thin cotton shirts.
The day's first blood is spilled before any dogs enter the ring. As one ascends the ramp, the other barrels from the octagon and sinks his teeth into his opponent's neck. The aggressor clamps down and jerks his head sideways, bringing his opponent around with him, pulling him by the scruff of the neck. The announcer begins shouting. The crowd pulls back, those closest to the dogs scattering out of the way for their own safety, the rest forming a loose ring around them.
A few seconds later, the dogs' owners grab them by their tails and try to pull them apart. A full-grown Tosa Inu—sometimes called a Japanese mastiff, the only breed used in traditional Japanese dogfighting—can weigh nearly 200 pounds. It takes six men to pull them apart. They bring up a hose that blasts pressurized air into the dogs' faces and jam plastic wedges into the dogs' mouths to lever open their jaws. Finally, they come apart. The aggressor's owner hauls his dog back into the ring. The other strains to follow.
The dogs spend another 10 minutes or so biting and clawing before one yelps—a sign of surrender—and the match is called. There's no winner.
Dogs are sometimes killed in the ring or die later from their injuries, but even the survivors, like this one, are exhausted by the end of a match. Maika Elan for Newsweek
Mobbed-Up Pet Shop Boys
Compared with those of other developed countries, Japan's animal rights law—there's only one on the national level—is fairly weak. The Welfare and Management of Animals Act, passed in 1973, is "completely ineffective," says Elizabeth Oliver, a British expat who started the nonprofit group Animal Rescue Kansai in 1991. In the 25 years since the law was passed, "nothing has improved," she says. Sakiko Yamazaki, a freelance animal welfare consultant in Japan, calls the law "fairly decent" but says it's "not really being enforced to its maximum potential."
That's partly because the law is so vague. While it makes injuring an animal "without reason" a crime, it doesn't say what a good reason might be. But even in clear-cut cases of animal cruelty, the police rarely act, Oliver says. Since the law was passed, police have shut down only one pet shop in Tokyo for breaking it.
On paper, most Japanese animal welfare groups oppose dogfighting. "We think making animals fight each other is itself cruelty to animals," says Chizuko Yamaguchi, a veterinary inspector at the Japan Animal Welfare Society (JAWS), Japan's oldest and biggest animal welfare group, in an email to Newsweek.
But neither JAWS nor any other group has made a concerted effort to ban dogfighting—for two reasons. The first is the perception that it is a Japanese tradition. The "dog men," as dogfighters are called, say it's part of their country's cultural history, much like whaling or dolphin hunting. Enough members of the parliament agree with them to block changes to the law, Yamaguchi says.
The other reason is dogfighting's deep ties to the yakuza. "In Japan, anything to do with dogs is run by gangsters," Oliver says. "In the old days, they made money from prostitution and gunrunning, but now they make a huge profit in the pet business."
For the yakuza, the animal trade is a reliable business. A purebred animal can run you about $7,000 in an upscale Tokyo pet shop. Though gambling is illegal in Japan, with a handful of exceptions, you can win prizes like air conditioners and TVs. There's money in breeding too. On average, a Tosa puppy costs somewhere between $5,000 and $10,000, while a dog with a winning record can sell for $15,000. During the country's bubble economy, from 1986 to 1991, Tosas sometimes sold for between $20,000 and $30,000, according to Teruaki Sudo, the club president.
The yakuza don't like outsiders poking their noses into their business. The last time JAWS made noises about banning dogfighting, sketchy characters started showing up at JAWS employees' homes, Yamaguchi says. " The practice is deeply tied with mafia activities—both government and private animal-protection stakeholders are quite afraid that involvement can jeopardize their safety," says one person involved in animal protection in Japan, who asked Newsweek for anonymity out of fear of retaliation.
Sumo for Dogs
A Tosa needs just the right balance of smarts and stupidity to be a fighting dog. "If a dog is too smart, it won't fight, because it doesn't like to be bitten by other dogs. If a dog is stupid, it has no technique," explains Takashi Hirose, who runs the Tosa Inu Park, a museum-slash-arena about 30 minutes south of Kochi City, on the island of Shikoku.
Japan's dog men call what they do token—the straight translation is "fighting dogs." Token is old. How old, exactly, we don't know, but it has its deepest roots in Kochi. Tosas are native to this area, and people here have been fighting dogs for at least 400 years. The local baseball team is even called the Kochi Fighting Dogs.
Hirose traces dogfighting's popularity in Kochi back to Chosokabe Motochika, a 16th-century warlord who once ruled all of Shikoku. Motochika encouraged dogfighting among his soldiers as a morale booster, Hirose says. An image of Motochika in full armor and brandishing a spear greets visitors to the park, of which Hirose says there are about 700,000 annually.
Much of the token tradition is borrowed from Japan's national sport, sumo, in which nearly every movement a fighter takes before and after he enters the ring is imbued with ritual significance. The dogs may not take it as seriously, but their owners do. They call their pastime inuzumo—literally, "dog sumo."
Like sumo, token is a sport, they say. What it isn't is animal cruelty. "If a dog doesn't have fighting spirit, we don't put it in the ring," says Teruaki Sudo. And if dogs with so-called fighting spirit aren't allowed to fight, their aggression comes out in other ways, the owners say.
But animal rights advocates say fighting spirit is just a fancy way of saying selective breeding for aggression. "Any animal can be made that way," says Keiko Yamazaki, a board member of the Japanese Coalition for Animal Welfare. "If you kick them in the ass and send them in the arena to go fight another dog, they have no choice," she adds. "If they say they have no other way to vent off their so-called innate aggression, that would mean these dogs are dangerous, so you would ask them to stop breeding them."
Animals rights advocates would like to see the dog fights stop, but many trainers have argued it is a part of their tradition. Maika Elan for Newsweek
'Stupid! Stupid!'
Tattoos of scenes from Japanese mythology cover most of Yoshiaki Nakata's body, except his legs from the knees down and a thin strip that runs from his sternum to his crotch. Nakata, who is chairman of the National Dog Fighting Association, wears head-to-toe white, with gold-rimmed, lavender-tinted sunglasses. A woman in sequined gold pants who introduces herself as his wife slides a fat diamond ring onto his left hand before he takes a seat to watch the championship match in Bando. If he isn't a yakuza—and he says he isn't—then he is trying very hard to look like one.
The match is between two veterans: a brown dog called Yume (dream) and a black dog called Bontenmaru. With all their scars and bald patches where past competitors have torn off chunks of fur, their coats look like weird organic jigsaws. Their missing teeth bob from their owners' necks as they shout at them from atop the octagon.
Their fight lasts a little less than 10 minutes. By the end, both animals are panting. Ropes of drool thick with blood ooze from their mouths. They're cut in dozens of places, and chunks of their fur carpet the arena. Their flanks heave like bellows.
Both dogs are spent; neither can go on, but neither will surrender either. Whichever dog quits first loses. Yume looks back at his owner with a pleading look. Bontenmaru's owner yells at him to fight on. "Baka! Baka!" he yells ("Stupid! Stupid!").
Neither dog will fight. After three minutes of inaction, the match is called a draw. The owners jump into the ring, grab their dogs and pull them out.
When the dogs are well clear, everyone—judges, owners, spectators—helps with the cleanup. Japanese kids are taught to clean up after themselves in school. Since the kids do all the work, Japanese schools don't have janitors. The same, apparently, is true of dogfights.
With the ring cleared, the awards ceremony can begin. The owners trundle in, one by one, to receive their prizes. The weakest dogs win the worst prizes—boxes of tissues and mosquito repellent. The better fighters get electric fans, microwaves and flat-screen TVs. At bigger fights, the winners sometimes get cars.
The day's overall winner, a dog called Lai, ends the day on a low note.
Lai looks for all the world as if he's dying. His owners have thrown down a green tarp by the side of the road, and Lai is lying on his side on top of it. There's blood on the tarp. Heat exhaustion, his owners say. They've covered his body in ice packs and doused him in cold water, and Hiroshi Sudo, the vet, has given him an IV of cold saline to lower his temperature.
Lai survives. Three days later, he'll be able to walk again. In three months or so, he'll be able to fight again. |
# Question
Title: Are there official church structures that exist under a Parish in the Catholic Church?
Our diocese recently had a big re-org and went down from over 100 parishes down to 30. But now our cozy little ex-congregation can't do anything fun unless the big mega-church ladies say so or we beg our pastor. Given the principle of subsidiarity, are there any lay-structures that exist, or have existed in the past, to allow some level of self-governance in parish life?
We'd like to be able to organize our own men's and women's slightly-larger-than small groups, youth activities, dances, novenas, non-Eucharistic processions (like the seven-churches visitation)
I think there would still be a point person who would go to the priest for approval, where necessary, but we could avoid the hassle of being vetoed by church ladies and the stress of being lone wolves trying to organize things in vacuums.
# Answer
In general, yes, it is very much possible to organize as laity. If you want to see the legal side, try book II of canon law. There may also be some country specific rules. In my country, just as an example, any legal entity under canon law is recognized as a legal entity under civil law. SO you can found a foundation or an association by church, with the same legal status as when it were founded by civil means.
In my country it is absolutely normal to find lots of catholic associations within a parish, with only limited influence by the parish
> 2 votes
# Answer
**Are there official church structures that exist under a Parish in the Catholic Church?**
Unfortunately there seem to be no set of ecclesiastical norms that exist in the present state of affairs regarding setting up some sort of pius activities nowadays.
However, Catholic laypersons are still free to set or try to set up some sort of Catholic pious custom at the parish level.
It is unfortunate that in our day, parish priests are not conducive to helping out, in part because they have very busy schedules. Of which, I do not wholly agree with.
One of the biggest obstacles that I have encountered is that parish councils tend to make the rules on almost everything. This is one of my greatest pet peeves about these so-called parish councils, which nowadays could be be completely filled up with one one type of Catholic association such as the CWL. It is so unfortunate that pastors almost always listen to their parish councils and even allow some decisions to go to a vote.
Parish councils are to give advice to their parish priests and not make the rules. Unfortunately pastors often will not go against the parish councils. In the long run they call the shots and pastors go along with this. This is very wide spread in parish-life where I live and it sucks.
> **Parish Council**
>
> Modelled on the diocesan council, a group of parishioners organized to co-operate with the pastor in the apostolic work of a parish. After describing the functions of diocesan councils the Second Vatican Council decreed that "Such councils should also be found, if possible, at parochial, inter-parochial and inter-diocesan levels, and also on the national and international plane" (decree Apostolicam Actuositatem, 26). **As conceived by the Church, parish councils are merely advisory to the pastor and are meant to assist him.** Unlike their counterparts among Protestants, a Catholic parish council does not operate under the trustee system. It does not either replace the authority of the pastor or make him juridically dependent on its decision.
In the end you could try to set up some sort of Catholic guild or Catholic association, while not going so far a creating a **Catholic confraternity**, which might require that one obtain permission from the local ordinary (bishop).
> A confraternity or sodality is a voluntary association of the faithful, established and guided by competent ecclesiastical authority for the promotion of special works of Christian charity or piety. The name is sometimes applied to pious unions, but the latter differ from confraternities inasmuch as they need not be canonically erected and they regard rather the good of the neighbour than the personal sanctification of the members. Confraternities are divided into those properly so called and those to which the name has been extended. Both are erected by canonical authority, but the former have a more precise organization, with rights and duties regulated by ecclesiastical law, and their members often wear a peculiar costume and recite the Office in common. When a confraternity has received the authority to aggregate to itself sodalities erected in other localities and to communicate its advantages to them, it is called an archconfraternity.
>
> Pious associations of laymen existed in very ancient times at Constantinople and Alexandria. In France, in the eighth and ninth centuries, the laws of the Carlovingians mention confraternities and guilds. But the first confraternity in the modern and proper sense of the word is said to have been founded at Paris by Bishop Odo who died in 1208. It was under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Various other congregations, as of the Gonfalon, of the Holy Trinity, of the Scapular, etc., were founded between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. From the latter century onwards, these pious associations have multiplied greatly. Indulgences are communicated to confraternities either directly by the pope or through the bishops, unless the association be aggregated to an archconfraternity (it may not be aggregated to more than one) through which it participates in the latter's privilege. If the aggregation be not made according to the prescribed formula, the Indulgences are not communicated. The directors of confraternities are appointed or approved by the bishop, or in the churches of regulars by the regular superior. Only after such appointment can the director apply the Indulgences to the objects which he blesses, and he cannot subdelegate this power without special faculty. The reception of members must be carried out by the appointed person. The observance of the rules is not binding in conscience nor does their neglect deprive a person of membership, though in the latter case the Indulgences would not be obtained. The loss of all its members for a short time does not dissolve a confraternity, and by the reception of new members the Indulgences may again be gained. The dissolution, translation, and visitation of confraternities belong to the ordinary. The canon law governing these associations is found in the Constitution of Clement VIII (7 Dec., 1604) with some modification made later by the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences. - Confraternity (Sodality)
It is so hard to organize some Catholic exterior customs in our times that I would venture to say that you just do itand hope for the best. If it becomes popular, changes are it could become a local Catholic custom in your region.
Believe me when I say that I know how you fell. I have been stonewalled many times.
Good luck and do not get discouraged. Pax!
> 2 votes
---
Tags: catholicism, church-local, subsidiarity, catholic-parishes
--- |
There are some fortunate enough to be able to filter their intellectual curiousities, never pushing the threshold of their mental reality. Their observation of their external reality is easily compartamentalized from the philosphical conundrum some find themselves always asking - 'what the fuck am I doing here, and I am doing it right?', and I suppose for those people, their life might be uncomplicated. However, for those of us whose brains acts as ninjas, continually mind fucking them with the profound and constant quest for truth, life can be extremely fulfilling, but a constant battle against this "self devouring paradox termination". Anyways, while l was having one of those nights, in which I was contemplating my life, the people in it, etc., I decided that somehow, if I could just slow down time and my thought process than maybe I could extract some sort of eternal truth that I had not seen before. So my brother and I busted out his bong, and needless to say I was stoned out of my mind before I even had the chance to catch my breath.
As I lay in bed, on my back, watching my fan manifest its centripetal destiny, I found myself completely overwhelmed by the notion that I very much enjoyed being by myself. In that moment, I was just able to appreciate the simplicity of light and it was in the simple enjoyement of being able to discriminate light from dark, I had this ironic realization that my mind had been incepted, and that society had pulled off the greatest inception against us: we have failed, or should feel sad, if we are alone. There in the light, I found myself content with the realization that my own existance was enough, and enjoyed the company of my own mind. It was then that I said to myself, " Fuccckkkk I am a stoner" (the loner stereotype associated with being a stoner) and " Fuckkkkkk my ex boyfriend was a piece of shit, as well as ' Fuck life is beautiful, it is tragic no one delights in the ingeniuty and miraculous power of the mind to be able to invent such a mechanism to capture the poetic sense of light, and I can seriously do anything with my life'. The greatest irony in my small epiphany, was not that these are obvious conclusions that most arrive at in some point in their life, but rather the irony that I thought my life had already been a manifestation of these realizations, but the next morning, I had felt like I could see clearly for the first time. |
# Turan ensemble
**Turan Ensemble** (also named Тұран, or Turan Ethno Folk Band) is a Kazakh folk music band, which was created in 2008 by several students of Kazakh National Conservatory named after Kurmangazy.
The Turan ensemble is a band composed of five members: Abzal Arykbaev who is the group's throat singer, Maxat (Maksat) Medeubek, Bauirzhan Bekmukhanbetov, Serik Nurmoldaev, Erzhigit Aliyev.
The band usually play popular folk instruments such as dombra, zhetigen, kobyz, sybyzgy, sherter, shankobyz and some others. In their performances the Turan ensemble often wears traditional Kazakh costume to invoke links to an ancient Turkic past. As artists-in-residence at the Museum of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments, the Turan ensemble seeks new ways to remodel folk music by using these traditional Kazakh musical instruments.
## Experience
Under the auspices of the Kazakh Ministry of Culture, the Turan ensemble has toured Central Asia, Europe and the United States. The ensemble has participated in a number of international events, and has released recordings of their work:
* From 2008 to 2015, Turan ensemble attend a lot of music festivals, and made numerous successful performances all over the world.
* In August 2008, Turan became a member of the international festival "Young Euro Classic" in Berlin, and their performance in Germany received a good response
* In November 2009, the Turan ensemble made a very successful concert tour of the United States, performing in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington DC, Boston and New York.
* Spring 2010, the ensemble's first CD *Turan* was released.
* April 2010, Turan conduct a solo concert in Israel.
* August 2010, Ensemble became a member of the World Grand kurultay "Turan" in Hungary. The world media reported their performance.
* In 2011, Turan ensemble performed in many countries representing Kazakhstan.
* Performance In Bundestkunsthalle (Berlin).
* Attend the opening of the first Kazakh cinema festival "Kazakhstan: a kaleidoscope of pictures" in Los Angeles, USA.
* performance in Hammer Museum, University of California, Los Angeles.
* Award winner at ethnic festival "Sharq Taronalari 2011" in Samarkand, Uzbekistan
* Solo concert in Barcelona, Spain; in Yekaterinburg, Russia; in Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Munich, Düsseldorf (Germany).
* Release the second album "El turan"
* October 2013, performed at the 8-day "IIC Experience" festival in New Delhi, India
* November 2013, Turan ensemble conduct "Величие кюя" concert-lecture in Museum of Kazakh folk musical instruments.
* November 2014, solo concert in an exhibition about Kazakhstan culture, at Place du Palais-Royal, Paris, France, for the opening of direct Paris to Almaty airline (.
* December 2014, made a solo concert called "Ер Тұран" for the independence of Kazakhstan.
* October 2015, Turan attended the World Music Shanghai in China and performed at several places in Beijing and Shanghai.
## Photographs
## Classical tracks
Their classical tracks include:
* 01-Er Turan【Anshilik – Аңшылық】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 02-Er Turan【Elim ai – Елім ай】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 03-Er Turan【Er Turan – Ер Тұран】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 04-Er Turan【Inspiration – Вдохновение】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 05-Er Turan【Jarapazan – Жарапазан】
* 06-Er Turan【Kara jorga – Кара жорга】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 07-Er Turan【Kazajstan – Қазақстан】
* 08-Er Turan【Kazak land – Казак елi】\<Тұран\>
* 09-Er Turan【Koroglu – Короглы】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 10-Er Turan【Kossbassar】
* 11-Er Turan【Lullaby – Колыбельная】\<Тұран\>
* 12-Er Turan【Mothers Hand – Ана алақаны】\<Тұран\>
* 13-Er Turan【Mukkagali Tolgyi – Мұқағали толғауы】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 14-Er Turan【Orteke – Ортеке】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 15-Er Turan【Koroglu – Короглы】\<Тұран\>
* 16-Er Turan【Secret of feeling – Сезім сыры】\<Тұран\>
* 17-Er Turan【Shaman】
* 18-Er Turan【Swan – Аққу】\<Ер Тұран\>
* 19-Er Turan【Tolgau – Толгау】\<Тұран\>
* 20-Er Turan【Toy duman – Тоң думан】\<Тұран\>
* 21-Er Turan【Zharapazan】
* 22-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Uly Turan Mangilik – Ұлы Тұран – Мәңгілік】\<Тұран\>
* 23-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Eagle – Бүркіт】\<Тұран\>
* 24-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Difficult time – Қилы заман】\<Тұран\>
* 25-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Syrlasu – Сырласу】\<Тұран\>
* 26-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Ansa janym – Аңса жаным】\<Тұран\>
* 27-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Lame Kulan – Ақсақ құлан】 \<Тұран\>
* 28-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Caravan – Керуен】 \<Тұран\>
* 29-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Zheldirme – Желдірме】 \<Тұран\>
* 30-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Balbobek – Балбөбек】 \<Тұран\>
* 31-Uly Turan Mangilik 【Kara jorga – Кара жорга】 \<Тұран\> |
As Workplace Dress Codes Go Away, Here Is the One Simple Question to Ask About the Future
Having recently gone to New York City on a weekday, I was keenly aware of how people dressed on their way to work, as I rode the subway with them. Some men were wearing suits, others wearing a plaid shirt and jeans, others t-shirts and shorts, and some women were wearing everything from dresses, to shorts, and everything in between. So this made me think, as I have many times in the past but just decided to post about it, why do we dress the way we do? And what can we do to change it?
Here’s the underlying point of the above rhetorical questions: the only thing that should matter in the workplace is the impact of our work–basically, how successful we are. That may be my opinion, but I think it is one shared by most people.
So getting back to the questions above, and keeping my above point in mind, most agree that we dress the way we do because of a dress code at work. However, a recent New York Times article called “The End of the Office Dress Code” begs to differ. Dress codes are going away. In fact, most US Government agencies don’t have official dress codes anymore. Even further, the New York City Commission on Human Rights indicated that dress codes in New York City could only be enforced if they equally applied to both men and women. Basically, if a company required men to wear ties, then women had to wear ties, too. So, it is clear that we are seeing the beginning of the dissolution of dress codes.
Other people state that they dress in the way they do because it’s considered “professional attire.” So that begs the question, “What is professional attire?” which, of course, gets the standard response of “suit and a tie” (at least for men). But when asked, well why do you wear a suit and tie, the answer inevitably is “because it’s professional attire.” And you can see how the circular argument begins to spin.
A smaller group of people I’ve polled (unscientifically, of course) indicate that they dress the way they do because they feel empowered by doing it. This, to me, is the most legitimate reason for wearing what you do. Your clothing, just as your hair, glasses, earbuds, or any other accessory, shows the world who you are and the styles you prefer. Just as some people like wearing Beats by Dre headphones because it’s a status symbol, others will wear a suit and tie to work because they want to put off that image. And in our open society of the United States, you’re free to do that.
But this last point is the critical piece: the people feel empowered when they wear the “professional” clothing. This begs the next question: What if I feel empowered by wearing something else? What if I feel empowered by wearing a Slayer t-shirt and shorts? What if I’m at my best when I’m wearing that, instead of a suit and tie when it’s 100+ degrees out in the summer? Well, that’s just not acceptable in the workplace. Yet, at least.
But why is it not? I should be able to do what is necessary for me to be able to achieve my absolute best in the workplace, and if I determine, based on my own self-awareness, that I am better at work and achieve more when I wear a Slayer t-shirt, then shouldn’t I be able to do that?
The answer I usually receive to that question, aside from the typical “it’s not professional attire” answer, is that it is distracting in the workplace. Just as blue hair, facial piercings, or exposed tattoos, “unprofessional” clothing can cause a distraction in the workplace for other employees. Therefore, I’m putting other people in situations where they are not able to be their best at work, and that is detrimental to the mission.
However, that speaks to a deeper issue: the apparent psychological immaturity and/or closed-mindedness of those people who would determine my Slayer t-shirt to be improper. Why is the exposed tattoo or a facial piercing a problem, when the actual problem is that the co-worker isn’t mature enough to look at someone for the job he/she does and doesn’t judge the person for the clothing he/she wears? That is the real issue at play. It’s not so much the blue hair or my Slayer t-shirt, it’s the mindset of those who judge because they’re not mentally mature enough (or just so stuck in the past) that they can’t look past the initial facade. They judge the book by its cover.
I’ve spent time in the private sector as a financial adviser, as well as a diplomat working in Iraq, so I understand dressing for the job and or “dressing to impress.” But if I’m sitting at a computer most of the day, interacting only with my team and/or a few others, what’s the difference in what I wear?
Next time you’re at work and are questioning someone’s appearance, whether it be hair color, clothing, or anything on the surface, ask yourself this question: What is the impact of this person to my group’s mission? Dig deeper and your answer might surprise you. Once you realize the positive impact the person has, maybe, just maybe, you’ll be a little bit more comfortable with the Slayer t-shirt.
What do you usually wear to work? What do you think of the above post? I’d love to hear your thoughts.
1 thought on “As Workplace Dress Codes Go Away, Here Is the One Simple Question to Ask About the Future
1. I love the blog. And I also love putting pink highlights in my hair because I want to, it’s fun, and I don’t give a shit what other people think. Feeling empowered comes from within. But, I don’t underestimate the power of dress to express oneself. To me, clothing is art, a form of self-expression that communicates who I am to the world. I also think, if people could be naked, they might actually take better care of their bodies instead of abusing them and hiding behind under schlumpy clothes. But of course garments are meant to protect and insulate us from exposure and so we wear them. And since we do, we might as well rock whatever our hearts desire.
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Science News
from research organizations
Secrets of biological soil crusts uncovered
June 14, 2013
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Biologists have performed a molecular level analysis of desert biological soil crusts -- living ground cover formed by microbial communities -- to reveal how long-dormant cyanobacteria become activated by rainfall then resume dormancy when the precipitation stops.
This looks like ordinary dirt but it is a biological soil crust (BSC), a living mantle of soil particles bound together by microbes and their by-products. BSCs are common to the arid and semiarid lands that make up about 40-percent of Earth’s total land mass.
Credit: Courtesy of Ferran Garcia-Pichel
They lie dormant for years, but at the first sign of favorable conditions they awaken. This sounds like the tagline for a science fiction movie, but it describes the amazing life-cycles of microbial organisms that form the biological soil crusts (BSCs) of Earth's deserts. Now a research team with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) has reported a unique molecular-level analysis of a BSC cyanobacterium responding to the wetting and drying of its environment. The results hold implications for land management, improved climate change models, and a better understanding of carbon cycling in soil microbial communities and how changes in global temperatures impact Earth's deserts.
"We found a way to measure from start to finish in real unaltered samples the molecular events behind the response of cyanobacterium to wetting and drying in a desert BSC," says Aindrila Mukhopadhyay, a biologist with Berkeley Lab's Physical Biosciences Division. "Not only did we get a good view of the genetic machinery that wakes the microbes up, but we also got a good sense of what constitutes a healthy BSC."
Mukhopadhyay and Trent Northen, a chemist with Berkeley Lab's Life Sciences Division, are the corresponding authors of a paper describing this research in the journal of the International Society for Microbial Ecology. The paper is titled "Dynamic cyanobacterial response to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust."
Arid and semi-arid deserts make up about 40-percent of Earth's total land mass. Much of the undisturbed soil crust in these deserts is a living mantle of microbes and their by-products, with the predominant inhabitants being cyanobacteria, microorganisms that use photosynthesis for energy. To survive dry spells that can go on for years, BSC microorganisms must enter a dormant state but they must also be poised for rapid resuscitation to utilize short periods of precipitation. For a better understanding of how the microbes are able to do this, the Berkeley Lab research team studied the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus.
"M. vaginatus is the early BSC colonizer, an ecosystem pioneer that fixes carbon and binds the soil together allowing the community to develop while preventing wind erosion," says Northen. "It is globally distributed in regions where water is scarce, including not only hot deserts but the arctic as well."
Working with the research group of Ferran Garcia-Pichel at Arizona State University, the Berkeley Lab team collected pie-sized samples of soil crust from the cold desert area near Moab, Utah. These samples were subjected to in situ wetting and drying over a period of six days, including two diel (day/night) cycles. The wetting simulated conditions that would be brought about by the passage of a rain front. During the study, the researchers performed whole-genome transcriptional analysis and precise biochemical measurements.
"Simulated weather conditions and sampling in a temporal manner over the six day experimental period allowed us to track key transcriptional and metabolic responses as they occurred," says Mukhopadhyay. "We found that within three minutes after wetting began, metabolic processes in the dormant microbial cells came alive. Within one hour, photosynthesis began, accompanied by carbon dioxide up-take. During this time we saw specific genes get turned on/off and specific gene expressions be elevated or depressed."
The rain episode lasted three days. Although rare, such conditions do occur in the desert and enabled the researchers to differentiate between wetting-up and drying-down responses from diel cycle responses. They discovered that when dehydration of the soil resumed, the mechanisms triggered by wetting were mirrored in the reverse direction, suggesting that the M. vaginatus microbes were preparing themselves to re-enter desiccation-induced dormancy.
"These BSC microbes are highly attuned to their environment and they respond very quickly to changes," Mukhopadhyay says. "Their responses, however, are highly sensitive to physical disturbances and alterations in temperature."
In their paper, the Berkeley Lab researchers say that a better understanding of how environmental factors influence the growth and metabolism of M. vaginatus and other BSC microbes should improve our ability to predict the impacts of climate or land-use change on BSC systems. This knowledge should also help in the development of management strategies for restoring BSCs following large-scale disturbances.
"BSC systems represent the world's largest biofilms, and the demise of such systems could release carbon, and probably more importantly, dust into the atmosphere, changing the albedo of snow-packs," says Northen. "Restoring or protecting BSCs through changes in land-use could help pull carbon out of the atmosphere and reduce dust."
A better understanding of BSCs could also deepen our understanding of the carbon cycle, which could improve the accuracy of climate models, as Mukhopadhyay explains.
"In most climate models there is little or no accounting for the carbon fixed by soil microbes," she says. "BSC cyanobacteria are the photosynthetic organism for deserts and understanding their role in the carbon-cycle will help fill in current climate model gaps. This should help improve the accuracy of these models."
The Berkeley Lab team would like to expand their efforts to examine other BSC systems around the world. Among other issues, they would like to identify the signaling mechanisms that inform dormant BSC microbes that moisture is present or that the temperature is changing and it is time to respond.
"BSCs are sentinels for marking the health or decline of the world's deserts, one of Earth's major ecosystems," Mukhopadhyay says. "It is vital that we understand them."
Co-authoring the paper "Dynamic cyanobacterial response to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust" were Lara Rajeev, Ulisses Nunes da Rocha, Niels Klitgord, Eric Luning, Julian Fortney, Seth Axen, Patrick Shih, Nicholas Bouskill, Benjamin Bowen, Cheryl Kerfeld, Ferran Garcia-Pichel and Eoin Brodie.
This research was funded through Berkeley Lab's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program.
Story Source:
Journal Reference:
1. Lara Rajeev, Ulisses Nunes da Rocha, Niels Klitgord, Eric G Luning, Julian Fortney, Seth D Axen, Patrick M Shih, Nicholas J Bouskill, Benjamin P Bowen, Cheryl A Kerfeld, Ferran Garcia-Pichel, Eoin L Brodie, Trent R Northen, Aindrila Mukhopadhyay. Dynamic cyanobacterial response to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust. The ISME Journal, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.83
Cite This Page:
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "Secrets of biological soil crusts uncovered." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 June 2013. <>.
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2013, June 14). Secrets of biological soil crusts uncovered. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 24, 2016 from
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "Secrets of biological soil crusts uncovered." ScienceDaily. (accessed October 24, 2016). |
Home > Off Blog > Review: Marx’s Economics for Anarchists, by Wayne Price
Review: Marx’s Economics for Anarchists, by Wayne Price
November 18, 2011 Leave a comment Go to comments
Wayne Price
Wayne Price’s “Marx’s Economics for Anarchists” makes the fatal error of treating Marx’s Capital as a description of how the economy works. This mistake Price makes is on the order of treating Einstein’s Theory as a description of how H-Bombs work. I suppose, in some limited fashion, Marx does give something approaching a description of “how capitalism works.” But, this was neither his project, nor even the most significant aspect of his life works. Even from the point of view of an anarchist like Price and his audience, what Marx explains in Capital of economic interest is insignificant.
As Anitra Nelson points out, Marx ignores significant features of Capitalism even in his own day. Already in Marx’s time the credit system was of far more importance in the economy than gold (commodity) money. Although Marx argued credit money was a “higher form” of money than gold, he almost entirely ignored it, and its technical details. If his project was to explain how a capitalist economy worked, this fact would be completely inexplicable.
To understand what Marx’s project was in undertaking Capital, you have to look at the questions Marx was trying to answer before Capital. Marx was solely concerned about the historical process by which “man returns to himself.” To try to yank Marx analysis of the process of capitalist production and exchange from this context is to grasp hold of the shit end of his project. I want state at the outset that I do not mean to imply his theory as written in Capital isn’t relevant. I am just trying to explain why Marx wasn’t an economist. Wayne Price makes the argument that Marx is relevant to anarchists because of his economics, not his politics, but this is an error. Actually, Marx’s relevancy has nothing to do with his economics or his politics. His real contribution was to lay out the historical process by which we regain ourselves as social creatures.
One common form of misunderstanding of Marx’s Capital goes like this:
“Marx proved/showed how the capitalist exploited the worker.”
This statement is something akin to the myth that folks in Columbus’ day thought the earth was flat. It was, in fact, common knowledge in Marx’s that labor was the source of wealth. Marx did not need three volumes of Capital – perhaps more – to explain that the capitalist gained his profits from the labor of the worker. Surplus value or Profit were not all that much of a mystery. (In fact, Marx theory was reproduced independently by a self-educated worker, Joseph Dietzgen.)
Marx’s object with Capital was not to lay out a detailed description of how a capitalist economy works nor did he intend simply to explain to the worker how she was exploited. Rather, his intent was to examine the historical process by which we as human beings would regain ourselves as social individuals. Wayne Price although providing, I think, a service to his anarchist audience by offering a review of the laws of capital Marx disclosed, perhaps does a greater disservice to them by taking Marx examination of Capital from its context.
Anitra Nelson, who, in the introduction to her book, Marx’s Concept of Money, rejects Marx as inadequate, actually does a greater service to the reader by detailing what she believes is the inadequacy of Marx’s concept of money. One statement in particular that I like of Nelson’s argument is that Marx’s concept of money is less a technically useful analysis of money, and more a philosophical-political argument lacking technical details — a lack she thinks continues through his entire works. Nelson writes:
Marx’s perception and analysis of money is conducted at a very high and all- encompassing level of abstraction.
At another point she states:
It seems easier to relate to a quasipolitical and esoteric Young Hegelian intellectual context than to ordinary economic theories of money or finance.
Nelson believes she is calling Marx’s analysis of money into question in this passage; but, what she is really calling into question is the accepted interpretation of Marx’s intent in his examination of money. This accepted interpretation is expressed in the two schools of thought regarding Marx’s argument about money: nominalist versus commodity. The first school holds to the idea that Marx’s argument on money must lend support to those who think money is an idea, whose value is determined by value consciousness. The second school holds that money for Marx is a commodity — gold or some other commodity.
Nelson argues:
Because Marx’s writings are so vague, sociological and philosophical here, one can only say at this point [the middle 1840s] that he could develop a nominalist theory of money without contradicting much of what he has already said about it. Equally he could say all that he already has and still regard ‘proper’ money as a commodity, say gold.
She concludes, erroneously:
What seems most probable is that he has adapted Young Hegelian phraseology without at this stage being conscious of its rather nominalist tone. He is not yet steeped in the traditional economic literature of monetary theory which is divided between nominalist and commodity theories of money.
Although I disagree with the general characterization here, I think Nelson is correct to state Marx was neither a nominalist nor a believer in commodity money — he really did not give a fuck. What served as money was not his interest at all — money itself was his interest: What role did money play in the social process of man returning to himself as a social individual?
This historical process had to go through money, because only by passing through money did the private activity of individuals become social. People did not directly exchange their labor, they exchanged the products of their labor, and money was the mediator of this exchange. The emergence of the social individual, an individual who engaged in directly social labor, passes through money as a historical phase. Money becomes the god of practical activity, because only through money do the material advantages of social cooperation get realized. The historical process, as Marx observed in the German Ideology, is continuous: money arises out of exchange, and becomes a power ruling over society with its conversion into Capital — self-expanding value. All of this insight is lost if we take Marx out of context and treat him as just another economist, no matter how infamous or extraordinary.
At another point, Nelson points out the lack of technical detail in Marx’s treatment of the credit system:
[Marx] fails to treat or recognise some of the special characteristics of credit or credit monies, regarding only a pure paper currency as possible, and not a pure paper money.
What I find so interesting about this statement is that Nelson rightly calls into question Marx’s entire notion of money in this observation. Marx argues money must, in the final analysis, be gold or some other commodity; yet not one significant money today is based on a commodity. Marx really looks like a clown on this one — a rank amateur who got one of the most important categories of political-economy wrong.
The other possible conclusion is quite breathtaking: money was actually abolished during the Great Depression by all nations within the space of a couple of years; which is to say, money no longer exists.
This is a dividing line: either Marx was a clown and got money wrong; or money no longer exists. You cannot have it both ways on this subject. Yet, folks who call themselves Marxist economists treat the dollar as if it is money. And, they try to twist Marx’s statement to fit the reality of modern post-Great Depression currencies. So, which is it? Okay, so let’s not rush into any conclusion on this — perhaps there is the third choice, I don’t know about.
Well, then we have to look at another observation of Marx regarding money: in a money system the real need to be satisfied is money. Nelson writes:
Money ‘mediates’ between the need and its fulfilment, between the natural and the social, between one [person] and another.
She also states:
As the means to purchase, money gives access to all objects and becomes the ‘only’ and the ‘true need produced by the economic system’.
While people engaged in a collective act of production to meet their needs as individuals, the use of money as mediator of their activities has the effect of turning the billions of discrete particular individual needs into the single over-riding general need in society for money. On the one hand, all individual need becomes, as a practical matter, the need for money; not food clothing or shelter, but money to buy them. All the particular needs of individuals, which are really singular and incommensurable become, in money, values relative to each other. The particular useful qualities of these objects serve no role or function in the economy, but exist for the economy only as exchange values. In their place is one need ruling over the actions of all individuals: MONEY.
But, at a certain point in history this money is replaced by an instrument of exchange controlled exclusively by the state and monopolized by it. In the money system all real, material, specific and noncomensurable needs of individuals is reduced to its most abstract form: money need. In the post-Great Depression system, this money need is further reduced to the rule of a totally capricious and arbitrary political regime.
Anyone who misses this implication of Marx’s theory, knows nothing of the argument he is making. When Marx argues money must be a commodity he is not simply making an argument about money, but also about the implications of its abolition: the abolition of money within the confines of the capitalist mode of production converts money need into an unregulated fascist state power. This is not a power that can be regulated or constrained by society through mere political means, since is presupposes absolute dependence of society on the very power it is trying to regulate and constrain.
So, in the 1840s, before he has become an anarchist, before he has become a communist and before he has become enshrined as the founder of that complete waste of human effort known as “Marxism”, Marx has already explained everything about capitalism that is necessary to understand about it: the premise of the worker’s existence is her absolute dependence on the very thing that destroys her as a human being.
Antistatists who base their argument against the state on moral grounds of “opposition to coercion”, don’t really understand the problem posed by the fascist state in this regard. The problem is not coercion, but the universal dependence of society on this indifferent, impersonal, power that determines the material premise of society. Even if we assume no employment of coercion in the exercise of political power, the state would not be a whit less of an intolerable power.
Remove the police, remove the military, remove all regulatory functions from the state, and this power will still be intolerable.
This is because the intolerable power is not and has never been constituted by force — although coercion often accompanies it in history. Anarchists like Wayne Price who want to discount Marx’s pre-Capital insights, and his post-Capital arguments with anarchists like Bakunin will simply never understand this: the intolerable power is constituted by the individual herself; it is the content of her activity. It is not imposed on her, it is not forced on her, it does not insert itself into her life from outside — the intolerable power is her own activity, which has become intolerable to her.
This is why she makes the social revolution — not to overthrow the state, property, money, corruption, etc.; but to overthrow her own previous mode of activity, wage labor, which daily and hourly constitutes and recreates the former. This is what is so significant about the Tea Party and the Occupy movement: we are looking for forms within which our self-activity is directly social; of association based on individual needs
I think Wayne Price has done a lot of good by publishing his book, and I applaud it — I urge folks to read it at Anarkismo.net. If it gets anarchists to take another look at Marx, this cannot be bad. However, it should be read while keeping in mind what I have stated above.
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Math Mayhem
Mathematical Limericks
Who says there's no poetry in mathematics? Consider this equation:
This equation translates to:
Integral z-squared dz
From 1 to the cube root of 3
Times the cosine
Of three pi over 9
Equals log of the cube root of e.
Before you send me critical emails, I already know that the "log" is "natural log" or "log to the base e". This limerick apparently dates from that period in history when physicists understood the convention that "log" without qualification meant "natural log" and that if any other kind of log was meant, you had to specify its base explicitly in the notation.
The next equation limerick is easier. It was devised by Leigh Mercer (1893-1977), and appeared in Word Ways, 13, 1, (Feb, 1980), p. 36. Mercer also devised one of the most famous palindromes: "A man, a plan, a canal—Panama." Mercer's biography can be found in Word Ways, 24, 3. (August 1991), p. 131-138. He was a London panhandler who drew caricatures on sidewalks for donations.
12 + 144 + 20 + 3√4 ——————————————————— + (5 × 11) = 92 - 0 7
A dozen a gross and a score,
Plus three times the square root of four,
Divided by seven
Plus five times eleven
Is nine squared and not a bit more.
I suppose we should include here Mercer's example of how to make a limerick from a number, 1,264,853,971.2758463, or vice versa.
One thousand two hundred and sixty
four million eight hundred and fifty
three thousand nine hun-
dred and seventy one
point two seven five eight four six three.
A Möbius stripper.
Cover of Science Askew
by Donald Simanek
and John Holden.
Replição, 2004.
Here's some classic math limericks.
A mathematician confided
That a Möbius strip is one-sided.
You'll get quite a laugh
If you cut it in half.
For it stays in one piece when divided.
A burlycue dancer, a pip
Named Virginia could peel in a zip;
But she read science fiction
And died of constriction
Attempting a Möbius strip.
—Cyril Kornbluth (1923-1958)
U.S. Writer
Here's two original mathematical limericks by Donald E. Simanek.
Null vectors have zero projection.
So you ask, "What can be their direction?"
They point any which way.
"That's magic!" you say?
Not really; it's just misdirection.
The Professor said, "Now I'll tell you
A fact known to only a few
Men and women alive.
Two plus two equals five!
For large enough values of two."
Finally, Martin Gardner contributes this one to our collection.
The Unending Mystery of π
π goes on and on and on,
And e is just as cursed.
I wonder, "How does π begin
When its digits are reversed?"
—Martin Gardner
Pondering the infiniteness of π, Patrick Killen of Australia dashed off this limerick.
An adventurer once tried to fly
All the way to the far end of π.
A true mathematician
Won't attempt such a mission,
For such wishin' is just pie in the sky.
—Patrick Killen
Martin Gardner revealed to me this curiosity of numerology:
Write out the alphabet starting with J:
Erase all letters that have left-right symmetry (such as A) and count the letters in each of the five groups that remain.
Who would have thought that π was hidden in the English alphabet? Folks addicted to mystical interpretations of mathematics get all excited about such things.
Math Proofreading.
Write out 5 + 5 + 5 = 550 with pencil on paper, an "equation" which is obviously incorrect. But you can correct it by adding just one straight line with the pencil. Better yet, there are two different ways you can do this.
¹ f(x)
This x is a very independent variable.
Fuzzy Logic
Any variable x which refuses to be dependent on any y is is about as "independent" as it can be.
Base deception
A problem in number base conversions: Prove that Christmas = Halloween = Thanksgiving.
Christmas = DEC 25
Halloween = OCT 31
Thanksgiving = NOV 27
DEC 25 is 25 base 10 or (2 x 10) + (5 x 1) = 25
OCT 31 is 31 base 8 or (3 x 8) + (1 x 1) = 25
NOV 27 is 27 base 9 or (2 x 9) + (7 x 1) = 25
Certain impressionable minds might assume from this remarkable exercise in number-base conversions that there is some mystical significance relating the dates of these holidays.
Amoebas make poor mathematicians; they divide to multiply.
Q. What do you get when you cross an anopheles mosquito with a mountain climber?
A: Nothing: you can't cross a vector with a scalar.
Since a homonym (scalar & scaler) is involved, this works only as a spoken joke.
Submit math and physics jokes or general comments to the address shown to the right. When commenting on a specific document, please reference it by name or content.
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Return to the humor page.
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# Ann (film)
***Ann*** is a 2022 Irish drama film written and directed by Ciaran Creagh and starring Zara Devlin as Ann Lovett. It is a dramatization of Lovett's last day of her life.
## Cast
* Zara Devlin as Ann
* Eileen Walsh as Patricia Sr
* Ian Beattie as Diarmuid
* Senna O’Hara as Patricia Jr
* Joe Mullins as Maguire
* Darragh Gilhooly as Ricky
* Molly Mew as Brenda
* Frank O’Sullivan as Retired Guard
* Sean T. O’Meallaigh as The Doctor
* Philip Judge as The Priest
## Production
The film was shot in Boyle, County Roscommon during the summer of 2021.
## Release
The film premiered at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in November 2022. Then the film was released by Omniplex Cinemas in Longford and Roscommon on April 28, 2023.
## Reception
Declan Burke of the *Irish Examiner* awarded the film four stars out of five. Donald Clarke of *The Irish Times* awarded the film three stars out of five.
Amber Wilkinson of *Screen Daily* gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Devlin has very little dialogue but conveys Ann’s sense of fear and isolation through body language."
## Nominations
At the 19th Irish Film & Television Awards, Devlin and Walsh were nominated for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively for their performances in the film.
## InfoBox
| Ann | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ciaran Creagh |
| Written by | Ciaran Creagh |
| Produced by | Ciaran Creagh<br>Ferdia Doherty<br>Niall Flynn |
| Starring | Zara Devlin<br>Eileen Walsh<br>Ian Beattie |
| Cinematography | Dave Grennan |
| Edited by | Tony Cranstoun |
| Music by | Roger Taylor |
| Release dates | |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Ireland |
| Language | English | |
# Cryptandra amara
***Cryptandra amara***, commonly known as **bitter cryptandra** or **pretty pearlflower**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a densely-branched shrub with clustered, more or less linear to egg-shaped or elliptic leaves, and tube-shaped white flowers arranged on the ends of branchlets.
## Description
*Cryptandra amara* is a small woody shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). It is often extensively branched, the branchlets tending to be rigid, sometimes spiny, and covered in fine, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are more or less linear to oblong or egg-shaped, sometimes with the narrower end towards the base, 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) wide and often clustered at the ends of branchlets. The flowers are white, tube-shaped or bell-shaped, and arranged at the ends of branchlets, sometimes singly or in small groups, sometimes in spike-like clusters of many flowers. The bracts are brown, broadly elliptic and up to 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long. The sepals are about the same length as the floral tube, the petals about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to October and the fruit of *Cryptandra amara* is a capsule that divides into single-seeded fruitlets. The seeds are reddish-brown in colour, with a short aril.
## Taxonomy
*Cryptandra amara* was first formally described in 1808 by James Edward Smith in *The Cyclopaedia* from specimens collected by "Dr. White". The specific epithet (*amara*) means "bitter".
## Distribution and habitat
*Cryptandra amara* grows on shallow, often rocky soils, in grassland, shrubland, woodland and heathy forest in eastern Australia. It is found in south-east Queensland, through most of New South Wales, in central, northern and eastern Victoria and southern South Australia. In Tasmania it mainly occurs in the Southern Midlands with scattered population in other places.
## Conservation status
Pretty pearlflower is listed as "endangered" under the Tasmanian Government *Threatened Species Protection Act 1995*.
## InfoBox
| *Cryptandra amara* | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
| In the Royal National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rhamnaceae |
| Genus: | *Cryptandra* |
| Species: | ***C. amara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptandra amara***<br>Sm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cryptandra amara* Sm. var. *amara* * *Cryptandra amara* var. *longiflora* F.Muell. ex Maiden & Betche * *Cryptandra ericaefolia* Sieber ex Fenzl nom. inval., pro syn. * *Cryptandra largiflora* F.Muell. ex Reissek * *Cryptandra nervata* Reissek * *Cryptandra sieberi* Fenzl * *Cryptandra sieberi* var. *angustifolia* Fenzl * *Cryptandra sieberi* var. *latifolia* Fenzl * *Cryptandra sieberi* Fenzl var. *sieberi* | | |
If you are are much of a baseball fan as me (a 35 of a scale of 1-10) you may know a lot of these. But if you are a casual fan, these facts might be new to you.
• Each park’s dimensions are different. In most every sport, there is a regulation size to the field. For example, a basketball court is 94 feet long. Not 93 feet, not 95 feet. In baseball, there are no such standard dimensions. The differing dimensions can create advantages for either the hitter of the pitcher. Fenway’s left field wall is very close to home plate, but the massive 37 foot high left field wall (the “Green Monster”) keeps a lid on the numbers of homers – while at at same time dramatically increasing the number of doubles.
• The amount of foul territory in a park affects offensive numbers. This isn’t blatantly obvious, but it is logical when you stop to think about it. A park with a lot of foul territory allows more foul balls to be caught. If a park has less foul territory, some of these balls are going to drop into the stands, allowing the hitter to remain alive in the at bat.
• There are 50 rounds in baseball’s amateur draft. Yes, 50 rounds! There are a couple of reasons for this. First, unlike other sports, baseball has a deep minor league system, with each major league team stocking a half dozen minor league teams with players. Second, unlike most sports, a significant percentage of players do not sign. A lot of the drafted players are high school kids who opt to attend college instead of signing with a team. A player can be drafted multiple times. Players can be drafted out of high school, after their junior year of college, and again after their senior year of college. College players are not eligible for the draft after their freshman and sophomore seasons unless they are attending a junior college or a division III school – or unless they are 21 years old. Wow. Pretty confusing.
• The draft is not a worldwide draft. Only players from the US, Canada, and US territories (Puerto Rico) and college players playing within those countries can be drafted. Teams can freely sign players from other countries at age 16, with no regard to the draft. The best of these players sign for million of dollars. Michael Ynoa (Inoa) of the Dominican Republic signed a $4.25 million deal with the Oakland A’s when he was 16 (Ynoa is now 17)
• The Baseball Hall of Fame is just the room with the plaques. The full name of the facility is the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The plaque room is the Hall of Fame, the rest of the facility is the museum. However, this is a technicality that very few people realize, so feel free to use the term Hall of Fame to refer to the whole building.
• If the DH is forced to play defense, the team forfeits the DH for the rest of the game. The most logical way that this could happen is if your DH was a catcher. An injury to the starting catcher could force the DH to play catcher (since some teams do not carry 3 catchers on their roster). The pitcher would then take over the injured catcher’s spot in the batting order.
• Carlton Fisk’s homer didn’t win the 1975 World Series. OK, the majority of baseball fans realize this. Fisk’s homer won game 6 for the Red Sox, but they lost game 7. I just find interesting that one of the most dramatic plays in baseball history did not actually affect the outcome of the series.
• The Colorado Rockies store their baseballs in a humidor. The Rockies face a unique challenge – a ballpark this is 5280 feet above sea level. Although the park’s dimensions are large, the thin air allows the ball to travel further than in other parks. This is compounded by the fact that the balls dry out faster due to low humidity – resulting in a baseball that is lighter than the average ball – and thus able to travel further. The Rockies could not simply make the park’s dimensions larger, as this would cause a very high number of doubles on balls that drop in front of the outfielders. After many years, the Rockies determined that storing the balls in a humidor would keep them at the ideal relative humidity. Major League Baseball is aware of this, and approves of the practice. In fact, I find it a bit strange that all teams don’t do this.
• The pitcher’s mound was lowered in 1969. By 1969, pitcher were dominating batters dramatically. Cardinals pitcher Bob Gibson record a 1.12 ERA and Detroit ace Denny McClain won 31 games in 1968. In order to help hitters, the pitcher’s mound was lowered 5 inches to the current height of 10 inches.
• Draft picks cannot be traded. Not only that, but drafted players cannot be traded until after the following season’s draft (a year after they are drafted). This really frustrates me. Many times, we see the top draft prospects fall in the draft due to concerns about their “signability”. In other words, they want more money the the teas with the top picks are willing to pay. If teams could trade picks, they could maximize the value of their picks, instead of settling for a player who was more signable.
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I don't really know much about cars, so I'm always worried I'm going to be ripped off when I need to have a repair done. I'm not quite at "You need to replace your headlight fluid" levels of ignorance... but I'm close. I recently had a very pleasant car mechanic experience, so I thought it might be a nice counter-balance to all those car repair horror stories out there.
So, when the transmission on my older Civic started to go out (the car wouldn't shift into reverse), I was very apprehensive. The first place we took it said a replacement would be $1600. I was resigned to my very expensive fate, but I decided to call a couple other places, to gather some other price quotes.
A shop up the street offered to do the replacement for $900... **$700** cheaper. This was the first positive sign. I was expecting maybe a variance of a couple hundred bucks max.
So, long story short, the transmission replacement takes place, and the new part has a 6 month warranty.
About four months later, this week, the car is acting funny. The RPMs aren't normal, some other strange behavior. We took the car back into the shop, explained that we were still under warranty, and wanted them to take a look.
I was SURE they were going to explain that the issue was anything other than the transmission they had replaced a few years ago. Air intake, vacuum tube... something, **anything** other than the under warranty part.
But, it turns out the issue was indeed with the way our car was interacting with the transmission. They're swapping it out for another one right now, and there will be no charge.
The sad thing is, this story is really nothing special. A repair didn't take, so the mechanic is fixing it under the terms of the warranty, like they should. But mechanics just have such a reputation for bending everyone over the barrel that I was shocked to hear them say not to worry, they'll take care of it.
They're doing the repair now so hopefully this story isn't premature and will indeed have a happy ending.
Anyway Reddit, I would love to hear your stories of mechanics acting especially badly or honestly! |
# Question
Title: 2D lattice with fixed boundary condition
I am writing code for the following equation with fixed boundary condition on a 2 dimensional lattice of \\$L\times L\\$ sites:
$$\begin{align} x\_{i+1} =&\ (1-\varepsilon)r\\, x\_i (1-x\_i) + \\ &\ 0.25\varepsilon\left((r\\,x\_{i-1}(1-x\_{i-1}) + r\\,x\_{i+1}(1-x\_{i+1}) + r\\,x\_{i-L}(1-x\_{i-L}) + r\\,x\_{i+L}(1-x\_{i+L})\right) \end{align}$$
Fixed boundary condition means for end sites there are no neighboring sites beyond boundary.
Is there a simpler or more sophisticated way to write following code for the above equation with fixed boundary condition ?
```
def CML2d(x):
eps = 0.3
r = 3.9
xn = np.zeros(N+1, float)
for i in range(1, N+1):
if i>L and i<=(L-1)*L:
if i%L==1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
elif i%L==0:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
else:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
elif i>1 and i<L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i>(L-1)*L+1 and i<L*L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
elif i==1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i==L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i==(L-1)*L+1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
elif i==L*L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
xn[i] = (1-eps)*r*x[i]*(1-x[i]) + 0.25*eps*( r*xl*(1-xl) + r*xr*(1-xr) + r*xu*(1-xu) + r*xd*(1-xd) )
return xn
L = 10 #side of 2d lattice
N = L*L #number of sites in 2d lattice
x0 = numpy.random.uniform(0.1, 0.9, N+1) #initial values for x
xf = [] # store iterate x
x = x0
for nt in np.arange(0.005, 50.005, 0.005):
x = CML2d(x)
xf.append(x)
```
# Answer
Testing script from a few days ago:
```
import numpy as np
```
original:
```
def CML2d(x):
eps = 0.3
r = 3.9
xn = np.zeros(N+1, float)
for i in range(1, N+1):
if i>L and i<=(L-1)*L:
if i%L==1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
elif i%L==0:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
else:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
elif i>1 and i<L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i>(L-1)*L+1 and i<L*L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
elif i==1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i==L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = 0., x[i+L]
elif i==(L-1)*L+1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
elif i==L*L:
xl, xr = x[i-1], 0.
xu, xd = x[i-L], 0.
value = (1-eps)*r*x[i]*(1-x[i]) + 0.25*eps*( r*xl*(1-xl) + r*xr*(1-xr) + r*xu*(1-xu) + r*xd*(1-xd) )
xn[i] = value
return xn
```
partial attempt to work with 2d `x`; the intention was to replace all the uses of `L` with 2d array indexing tests.
```
def CML2d_1(x):
eps = 0.3
r = 3.9
L,_ = x.shape
N = L*L
# xn = np.zeros((L,L), float)
xn = (1-eps)*r*x*(1-x)
x = x.flat
#for i in range(N):
for j in range(L):
for k in range(L):
i = k+L*j
i1 = i+1
if i1>L and i1<=(L-1)*L:
if i1%L==1:
xl, xr = 0., x[i+1]
xu, xd = x[i-L], x[i+L]
....
#value = (1-eps)*r*x[i]*(1-x[i])
value = 0.25*eps*( r*xl*(1-xl) +
r*xr*(1-xr) +
r*xu*(1-xu) +
r*xd*(1-xd) )
#xn.flat[i] = value
xn[j,k] += value
return xn
```
But I then realized that I don't need to iterate over all points. Instead I could just sum subarrays (similar to the array of taking a 1d `diff`, `x[1:]-x[:-1]`:
```
# x[i+1] = (1-eps)* r*x[i]*(1-x[i]) +
# 0.25*eps*( r*x[i-1]*(1-x[i-1]) +
# r*x[i+1]*(1-x[i+1]) +
# r*x[i-L]*(1-x[i-L]) +
# r*x[i+L]*(1-x[i+L]) )
def CML2d_2(x):
eps = 0.3
r = 3.9
x2 = r * x * (1-x)
xn = (1-eps) * x2
xn[1:,:] += 0.25 * eps * x2[:-1,:]
xn[:-1,:] += 0.25 * eps * x2[1:,:]
xn[:,1:] += 0.25 * eps * x2[:,:-1]
xn[:,:-1] += 0.25 * eps * x2[:,1:]
return xn
```
then making use of a `covolve2d` function in `scipy.signal`:
```
from scipy import signal
def CML2d_3(x):
eps = 0.3
r = 3.9
in2 = np.zeros((3,3))
in2[1,:] = 0.25 * eps
in2[:,1] = 0.25 * eps
in2[1,1] = (1-eps)
print(in2)
x2 = r * x * (1-x)
res = signal.convolve2d(x2, in2, mode='same', boundary='fill', fillvalue=0)
return res
```
testing:
```
L = 10 #side of 2d lattice
#L = 4
N = L*L #number of sites in 2d lattice
x0 = np.random.uniform(0.1, 0.9, N+1) #initial values for x
x0[0]=np.nan # test if this is used
res=CML2d(x0.tolist())
print(res)
x2d = x0[1:].reshape(L,L)
res1=CML2d_1(x2d)
print(x0.shape)
print(res1.shape)
print(np.allclose(res1.flatten(), res[1:]))
print(np.allclose(res1, CML2d_2(x2d)))
print(np.allclose(res1, CML2d_3(x2d)))
```
> 1 votes
---
Tags: python, numpy
--- |
Not 20 minutes ago, my dad took out his fury on my mum because she wouldn't clean the yard/make dinner regularly. My mum cried and she quietly said something about hating herself (I couldn't fully understand it because of the language barrier) and it shocked me because I've never heard her say anything like that before. She works her arse off at her job, often spending extra hours at work. She's the most hardworking woman I know.
My dad has always had anger issues. The slightest mishap might trigger him. A misplaced umbrella, an overcooked dish, a kid talking back to him.
A few instances to colour your understanding:
* The time he abandoned my mum & my brother & me in the city on NYE. Took the car and drove home; we had to take the train (we had no money but luckily on NYE they just let you through.) Coming home to a dark house, we had no keys and I had to climb through the dog flap. He woke up, screamed at me, made me kneel in front of the altar for 3 hours, forcing me to beg God for forgiveness. I mostly remember I was crying so hard I could hardly breathe, and my knees were raw. (I was ~9)
* Locking me out of the house because I came home later than 11 PM.
* Hit me and screamed at me for hours because I scraped a pan. I am... not even exaggerating... (I was ~16)
* Threw a chair at my mum, missed, dented the wall, then blamed my mum for the dent. That one's so retarded it's almost funny. But not really.
* He tells me I'm worthless, that he wouldn't care if I died, and that he'll kick me out at any time. On his happy days, he'll tell me that I'm beautiful, that he loves me, and he cares for me. Pulling some kind of bipolar shit on me that he expects me to buy.
* yeah etc.
I'm reluctant to move out because a) no moneys (currently saving up), b) that'll leave my mum behind alone with a dangerous man, and I won't be able to protect her. I want a future and I don't want to be tied down to this psycho. I've told him to see a psychologist but he only got angry, saying he doesn't believe in psychology.
I feel trapped. I mean, I've always thought emotional abuse was worse than physical abuse because at least you can report the latter. What the fuck do I do? You gotta help me reddit. Seems like there is no solution.
Edit:
People telling me to call police: It's not that simple. SERIOUSLY. He doesn't physically assault anyone technically. And it would be a giant mess. Please understand that...
And to put this into perspective, his anger outbursts happen about twice or so times a week. He just has a negative impact on my life.I know his anger episodes are avatars for some sort of fucked-up depression. Most of the time he is a leniant, laid-back guy who tries to help around half-assedly. But sometimes he turns into the most irrational seething guy who wants firm control on others.
The ideal way to approach him, I think, would be persuasion or estrangement, but not force. |
# Men's FIH Hockey World League
The **Men's FIH Hockey World League** was an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation. The league also served as a qualifier for the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups and the 2016 Olympic Games. Three seasons were held in 2012–13, 2014–15 and 2016-17. It was replaced by the new Men's FIH Pro League and Hockey Series in 2018–19.
## Format
The tournament featured four rounds. For each edition the FIH decides the number of events and teams for each round. The number of Round 1 events varied in each cycle depending on the number of participating national teams. Teams were grouped regionally, although European teams were split in several tournaments. The remaining rounds have teams selected with no regional restrictions. The top teams received a bye to a Round 2 or Semifinal event depending on the FIH World Rankings at the time of seeking entries, number which also varied depending on the edition.
| Year | Teams | Round 1 | Round 2 | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012–13 | 54 | 9 events of 3 to 5 teams | 4 events of 6 teams | 2 events of 8 teams | 1 event of 8 teams |
| 2014–15 | 56 | 9 events of 4 to 8 teams | 3 events of 8 teams | 2 events of 10 teams | |
| 2016–17 | 65 | 8 events of 4 to 9 teams | | | |
## Summaries
| Year | Final host | | Final | | | | 3rd Place Match | | | | Teams<br>PR / FR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Champions | Score | Runners-up | | 3rd place | Score | 4th place | | |
| 2012–13 | New Delhi, India | | **<br>Netherlands** | **7–2** | <br>New Zealand | | <br>England | **2–1** | <br>Australia | | 54 / 8 |
| 2014–15 | Raipur, India | | **<br>Australia** | **2–1** | <br>Belgium | | <br>India | **5–5**<br>**(3–2 pen.)** | <br>Netherlands | | 56 / 8 |
| 2016–17 | Bhubaneswar, India | | <br>Australia | **2–1** | <br>Argentina | | <br>India | **2–1** | <br>Germany | | 65 / 8 |
### Performance by nation
| Team | Titles | Runners-up | Third Place | Fourth Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 2 (2014–15, 2016–17) | | | 1 (2012–13) |
| Netherlands | 1 (2012–13) | | | 1 (2014–15) |
| New Zealand | | 1 (2012–13) | | |
| Belgium | | 1 (2014–15) | | |
| Argentina | | 1 (2016–17) | | |
| India | | | 2 (2014–15\*, 2016–17\*) | |
| England | | | 1 (2012–13) | |
| Germany | | | | 1 (2016–17) |
* = *host nation*
### Team appearances
| Team | 2012–13 | 2014–15 | 2016–17 | Apps at Finals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | **8th** | **5th** | **2nd** | **3** |
| Australia | **4th** | **1st** | **1st** | **3** |
| Austria | 22nd | 19th | 25th | |
| Azerbaijan | *Round 1* | 31st | | |
| Bangladesh | 19th | 28th | 27th | |
| Barbados | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | 34th | |
| Belarus | *Round 1* | 33rd | *Round 1* | |
| Belgium | **5th** | **2nd** | **5th** | **3** |
| Brazil | 31st | *Round 1* | | |
| Brunei | | | *Round 1* | |
| Bulgaria | | *Round 1* | | |
| Canada | 18th | **8th** | 10th | **1** |
| Chile | 20th | 26th | 32nd | |
| China | 23rd | 20th | 16th | |
| Croatia | | *Round 1* | | |
| Cyprus | | | *Round 1* | |
| Czech Republic | 30th | 27th | *Round 1* | |
| Dominican Republic | | *Round 1* | | |
| Ecuador | | | *Round 1* | |
| Egypt | 25th | 18th | 15th | |
| England~ | **3rd** | **6th** | **8th** | **3** |
| Fiji | 32nd | *Round 1* | 36th | |
| France | 16th | 14th | 13th | |
| Germany | **7th** | **7th** | **4th** | **3** |
| Ghana | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | 28th | |
| Gibraltar | *Round 1* | | | |
| Guatemala | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Hong Kong | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| India | **6th** | **3rd** | **3rd** | **3** |
| Iran | | *Round 1* | | |
| Ireland | 14th | 9th | 11th | |
| Italy | *Round 1* | 29th | 31st | |
| Jamaica | | *Round 1* | | |
| Japan | 12th | 16th | 20th | |
| Kazakhstan | | | *Round 1* | |
| Kenya | | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Lithuania | | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Malaysia | 11th | 12th | 9th | |
| Mexico | *Round 1* | 35th | *Round 1* | |
| Morocco | *Round 1* | | | |
| Myanmar | | | *Round 1* | |
| Namibia | | | *Round 1* | |
| Netherlands | **1st** | **4th** | **7th** | **3** |
| New Zealand | **2nd** | 11th | 12th | **1** |
| Nigeria | *Round 1* | | *Round 1* | |
| Oman | 29th | 23rd | 23rd | |
| Pakistan | 13th | 15th | 14th | |
| Papua New Guinea | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Paraguay | | | *Round 1* | |
| Peru | | | *Round 1* | |
| Poland | 27th | 17th | 29th | |
| Portugal | 33rd | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Qatar | *DSQ* | | *Round 1* | |
| Russia | 17th | 21st | 22nd | |
| Samoa | | *Round 1* | | |
| Scotland | 24th | | 19th | |
| Singapore | *Round 1* | 32nd | *Round 1* | |
| Slovakia | | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Solomon Islands | | | *Round 1* | |
| South Africa | 15th | 22nd | 18th | |
| South Korea | 9th | 13th | 17th | |
| Spain | 10th | 10th | **6th** | **1** |
| Sri Lanka | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | 33rd | |
| Sweden | *Round 1* | | | |
| Switzerland | | 25th | 30th | |
| Tanzania | | *Round 1* | | |
| Thailand | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Tonga | | | *Round 1* | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 26th | 34th | 26th | |
| Turkey | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | *Round 1* | |
| Ukraine | 21st | 24th | 35th | |
| United States | 28th | 30th | 21st | |
| Uruguay | | | *Round 1* | |
| Vanuatu | *Round 1* | | *Round 1* | |
| Venezuela | *Round 1* | | *Round 1* | |
| Vietnam | | | *Round 1* | |
| Wales | *Round 1* | | 24th | |
| Total | 54 | 56 | 65 | |
* = *host nation* ~ = *includes results representing Great Britain*
## InfoBox
Men's FIH Hockey World League
| **Most recent season or competition:**<br>*2016-17 Men's FIH Hockey World League* | |
| --- | --- |
| HWL Logo | |
| Sport | Field hockey |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Ceased | 2017 |
| Replaced by | Men's FIH Pro League (2019-present)<br>Hockey Series (2019 only)<br>FIH Nations Cup (from 2022) |
| No. of teams | 65 in 2016-17 |
| Last<br>champion(s) | Australia (2nd title) |
| Most titles | Australia (2 titles) |
| Official website | World League Info | |
Connect with us
Will mining Bitcoin still be profitable in 2020?
Since the birth of Bitcoin, Bitcoin mining has begun. If you are not familiar with the meaning of “mining”, it is the process of adding and verifying transactions on Bitcoin’s public ledger (called the blockchain). A node refers to any computer connected to the Bitcoin network, and they are dedicated to solving complex equations to add blocks. The solution to these computational mathematics problems is called a “proof of work” consensus algorithm.
First, these miners use their high-performance computers to verify transactions on the blockchain. In turn, they will be rewarded in two ways:
• the newly created BTC
• Ensuring that they keep the payment network safe and reliable.
The bitcoins created in this process are called “block rewards”. Depending on the year, the amount of BTC granted to these miners will vary.
Bitcoin halving: how it affects mining:
Initially (when Bitcoin was created in 2009), the block reward was 50 BTC. However, the mysterious Bitcoin “creator” Satoshi Nakamoto programmed the network to cut the reward in half every 210,000 blocks. This event is called “Bitcoin Halving”.
The average rate of blocks mined per hour is 6, which is roughly equivalent to Bitcoin halving approximately once every four years.
The first Bitcoin halving in history occurred in 2012. The 210,000th block rewarded miners with 50 BTC. However, block 210,001 paid 25 BTC to its miners. The second Bitcoin halving took place in 2016, where 420,001 blocks awarded miners 12.5 BTC instead of 420,000 for all 25 BTC blocks. The next halving should happen around May 2020, when the reward will be halved again to 6.25 BTC.
If you want a more accurate and real-time estimate of when the next Bitcoin halving will occur, you can use multiple trackers. This halving pattern will continue to happen until the reward is finally reduced to 0 (this will happen in 2140). When this finally happens, miners will have to start using transaction fees as an incentive to continue mining.
Satoshi Nakamoto programmed the Bitcoin halving into the network to slow down the distribution of Bitcoin, thereby effectively controlling inflation. According to the economic laws of supply and demand, if coins are created too fast (and if the supply of Bitcoin is unlimited, we know that is not the case), the asset will depreciate due to the number of coins in circulation.
What does this mean for Bitcoin mining?
With the Bitcoin halving, it may be shocking at first that the rewards are getting smaller and smaller. However, it must be noted that when the reward is higher (25-50 BTC), the value of Bitcoin is not enough to make people instantly become millionaires. When people started mining Bitcoin, miners already had the necessary equipment. In addition, the competition is not fierce because most miners use almost the same machines.
However, with the development of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, the technological gap is getting bigger and bigger. Through these chips, mining capacity has been doubled, effectively eliminating the previous mining equipment.
These chips also increase the hash rate of Bitcoin (a measure of the computing power of miners), making the entire network healthier. Due to the larger technology gap, increased expenditures. In turn, individuals can no longer compete, especially when large Bitcoin mining centers begin to use powerful machines.
At this point, people began to question the profitability of Bitcoin mining. With the upcoming Bitcoin halving, large Bitcoin mining centers, and increased spending, is it still worth a try? The answer is: it’s up to you. The answer can be both “yes” and “no”. The only way to know is to try.
Factors to consider when mining Bitcoin :
Before delving into the world of Bitcoin mining, you should consider the following factors:
Mining can become complicated:
On the blockchain, transaction verification is measured in hashes per second. As designed, the network generates a certain number of coins every second. This means that the more active miners, the more difficult it is to mine. It has been carefully designed to ensure that the distribution of Bitcoin remains static.
Fierce competition :
As mentioned earlier, the development of ASIC mining machines has brought large mining companies into a competitive environment. As a result, individuals are forced to join mining pools (and distribute rewards) or get trampled by large mining companies.
Electricity is expensive:
Although the cost of electricity varies depending on where you mine, the high-performance computers used to solve computational mathematical problems usually consume a lot of energy. When deciding whether mining is worthwhile, be sure to consider power consumption.
As you can see, the answer to the question is not as simple as everyone thinks. In most cases, people who mine at home (as opposed to large mining companies) will find it difficult to profit from the cost of mining hardware and electricity consumption; if the innovation of ASIC miners reaches the point of diminishing returns, the situation may improve. If this innovation is combined with cheap and sustainable electricity, ordinary household miners may once again see the profitability of Bitcoin mining.
Although the profitability of Bitcoin mining may be questionable, it must be pointed out that mining is not the only way to profit from Bitcoin. Nowadays, due to the peer-to-peer Bitcoin market, through bank transfers, PayPal/Skrill, credit/debit cards, and even gift cards, there are actually hundreds of ways to obtain Bitcoin. Through these P2P markets, users can earn profits in a variety of ways-transactions, useless used payment methods for sales, and accept Bitcoin as payment for your business.
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• 2 minute Read
Why We Are Learning New Languages
Data from language learning app Babbel shows exactly who is learning to speak other languages, why they’re doing it, and how much difficulty they’re having.
Why We Are Learning New Languages
Photo: Flickr user Jessica Spengler
Who learns foreign languages and why? When do they study? Do men and women learn then differently? Babbel, the language-learning app company, has published figures on how its apps are used that answer some of these question. The data is fascinating, compiling the answers of over 45,000 users.
English is by far the most popular language, with 28% of all Babbel users learning it. Spanish comes in second at 18%. In the U.S., most people learn Spanish (22%), followed by French (20%) and German (17%). In the U.K., the top choice is also Spanish, whereas all other countries at the top of the chart favor English. Of these, Italians are the most enthusiastic learners of English, with almost half of them (47%) learning it.
Why do people learn languages? Babbel’s numbers break this down by country. The Germans learn in order to communicate better when traveling. The Brazilians and Spanish do it for self-improvement. In Austria, 42% say they learn languages to “improve or maintain mental fitness.” In the U.S., the top reason given for learning a language was “cultural interest,” possibly reflecting the unwillingness of U.S. citizens to travel abroad–the State Department figures say that 126 million valid U.S. passports were in circulation in 2015, which is just 39% of the population.
Men are more likely to learn German, Portuguese, or Russian. Women favor Dutch, French, Italian, and Spanish (only 0.2% of Babbel’s users identified themselves “other”). Motivation and confidence were self-rated at about the same for both men and women, as were all other measured factors–aside from language choice, then, there is no significant difference when it comes to gender.
Age, though, makes a bigger difference: 80% of people under 24 were confident that they’d “be able to hold a short conversation in their chosen language within five hours of using Babbel,” with the numbers quickly dropping, nearing just 60% with people over 60 years old. That, though, may just illustrate the overconfidence of youth.
The reasons for learning were the most affected by age. “Learning for mental fitness” is down at 10% for under 18s, and grows steadily to 60% for those of 75 years and over. Not surprisingly, “learning for career” runs the other way, from one of the top reasons at around 25 years, to near-zero for retirees. Another reason that withered with age was “learning [in order to] live abroad one day,” which is also as might be expected.
Here are the top languages, by motivation for learning them.
• Career: English (47%)
• Cultural Interest: Spanish (24%)
• Travel: English (37%)
• Self-improvement: English (29%)
• Roots/heritage reconnection: Italian (35%)
In this last category–roots/heritage reconnection–the fourth most popular result was Polish, which is pretty interesting. The only other place Polish appears in the whole survey is as the fifth most popular language among men. I wonder if these are the children of Polish immigrants, either in the U.S., or in Germany.
English is the clear winner here, in terms of popularity, closely followed by Spanish, which makes sense as they’re two most widely spoken languages (after Mandarin, which doesn’t really count as it’s only the official language of a few countries). If you speak English and Spanish, you have a good proportion of the world’s countries covered. Of the languages available in Babbel’s apps, only one didn’t make it into the listings: Turkish. Indonesian and Norwegian made it in, but only because they were not favored by male or female learners, i.e., they’re gender-neutral, preference-wise.
The whole survey is worth a deeper look, but maybe you’re inspired to stop reading the Internet and start learning a language instead?
About the author
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# Parachutes (song)
"**Parachutes**" is a single by English singer-songwriter Charlie Simpson, from his debut studio album *Young Pilgrim* (2011). It was released on 5 August 2011 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. The song peaked to number 44 on the UK Singles Chart, his highest charting single to date.
## Background
In an interview with Digital Spy he was asked to describe the song, he said:
> "It's one of the more instrument-heavy songs on the record – I wanted to strike a balance between the acoustic nature and more upbeat instruments. It's also the first track I've ever written with a piano, so it's a good contrast to other songs on the album."
## Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Parachutes" was first released on YouTube on 8 June 2011 at a length of three minutes and thirty-four seconds.
## Live performances
Charlie Simpson performed the song Live on OK! TV. Simpson performed the song in the Live Lounge live from Boardmasters in Newquay for Fearne Cotton and BBC Radio 1. He also performed the song live at Xfm in Manchester.
## Critical reception
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:
> "It's a far cry from his tween-pop days of drooling over high school teachers and perky air hostesses – instead focusing on his newfound independence. Something tells us the 'Year 3000' reunion tour is long way off yet.
## Track listing
Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Parachutes" | 3:34 |
| 2. | "Skin and Bones" | 3:36 |
| 3. | "Dead Man Walking" | 3:23 |
| 4. | "Parachutes" (Unplugged) | 3:41 |
| 5. | "Parachutes" (Live from the Tabernacle) | 3:43 |
## Chart performance
| Chart (2011) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Scotland (OCC) | 39 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 44 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 5 |
## Release history
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 5 August 2011 | Digital download | Charlie Simpson music |
|
## InfoBox
| "Parachutes" | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
| Single by Charlie Simpson | |
| from the album *Young Pilgrim* | |
| Released | 5 August 2011 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Alternative |
| Label | PIAS |
| Songwriter(s) | Charlie Simpson |
| Charlie Simpson singles chronology | |
| "Down Down Down" <br>(2011) "**Parachutes**" <br>(2011) "Cemetery" <br>(2011) | | |
# Karanapaddhati
**Karanapaddhati** is an astronomical treatise in Sanskrit attributed to Puthumana Somayaji, an astronomer-mathematician of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. The period of composition of the work is uncertain. C.M. Whish, a civil servant of the East India Company, brought this work to the attention of European scholars for the first time in a paper published in 1834. The book is divided into ten chapters and is in the form of verses in Sanskrit. The sixth chapter contains series expansions for the value of the mathematical constant , and expansions for the trigonometric sine, cosine and inverse tangent functions.
## Author and date of Karanapaddhati
Nothing definite is known about the author of Karanapaddhati. The last verse of the tenth chapter of Karanapaddhati describes the author as a Brahamin residing in a village named Sivapura. Sivapura is an area surrounding the present day Thrissur in Kerala, India.
The period in which Somayaji lived is also uncertain. There are several theories in this regard.
* C.M. Whish, the first westerner to write about Karanapaddhati, based on his interpretation that certain words appearing in the final verse of Karanapaddhati denote in katapayadi system the number of days in the *Kali Yuga*, concluded that the book was completed in 1733 CE. Whish had also claimed that the grandson of the author of the Karanapaddhati was alive and was in his seventieth year at the time of writing his paper.
* Based on reference to Puthumana Somayaji in a verse in Ganita Sucika Grantha by Govindabhatta, Raja Raja Varma placed the author of Karanapaddhati between 1375 and 1475 CE.
* An internal study of Karanapaddhati suggests that the work is contemporaneous with or even antedates the Tantrasangraha of Nilakantha Somayaji (1465–1545 CE).
## Synopsis of the book
A brief account of the contents of the various chapters of the book is presented below.
*Chapter 1* : Rotation and revolutions of the planets in one *mahayuga*; the number of civil days in a *mahayuga*; the solar months, lunar months, intercalary months; *kalpa* and the four *yugas* and their durations, the details of *Kali Yuga*, calculation of the *Kali* era from the Malayalam Era, calculation of *Kali* days; the true and mean position of planets; simple methods for numerical calculations; computation of the true and mean positions of planets; the details of the orbits of planets; constants to be used for the calculation of various parameters of the different planets. *Chapter 2* : Parameters connected with Kali era, the positions of the planets, their angular motions, various parameters connected with Moon. *Chapter 3* : Mean center of Moon and various parameters of Moon based on its latitude and longitude, the constants connected with Moon. *Chapter 4* : Perigee and apogee of the Mars, corrections to be given at different occasions for the Mars, constants for Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn in the respective order, the perigee and apogee of all these planets, their conjunction, their conjunctions possibilities. *Chapter 5* : Division of the kalpa based on the revolution of the planets, the number of revolutions during the course of this kalpa, the number of civil and solar days of earth since the beginning of this kalpa, the number and other details of the manvantaras for this kalpa, further details on the four yugas. *Chapter 6* : Calculation of the circumference of a circle using variety of methods; the division of the circumference and diameters; calculation of various parameters of a circle and their relations; a circle, the arc, the chord, the arrow, the angles, their relations among a variety of parameters; methods to memorize all these factors using the katapayadi system. *Chapter 7* : Epicycles of the Moon and the Sun, the apogee and perigee of the planets; sign calculation based on the zodiacal sign in which the planets are present; the chord connected with rising, setting, the apogee and the perigee; the method for determining the end-time of a month; the chords of the epicycles and apogee for all the planets, their hypotenuse. *Chapter 8* : Methods for the determination of the latitude and longitude for various places on the earth; the R-sine and R-cosine of the latitude and longitude, their arc, chord and variety of constants. *Chapter 9* : Details of the Alpha aeries sign; calculation of the positions of the planets in correct angular values; calculation of the position of the stars, the parallax connected with latitude and longitude for various planets, Sun, Moon and others stars. *Chapter 10* : Shadows of the planets and calculation of various parameters connected with the shadows; calculation of the precision of the planetary positions.
## Infinite series expressions
The sixth chapter of Karanapaddhati is mathematically very interesting. It contains infinite series expressions for the constant and infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions. These series also appear in Tantrasangraha and their proofs are found in Yuktibhāṣā.
### Series expressions for π
**Series 1**
The first series is specified in the verse
*vyāsāccaturghnād bahuśaḥ pr̥thaksthāt tripañcasaptādyayugāhr̥ tāni*
*vyāse caturghne kramaśastvr̥ṇam svaṁ kurjāt tadā syāt paridhiḥ susuksmaḥ*
which translates into the formula
π/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + ...
**Series 2**
A second series is specified in the verse
*vyāsād vanasamguṇitāt pr̥thagāptaṁ tryādyayug-vimulaghanaiḥ*
*triguṇavyāse svamr̥naṁ kramasah kr̥tvāpi paridhirāneyaḥ*
and this can be put in the form
π = 3 + 4 { 1 / ( 3<sup>3</sup> \- 3 ) + 1 / ( 5<sup>3</sup> \- 5 ) + 1 / ( 7<sup>3</sup> \- 7 ) + ... }
**Series 3**
A third series for π is contained in
*vargairyujāṃ vā dviguṇairnirekairvargīkṛtair-varjitayugmavargaiḥ*
*vyāsaṃ ca ṣaḍghanaṃ vibhajet phalaṃ svaṃ vyāse trinīghne paridhistadā syāt*
which is
π = 3 + 6 { 1 / ( (2 × 2<sup>2</sup> \- 1 )<sup>2</sup> \- 2<sup>2</sup> ) + 1 / ( (2 × 4<sup>2</sup> \- 1 )<sup>2</sup> \- 4<sup>2</sup> ) + 1 / ( (2 × 6<sup>2</sup> \- 1 )<sup>2</sup> \- 6<sup>2</sup> ) + ... }
### Series expansions of trigonometric functions
The following verse describes the infinite series expansions of the sine and cosine functions.
*<br>cāpācca tattat phalato'pi tadvat cāpāhatāddvayādihatat trimaurvyā<br>labdhāni yugmāni phalānyadhodhaḥ cāpādayugmāni ca vistarārdhāt<br>vinyasya coparyupari tyajet tat śeṣau bhūjākoṭiguṇau bhavetāṃ<br>*
These expressions are
sin x = x - x<sup>3</sup> / 3! + x<sup>5</sup> / 5! - ...
cos x = 1 - x<sup>2</sup> / 2! + x<sup>4</sup> / 4! - ...
Finally the following verse gives the expansion for the inverse tangent function.
*<br>vyāsārdhena hatādabhiṣṭaguṇataḥ koṭyāptamaādyaṃ phalaṃ<br>jyāvargeṇa vinighnamādimaphalaṃ tattatphalaṃ cāharet*
The specified expansion is
tan<sup>−1</sup> x = x - x<sup>3</sup> / 3 + x<sup>5</sup> / 5 - ...
Venketeswara Pai R, K Ramasubramanian, M S Sriram and M D Srinivas, Karanapaddhati of Putumana Somayaji, Translation with detailed Mathematical notes, Jointly Published by HBA (2017) and Springer (2018).
## Further references
## InfoBox
Karanapaddhati
| Author | Puthumana Somayaji |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| Subject | Astronomy/Mathematics |
| Publication date | 1733 CE (?) |
| Publication place | India | |
# Pietro Paolini
**Pietro Paolini**, called il Lucchese (3 June 1603 – 12 April 1681) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Working in Rome, Venice and finally his native Lucca, he was a follower of Caravaggio to whose work he responded in a very personal manner. He founded an Academy in his hometown, which formed the next generation of painters of Lucca.
## Life
Pietro Paolini was born in Lucca, as the youngest son of Tommaso Paolini and Ginevra Raffaelli. His family was well-off as his mother was a descendant of a prominent Lucchese family.
Paolini‘s father sent his son to Rome to the workshop of Angelo Caroselli when he was 16 years old. Angelo Caroselli was a follower of Caravaggio who worked in an eclectic style. Whereas in the past the relationship between Caroselli and Paolini was regarded solely as that of a master and apprentice, more recently discovered materials point to a more complex relationship, more akin to that of collaborators and characterised by the sharing of themes. Caroselli was continuously absent from Rome from June 1616 until February 1623 so it would have been impossible for Caroselli to be Paolini's master. Paolini’s documented presence in Lucca in 1626, at least for the period June–October further limits the period of their interaction. In Caroselli's workshop Pietro Paolini had the opportunity to study the various schools and techniques, which is reflected in the stylistic flexibility of his work.
In Rome Paolini was exposed to the influence of the second generation of naturalist painters in the Caravaggesque tradition whose principal representative was Bartolomeo Manfredi and also included Cecco del Caravaggio and Bartolomeo Cavarozzi.
From c. 1629-1631 he lived for two years in Venice where he had the opportunity to admire the works of Paolo Veronese and Tintoretto. He returned to Lucca, where he lived the remainder of his life. His parents had died in previous years and he needed to support his many siblings. After establishing a successful studio in Lucca he specialised in cabinet pictures often including allegorical or musical subjects and still lifes, a genre which he introduced to the city. He received multiple commissions from religious institutions in Lucca as well as prominent local citizens.
On 25 November 1651 Paolini married Maria Forisportam Angela di Girolamo Massei, by whom he had two sons: Andrea, who became custodian of the Public Archives, and Giovanni Tommaso.
Around 1652 (or possibly even earlier) Paolini founded the 'Academy of Painting and Drawing of Lucca', at which he helped train many painters. The Academy contributed to a particularly lively artistic environment in Lucca in the second half of the 17th century. Numerous artists, such as Girolamo Scaglia, Simone del Tintore (a still-life painter) and his brothers Francesco and Cassiano, Antonio Franchi, Giovanni Coli and Filippo Gherardi were trained at the Academy. Pietro Testa may also have been a pupil of Paolini. Paolini owned a collection of coins and plaster casts taken from ancient models as well as a collection of ancient and modern weapons that were used as models and props in the Academy.
Paolini later almost entirely abandoned painting in order to devote himself to teaching.
He died in Lucca in 1681.
## Work
### General
Only two works in Paolini's oeuvre can be dated with any certainty. They are the *Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine* signed and dated 1636 and the *Birth of Saint John the Baptist* commissioned the following year for Santa Maria Corteorlandini. These are both dateable to immediately after the artist's return to Lucca. The rest of his body of work is largely undocumented.
The principal themes of Paolini's work were the subjects popularized by Caravaggio in Roman painting around the turn of the 17th century. They included depictions of low-class people such as fraudsters, charlatans, hawkers, prostitutes and musicians. He typically only placed a few figures in a scene. Characteristic of Paolini's work are the balanced, simple division of the canvases, the plasticity of the figures, the enigmatically vague expressions, the smooth, radiant complexion of the figures as well as the accuracy in which he rendered materials and objects such as musical instruments.
Paolini also painted religious and mythological compositions during his early days and a few ones on commission when he was back in Lucca. These religious compositions form only a small part of his oeuvre. An example of a mythological composition is the early work *Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes* (1625-1630, J. Paul Getty Museum).
The thesis that Paolini was a painter of still lifes because he was the master of a leading still-life painter like Simone del Tintore is not well supported. In the few compositions in which his hand is clearly recognizable it is clear that Paolini limited his intervention to the figures.
### Allegorical paintings
A number of his paintings have allegorical meanings such as the *Allegory of the Five Senses* (The Walters Art Museum). This composition depicts a darkened inn with a number of low-life persons engaged in music making and drinking. Each person is an allegorical representation of one of the five senses. Sound is represented by the woman with a lute, at center; taste, by the man emptying a flask of wine; smell, by the young man with a melon; sight, by the man on the right holding a pair of spectacles; and touch, by the two people who are fighting. This painting dates from his early years in Rome and shows the realism and strong chiaroscuro typical of Caravaggio and his followers.
His works often took direct inspiration from Caravaggio's compositions. Examples are two concert paintings, *The Concert* (c. 1620-1630, formerly in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu) and the *Bacchic Concert* (c. 1625-30, Dallas Museum of Art), from his early days in Rome. The two works represent the artist's reaction to Caravaggio's *The Musicians*, which he may have seen in the collection of Cardinal del Monte.
The general features of *The Concert* and several of its details, such as the still life of the violin and open part-book with an upturned page, are directly derived from Caravaggio's composition. Paolini replaced Caravaggio's androgynous youths in loose-fitting blouses with three women in contemporary dress, one of whom plays a cittern while the others play lutes. The individualized physiognomies suggest portraits and Paolini clearly intended to suggest an actual performance.
Trios of female musicians achieved considerable fame in this period. The inclusion of Cupid, who replaces Caravaggio's self-portrait with a cornetto, shows that the picture was intended as an allegory of Love and Music presented in the guise of an actual concert. This was a common theme in the pictorial tradition of the 16th century, which depicted Love as being born from Music, or Love as always being in the company of Music". The red carnation proffered by Cupid to one of the women is a pointed allusion to this relationship between Love and Music. The gesture may also imply that the three women are offering their love to the viewer, a theme of many 16th-century paintings with musical subjects.
### Portraits
Paolini created a number of portraits, often with an allegorical meaning and depicting persons engaged in a certain profession or activity. These works are all datable between the third and fourth decades of the 17th century.
An example is *A young lady holding a compass* (At Sotheby's 9 December 2009, London, lot 28). It depicts a young woman holding a compass in her right hand who appears to be drawing geometric designs for an arch on a piece of paper she holds in her left hand. As it was highly unusual at the time to show a woman engaged in architectural design, it has been suggested that the work may be an allegorical portrait representing Architecture. On the other hand, the figure's highly naturalistic physiognomy is rather too specific for an 'allegorical' or 'idealised' portrait. The expression of the model appears observed from a specific person and she is wearing contemporary dress.
The blending of the real and the ideal is characteristic of Paolini's male portraiture as well. His *Man holding a mask*, despite its emblematic overtones, shows a youth whose features are rendered like those of a real person. This blending of fidelity to life and idealisation, the mysterious and fascinating is also present in a group of five oval paintings that date to the first half of the 17th century. They include a *Portrait of a Young Page*, a *Lute Maker*, a *Violin Maker*, an *Old Woman Sewing* and an *Old Woman Spinning*. These portraits are genre paintings likely conveying an allegorical meaning on the subject of harmony.
Paolini also made a few portraits of actors among which there are two of the actor Tiberio Fiorilli as Scaramouche. Paolini may have met the actor in Rome or in Tuscany when Fiorilli was living there. |
# Kristina Bröring-Sprehe
**Kristina Bröring-Sprehe** (born 28 October 1986 in Lohne, West Germany) is a German dressage rider competing at Olympic level.
## Career
On 7 August 2012 Sprehe was a member of the team which won the silver medal in the team dressage event.
She was a member of the German team that won the team Gold at the 2013 European Dressage Championship in Herning. At the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy Kristina won another team Gold and individual Bronze in the Grand Prix Special, her first individual championship medal at the senior level. At the 2015 European Dressage Championships in Aachen, Kristina and her top horse of the past four years, Desperados, won team Bronze and two individual silver medals. She also won bronze in the individual dressage at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
## InfoBox
Kristina Bröring-Sprehe
| Bröring-Sprehe (in the middle) at the 2015 German Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1986-10-28) 28 October 1986<br>Lohne, West Germany |
| Height | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 54 kg (119 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Germany |
| Sport | Equestrian |
| Medal record Equestrian Representing Germany Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team dressage 2012 London Team dressage 2016 Rio de Janeiro Individual dressage World Championships 2014 Normandy Team dressage 2014 Normandy Spécial dressage European Championships 2013 Herning Team dressage 2015 Aachen Spécial dressage 2015 Aachen Freestyle dressage 2015 Aachen Team dressage | | |
# 2023 European Karate Championships – Women's individual kata
The **Women's individual kata** competition at the 2023 European Karate Championships was held on 22 and 25 March 2023.
## Results
### Round 1
| Rank | Pool 1 | | Pool 2 | | Pool 3 | | Pool 4 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Athlete | Total | Athlete | Total | Athlete | Total | Athlete | Total |
| 1 | Terryana D'Onofrio | 42.2 | Paola García | 41.9 | Georgia Xenou | 40.3 | Dilara Bozan | 40.8 |
| 2 | Ana Sofia Cruz | 40.7 | Jasmin Jüttner | 41.2 | Veronika Mišková | 40.2 | Helvétia Taily | 39.4 |
| 3 | Sara Malčec | 38.4 | Jana Vaňušaniková | 38.6 | Laura Sterck | 38.7 | Bojana Mladežić | 36.6 |
| 4 | Soraya Wahjudi | 38.2 | Patricia Bahledova | 37.6 | Biserka Radulović | 38.3 | Nicole Turner | 36.2 |
| 5 | Melinda Mark | 37.2 | Isidora Borovčanin | 36.0 | Bess Mänty | 37.0 | Martina Arsovska | 35.4 |
| 6 | Frederikke Bjerring | 36.6 | Eimear Porter | 34.6 | Halyna Zaporozhchenko | 36.1 | Chiara Manca | 34.9 |
| 7 | Anna Kowalska | 36.4 | Aileen Sprenger | 32.5 | Lana Nadizar | 35.2 | Elena Berezovskaia | 29.7 |
| 8 | Izabella Constanzo | 35.4 |
### Round 2
| Rank | Pool 1 | | Pool 2 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Athlete | Total | Athlete | Total |
| 1 | Paola García | 42.3 | Helvétia Taily | 40.5 |
| 2 | Terryana D'Onofrio | 41.8 | Dilara Bozan | 40.5 |
| 3 | Ana Sofia Cruz | 40.8 | Veronika Mišková | 39.6 |
| 4 | Jasmin Jüttner | 39.7 | Georgia Xenou | 38.2 |
| 5 | Soraya Wahjudi | 38.3 | Biserka Radulović | 38.1 |
| 6 | Jana Vaňušaniková | 38.1 | Laura Sterck | 37.9 |
| 7 | Patricia Bahledova | 37.8 | Bojana Mladežić | 36.5 |
| 8 | Sara Malčec | 37.8 | Nicole Turner | 36.0 |
### Round 3
| Rank | Pool 1 | | Pool 2 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Athlete | Total | Athlete | Total |
| 1 | Paola García | 44.3 | Helvétia Taily | 41.8 |
| 2 | Terryana D'Onofrio | 42.6 | Dilara Bozan | 41.3 |
| 3 | Ana Sofia Cruz | 41.3 | Veronika Mišková | 39.8 |
| 4 | Jasmin Jüttner | 40.9 | Georgia Xenou | 38.7 |
### Finals
| | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
| | **Paola García** | **42.6** |
| | | |
| | Helvétia Taily | 41.2 |
| | | |
## InfoBox
| Women's individual kata <br>at the 2023 European Karate Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Palacio Multiusos de Guadalajara |
| Location | Guadalajara, Spain |
| Dates | 22, 25 March |
| Competitors | 29 from 29 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Spain France Italy Turkey | |
| |
# Seweryn Wysłouch
**Seweryn Wysłouch** (March 19, 1900 in Pirkowicze near Drohiczyn February 28, 1968 in Wrocław) was a legal historian and vice-rector of Wrocław University.
## Biography
Seweryn was born in Pirkowicze near Drohiczyn (Polesie, Poland), the Wysłouch family manor. In 1927 he graduated from the School of Law and Social Sciences of the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius and began to work there as an academic. His career was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War, but he continued it from 1945 at the University of Wrocław as a professor. During the years of 1947 to 1952 he was the vice-rector (vice-chancellor) of the university and from 1956 to 1958 he headed its School of Law
Seweryn was equally involved in numerous initiatives outside of the university. During the inter-war period he was a member of the Senior Ramblers Club (Klub Włóczęgów Seniorów), a small, influential academic society linked to Marshal Józef Piłsudski and his government. In 1948 he took part in the organisation of the Regained Territories Exhibition and from 1949 to 1953 he presided over the Wrocław branch of the Western Institute, a scientific research society focusing on the Western provinces of Poland. Wysłouch co-founded the Silesian Institute in Opole and was its president from 1957 to 1960.
## Selected works
* "Posługi komunikacyjne w miastach W. Ks. Litewskiego na prawie magdeburskiem do połowy xvi w.". Vilnius, Nakł. Instytutu Naukowo-Badawczego Europy Wschodniej, 1937.
* "Studia nad koncentracją w rolnictwie śląskim w latach 1850-1914 : Struktura agrarna i jej zmiany". Wrocław, Ossolineum.
* ""Powiat" w statucie litewskim 1529 r. oraz w spisie wojska litewskiego 1528 r.", Vilnius, 1931.
* "Rola Komunistycznej Partii Zachodniej Białorusi w ruchu narodowym Białorusinów w Polsce". Vilnius, 1933.
1. "List of the deans of the School of Law, Administration and Economy of the Wrocław University". Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
2. Kakareko, "Dziedzictwo Jagiellońskie w koncepcji środowiska Klubu Włóczęgów Seniorów w Wilnie w latach trzydziestych XX w."
## Bibliography |
Take the tour ×
I recently found the following question: What is your profit estimate throwing a dice in the long run if you get 10 dollars for each time you hit 6 and lose 1 dollar for any other number?
I tried to use probabilistic "common sense" to arrive to the following wrong answer:
Probability tells me that every 6 throws I get one 6 and 5 different numbers. So every 6 throws my profit will be:
10x1 - 1x5 = $5
So if i keep throwing the dice forever i will have a steady flow of 5 bucks and I will eventually become a millionaire.
Where am I wrong in my thinking?
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Should be move to Stats.SE, because it's off topic here. – SRKX Dec 13 '12 at 0:17
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3 Answers
Its a simple expected value question:
Probability of throwing a 6 is 1/6 Probability of not throwing a 6 is 5/6
thus expected pay off per roll: 10 dollars * 1/6 + (-1 dollar) * 5/6 = 5/6 dollars
Edit: And several of your above assumptions are plain wrong:
• "Probability tells me that every 6 throws I get one 6 and 5 different numbers." -> That is NOT what "probability" tells you. The result is an expected value, meaning, something you can expect on average given a large enough sample set. (please google "law of large numbers")
• Your profit will not necessarily be 5 dollars after 6 throws. -> please see above
• "So if i keep throwing the dice forever i will have a steady flow of 5 bucks and I will eventually become a millionaire." -> No, you will end up with infinitely large wealth if you get to roll infinitely many times.
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Oh. So my answer is right. Every 6 rows I get 5. So every row I get 5/6 dollars. :) – HFT Trader Dec 4 '12 at 8:51
Nope, read again Freddy's answer. Also perhaps it is worth mentioning that 5/6 dollars is $0.83333... – Hugues Dec 4 '12 at 13:03
Naa, he's kinda right. Every 6 throws he'll get $5, on average. He's just stating it in a convoluted way. – eckesicle Dec 6 '12 at 5:28
@eckesicle, makes quite a difference, whether you state something is guaranteed or whether something occurs on average over a large sample set? If you disagree then you basically say that probability theory is useless and the law of large numbers makes no sense. – Matt Wolf Dec 6 '12 at 5:32
I don't disagree, but I also think that OP is new to the subject and probably haven't been taught the mathematical vocabulary to express himself in the proper way. From OP's statements I think it's inferred that we're talking about expectation, or 'probabilistic common sense' as he put it. His lack of formalism does not make him wrong. – eckesicle Dec 6 '12 at 6:43
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The key here lies in risk management. The dice player must survive the long strings of losing throws to make that money. Due to the high volatility of the expected return, even with Kelly's bet sizing, you wouldn't be able to put on huge bets with respect to bankroll.
Kelly's formula http://matdays.blogspot.co.nz/2011/04/kelly-bet-sizing-equity-growth.html
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agree with your comment, which kinda re-emphasizes the difference between deterministic and probabilistic outcomes. – Matt Wolf Dec 6 '12 at 7:43
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If you want to model this using probability theory, you can define a stochastic variable $X$ as follows:
$$ X = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} 10 & \quad \text{with probability $p=\frac{1}{6}$}\\ -1 & \quad \text{with probability $1-p=\frac{5}{6}$} \end{array} \right.$$
$X$ models the payoff of a trow of dice.
As Freddy said, this is an expectation problem, so let's compute the expectation of $X$:
$$ \mathbb{E}[X] = 10 \cdot p + (-1) \cdot (1-p) = \frac{10}{6} + \frac{-5}{6} = \frac{5}{6} $$
So, on average, you make on a single throw a profit of $\frac{5}{6}=0.83$ USD.
Now, the term "on the long run" is a bit ambiguous in the question. To stay abstract and general, assume we make $n$ throws and we denote the $i$-th throw as $X_i$. We can model the result of $n$ throws as:
$$S_n= \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$$
To know the expected value of your wealth after $n$ throws, you need to compute the expectation of the variable $S_n$:
$$ \mathbb{E} [S_n] = \mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{i=1}^n X_i \right] = \sum_{i=1}^n \mathbb{E} \left[ X_i \right] = \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{5}{6} = n \cdot \frac{5}{6}$$
So, over the long run (assumed to be $n$ throws), you can expect to make $ n \cdot \frac{5}{6}$ USD on average.
This means that you could very well throw $n$ dices and get no 6, ending up with a wealth of $-n$.
But this is basic statistics, so I'll ask the question to be moved to Stats.SE.
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Learning to Embrace Ambiguity
Rachel Nozari | July 2022
As a society, we’ve experienced immense ambiguity in the last two-plus years. We lived through a global pandemic and managed day in and day out uncertainty with fast-changing needs to respond to. We grappled with personal and family health concerns, sustained disruption to schooling and childcare, “the great resignation”, and likely a general feeling of being overloaded and overwhelmed.
Ambiguity Metaphor
Before we dive in, join me in a brief activity; you’ll need a pen and a piece of paper.
Bring to mind a time, maybe over the last couple of years, when you experienced a lot of ambiguity. To the extent you feel comfortable, try to put yourself back in that moment.
• What was happening in your life?
• How were you feeling in your body?
• What kinds of things were you thinking?
Now fill in the blanks in the following sentence:
“Ambiguity is like ____________, because ________________.”
This is your ambiguity metaphor1. Hang on to this, we’ll come back to it.
Ambiguity, It’s Here to Stay
Ambiguity is a general sense of uncertainty, of experiencing the unknown. For many people ambiguity brings up feelings of stress and anxiety, which in turn negatively impacts their creativity, motivation, engagement, and fulfillment at work. Over time, this kind of sustained stress can result in loss of self-efficacy, cynicism, and ultimately burnout.
But the thing is, ambiguity is not going to go away. While hopefully, we will not experience another global pandemic in our lifetime, research shows the landscape we live and work in is changing at a much faster pace than it used to, largely driven by technological advancements and increasing globalization2. The fact of the matter is, that our relationship with ambiguity has and will continue to have a big impact on our day-to-day experience, overall wellbeing, and engagement in the workplace; as well as that of the teams we lead.
Which raises the question, as team and organizational leaders, how can we support our folks to navigate ambiguity without burning out?
Strategies and Frameworks to Navigate Ambiguity
Here are some strategies that might help you to better understand your own (and your teammate’s) orientation to ambiguity and navigate that uncertainty with improved sustainability.
1. Understand your own relationship with ambiguity. As a leader, it’s important to be aware of your own biases, how you respond under stress, and the impact that can have on your work and those around you. In 2018 the Stanford d.School used the ambiguity metaphor activity with 150 incoming and outgoing students3. They found two important things,
• First, the ambiguity metaphor can tell you a lot about each person’s relationship with ambiguity, which is typically linked to their personal sense of agency and ease of adaptability. People generally fall into one of three categories:
• Those who endure ambiguity, see it as something to get through, something that is happening to them, something fairly negative.
• Those who engage ambiguity, see it as something they can choose to stay with, something to actively navigate.
• And those who embrace ambiguity, see it as an opportunity, are excited by the potential of the unknown4
When you look back at your ambiguity metaphor, which category do you fall into?
• The second important thing the Stanford d. School learned through this activity, is that people’s relationship with ambiguity can change and improve over time the more exposure they have to it.
2. Understand your team members’ and colleagues’ relationship with ambiguity. Equally important as being self-aware of your own relationship with ambiguity as a leader, is understanding the relationship of those around you. You don’t necessarily want your whole team to be super comfortable with ambiguity, for example, there are very real reasons why you might want your legal/risk/finance folks to be less comfortable. Understanding each person’s orientation can increase empathy for their experience and allow you to help them endure, engage or embrace ambiguity in a way that is sustainable.
• Find purpose. When folks understand what they’re driving towards and why it’s important, they feel more anchored to something meaningful even during day-to-day ambiguity. Research conducted during the pandemic finds those who say they are “living their purpose” at work are five times more likely to have a positive sense of well-being, and four times more likely to have higher engagement levels. With this clarity, they are also more easily able to exercise agency, make decisions, recover from negative events, and navigate (maybe even embrace) ambiguity5.
Ask yourself (and your teammates):
• What do you do? (What do you do? Everyone does their role differently and we know folks often serve in multiple capacities, what do you actually do?)
• Why is that important to others, or to the world?
• Why is it important to you personally?
Complete the sentence:
I do _____________, so that __________. This matters to me because _______________.
• Increase clarity by working in shorter cycles, and prioritize, prioritize, and reprioritize. Set direction (connected to your purpose) and near-term goals in shorter cycles so you can check in on progress, assess what’s working and what’s not working, and adjust course more effectively. This will require you to practice that important skill of adaptability which helps us get more comfortable with ambiguity. It will also require you and your team members to build the ever-important skill of prioritization. Prioritizing work in short cycles helps people find the level of short-term clarity they need to move forward with an increased sense of agency. This practice will help teams prioritize and pursue meaningful work, and it will help build the skills needed to do this independently over time.
Here are a couple of quick tools that can help teams and individuals prioritize work:
Eisenhower Matrix
The Eisenhower Matrix is used to support individuals/teams to make difficult prioritization decisions by determining what will make them most impactful based on relative urgency and importance, not just most productive
MoSCoW Method
The MoSCoW Method supports individuals/teams to make difficult prioritization decisions by increasing clarity and alignment about what should be prioritized (must and should be done/included) and deprioritized (could if time, and explicitly will not be done/included).
Whether you thrive in ambiguity or prefer clarity and certainty, there are two things we can be sure of:
1. We all have the potential to improve our relationship with ambiguity
2. In this rapidly changing world, ambiguity isn’t going anywhere
We want to hear from you: How are you navigating ambiguity in your organization, and what are you learning along the way? Connect with us on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, or LinkedIn to continue the conversation!
1. Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University. (2019). Ambiguity metaphor exploration worksheet: How do students personally relate to ambiguity? And how does that change with time?. https://dlibrary.stanford.edu/ambiguity/ambiguity-metaphor-exploration-worksheet
2. Golman, D. (2011). What Makes a Leader?. In HBR’s 10 Must Reads: Leadership (pp. 1-21). Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. (Original work published 2004)
3. Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University. (2019). Ambiguity metaphor exploration worksheet. https://dlibrary.stanford.edu/ambiguity/ambiguity-metaphor-exploration-worksheet
4. Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University. (2019). Ambiguity archetypes. https://dlibrary.stanford.edu/ambiguity-archetypes
5. Dhingra, N., Emmett, J., Samo, A., & Schaninger, B. (2020). Igniting individual purpose in times of crisis. McKinsey Quarterly. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/igniting-individual-purpose-in-times-of-crisis
6. Indeed Editorial Team. (2021). How to be more productive using the eisenhower matrix. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/eisenhower-matri |
Louisiana Mesothelioma Law Firm - Sources of Injury
Sources of Asbestos Injury
Asbestos exposure may have come from any number of products. Below is a list of common asbestos containing products to which you may have been exposed, although you did not know that the product was emitting asbestos fibers.
Asbestos pipe covering - came in half-moon sections and was placed around pipes. It was generally white to gray in color.
Asbestos block - similar to asbestos pipe covering but in a rectangular or square shape. It was utilized for insulation around boilers, tanks and other semi-flat or flat surfaces.
Asbestos cement - a dry, powdery material that had to be mixed with water before being applied. Its major function was to fill in gaps when using pipe covering and block on boilers, tanks and other equipment.
Asbestos packing - varied in appearance from grayish-white to graphite black and came in a braided rope form. Packing was utilized to fill gaps in connections and other equipment where high heat could be generated. The packing was used to seal flanges or joints.
Asbestos gaskets - ranged in color from white to gray to black. It was generally a flat material that was either pre-cut (in the form of circles) or sold in sheets from which gaskets were cut. Gasket material was used as a sealant in high temperature lines between flanges and other connections.
Asbestos fire brick - ranged in color from white to gray to darker colors. It came in a brick form and was utilized in or around boilers and furnaces generally with asbestos furnace cement.
Asbestos furnace cement - came in a dry or pre-mixed wet form and was generally utilized around furnaces or boilers to hold bricks together or seal spaces.
Asbestos flexible duct connectors - used by sheet metal workers generally in making connections for ducts.
Asbestos tape - white or grayish in color or sometimes black. Asbestos tape was used in various areas including by electricians in sealing or making electrical connections.
Asbestos blankets - generally white to gray in color. They were used as an insulating barrier and also to cover hot equipment while people were working nearby and on turbines or other equipment.
Asbestos wire - came in various forms with some of the following designations: A, AA, AF, AIA. Asbestos covered wire could have a fibrous appearance to its cover or to some of its inner layers.
Asbestos cable - came in various forms with some of the following designations: AVA, AVB, AVC, AVL, TA, A, AI, or AIA. Again, either the outer covering or some of the inner layers could have a fibrous appearance.
Asbestos containing heater cord - a type of asbestos wire generally used in high voltage electrical overhead lighting. The wire generally had two conductors and had a fibrous outer covering.
Asbestos brake linings - were used in all motor vehicles. The material was generally a grayish, bulky material that was attached to the brake shoe. Asbestos brakes were utilized in both disc and drum brakes.
Asbestos clutch facings - were utilized in almost all vehicles. They were white to gray in color and appeared in the clutch itself.
Asbestos corrugated sheets - had a wave-like appearance and was white to gray in color. It was utilized in various buildings as a facing or a siding.
Asbestos gloves - were either the five finger or mitten type. They were gray to white in color and had a fabric appearance. Asbestos gloves were used by persons to protect their hands from high temperature situations, such as those found in foundries or powerhouses, or while welding.
Asbestos leggings, aprons or clothes - products which were white to gray in color. These were used by individuals to protect their body parts from high temperature operations such as welding.
Asbestos ceiling tiles - are ceiling tiles containing asbestos.
Asbestos floor tiles - are floor tiles containing asbestos.
Asbestos fire-proof spray insulation - was a powdery, cement material that was mixed with water and applied to beams and other areas in a building or structure for fire-proofing. It was sprayed on with a spray gun applicator. Once installed, it gave a very fibrous and matted appearance to the areas on which it was utilized.
Asbestos wall board - used for various framing and sheeting operations. The material was gray or whitish in color and had a fibrous appearance, or it could have a smooth finish and be in a variety of colors.
Asbestos joint compound - was either a pre-mixed material or a white powder that when mixed with water took on a plaster-like appearance. It was utilized as a sealing compound for the joints with asbestos wall board.
Asbestos roofing shingles - was very similar in appearance to regular asphalt shingles and was utilized in areas that needed fire-proofing properties.
Asbestos roofing paper or felt - was a tarry material that contained asbestos and was utilized as a base before asbestos shingles were applied.
Asbestos transite pipe - was a cement pipe material used in various underground conduit situations. It was white to gray in color.
Contact Us
To further discuss the causes of your illness and how we may be able to pursue compensation for your losses, contact a lawyer at Roussel & Clement today. An attorney at our office can meet with you to discuss your exposure and your options.
Roussel & Clement
1550 West Causeway Approach
Mandeville, LA 70471
Phone: (985) 778-2733
Fax: (985) 778-2734
Map & Directions |
# Bitchin Bajas
**Bitchin Bajas** is an American band operated as a side-project by Cooper Crain, who is also guitarist/organist of the Chicago band Cave. The other members are Dan Quinlivan and Rob Frye.
Their first album, *Tones & Zones*, was released in 2010.
They have recorded albums and performed live in collaboration with artists including Natural Information Society, Bonnie Prince Billy, and Olivia Wyatt.
Their music has been featured on a number of BBC radio programmes.
## Discography
### Albums
* *Tones & Zones* (2010)
* *Water Wrackets* (2011)
* *Vibraquatic* (2012)
* *Bitchitronics* (2013)
* *Bitchin Bajas* (2014)
* *Automaginary* with Natural Information Society (2015)
* *Epic Jammers and Fortunate Little Ditties* with Bonnie Prince Billy (2016)
* *Sailing a Sinking Sea* with Bitchin Bajas (2016)
* *Bajas Fresh* (2017)
* *Switched On Ra* (2021)
* *Bajascillators* (2022)
### EPs
* *Krausened* (2013)
* *Transporteur* (2015)
* *Demeter* (2019)
### Singles
* "Bitchin Bajas" / "Moon Duo" (2010)
## InfoBox
| Bitchin Bajas | |
| --- | --- |
| Bitchin Bajas performing in 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Years active | 2010 (2010)–present |
| | |
| Members | * Cooper Crain * Dan Quinlivan * Rob Frye |
| | |
| Website | www.dragcity.com/artists/bitchin-bajas | |
# Devi Sridhar
**Devi Lalita Sridhar** FRSE (born 1984) is an American public health researcher, who is both professor and chair of global public health at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Her research considers the effectiveness of public health interventions and how to improve developmental assistance for health. Sridhar directs the University of Edinburgh's Global Health Governance Programme which she established in 2014.
Sridhar has written two books, *The Battle Against Hunger: Choice, Circumstance and the World Bank* *Governing Global Health: Who Runs the World and Why?*, (co-written with Chelsea Clinton) and *Preventable: How a Pandemic Changed the World & How to Stop the Next One*. Following the West African Ebola virus epidemic, she worked with the Harvard Global Health Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to assess international responses to the outbreak and use it to better inform preparations with future pandemics. In 2020, Sridhar was part of the Royal Society's Data Evaluation and Learning for Viral Epidemics (DELVE) group which influences the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) committee of the government of the United Kingdom. She also served as a member of the Scottish Government's COVID-19 advisory group set up to provide advice on how to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.
## Early life and education
Sridhar was born and raised in Miami, Florida in an Indian family. Her father was Kasi Sridhar. After graduating from Ransom Everglades School at the age of 16, she enrolled in a six-year programme at the University of Miami that awards a bachelor's degree in two years, after which students are in the school of medicine. In an interview with *The Lancet*, Sridhar explained that her passion for public health stems from her adolescence in Florida, where Sridhar's father died from cancer after years of illness, "Even as a teenager I could see that health was the definition of true wealth".
Having received her bachelor's degree in biology at the age of 18, Sridhar became the youngest person in the U.S. to be awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at the University of Oxford. At Oxford, Sridhar completed an MPhil in medical anthropology in 2005, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in anthropology in 2006. Her thesis analysed the effectiveness of the World Bank's effort to combat malnutrition in India. During her doctorate, she spent eight months conducting fieldwork in India into malnutrition and infectious diseases, which would inform her first book.
Sridhar turned down a funded position at Harvard Law School to join the University of Oxford Global Economic Governance Programme in 2006, where she was awarded both MPhil and DPhil degrees. She was inspired by her grandmother, who raised her children in the 1960s before completing her DPhil and writing several books.
## Career and research
From 2008, Sridhar was a postdoctoral fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. Her doctoral research led to her first book in 2008, *The Battle Against Hunger*, chosen by *Foreign Affairs* as a must-read book in aid policy. The book investigated the World Bank funded nutrition programme based in India, which became a blueprint for aid programmes despite lack of evidence for its effectiveness. Sridhar was concerned the programme did not address the social conditions that cause undernutrition in India.
Sridhar is an Associate Fellow with the Chatham House Centre on Global Health. In 2011, she was appointed to Wolfson College, Oxford as an associate professor in global health politics. Sridhar serves on the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on the Health Industry. She started to research the rise of public–private partnerships in global health governance, and how, whilst they are crucial to combat infectious disease, their non-transparent accountability and effectiveness should be investigated. International organisations are redirected by specific incentives, and the asymmetry of information sharing between member states and groups like the World Health Organization (WHO) or World Bank limits their impact. She worked with Chelsea Clinton and used principal agent theory to study the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI alliance. She worked with Julio Frenk on the need for an independent and impartial World Health Organization.
Between 2014 and 2016, Sridhar was on the board of trustees of Save the Children. She regularly contributes to *The Guardian*, BBC World Service, CNN, Channel 4 News, and BBC Radio 4. She is a member of Iyiola Solanke's Black Professors Forum.
### Ebola and assessing responses to pandemics
Sridhar and colleagues investigated the international response to the West African Ebola virus epidemic, and what reforms were needed to heal a global system for outbreak response. She partnered with the Harvard Global Health Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to independently analyse the global response. They raised questions for the next director general of the WHO and recommended ten essential reforms to prevent and respond to the next pandemic.
In 2014, Sridhar was appointed reader and senior lecturer in Global Public Health at the University of Edinburgh. The following year she was promoted to full professor. While at Edinburgh, Sridhar established the Global Health Governance Programme and is the Founding Director. She works between the University of Edinburgh Medical School and Oxford's Blavatnik School of Government. Sridhar compiled the first Wellcome Trust open research collection on the topic of global public health. She is concerned by the rise of chronic disease, drug-resistant infection and funding for primary healthcare.
While at the Blavatnik School of Government, Sridhar analysed the reach, effectiveness, and interdependency of supranational agencies like WHO, other UN health agencies, and organisations such as Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance and the World Bank. "The aim was to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of these organisations, and their comparative advantages and relevance to health ministries, especially in low-income and middle-income countries", she explained, in an interview with *The Lancet*. This work informed her 2017 book, co-authored with Chelsea Clinton, *Governing Global Health: Who Runs the World and Why?* In the book, Sridhar and Clinton argue that health governance is global and that global institutions are necessary to protect citizens and improve health outcomes on a broad scale. In addition, global health governance is changing, with increasing recognition of the need for intergovernmental cooperation to combat health problems. The book examined the work of four key organisations, the WHO; the World Bank; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and GAVI. A key point made is the recent phenomenon of public-private partnerships in global health, a discussion of how these came about and some of the effects of such relationships. A review by Margaret K. Saunders in the journal *Health Affairs* noted that the book "provides an in-depth picture of the history of these global institutions and, more importantly, shows what that history means for the future of global health."
### 2020 Coronavirus policy
At a 2018 Hay Festival event, Sridhar warned of the risk of infectious disease from animal-to-human transmission travelling to the UK from China, saying "Our biggest health challenges are interconnected."
On 28 March 2020, *The Lancet* published a letter signed by Sridhar and 35 other professors, criticising the UK's secretive approach to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying "we request that the government urgently and openly shares the scientific evidence, data, and models it is using to inform current decision making related to COVID-19 public health interventions ... With the UK increasingly becoming an outlier globally in terms of its minimal social distancing population-level interventions, transparency is key to retaining the understanding, cooperation and trust of the scientific and healthcare communities as well as the general public, ultimately leading to a reduction of morbidity and mortality."
In April 2020, the Royal Society established its DELVE (Data Evaluation and Learning for Viral Epidemics) group, whose membership included Nobel laureates Venki Ramakrishnan and Daniel Kahneman as well as Sridhar. In addition to advising the UK's SAGE team, this group has published data-driven research on coronavirus disease 2019, including a paper in *The Lancet*, whose recommendations were summed up in *The Guardian* by Sridhar as 1) Test, trace, and isolate 2) Give public health guidance on avoiding the virus and 3) Control borders to prevent reimportation. Sridhar similarly in April told an interviewer from *The Times* that "The virus is basically here to stay ... \[Testing\] seems like the way to preserve your economy as much as possible."
Also in April, Sridhar was added to the Scottish Government's "time limited expert group," set up on 25 March 2020, to help develop and improve its plan for handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. The group is chaired by Edinburgh University professor Andrew Morris. She is also (since June) a member of its subgroup on Education and Children's Issues.
Sridhar praised the resulting Scottish government strategy to deal with the pandemic, a strategy whose goals are 1) "to reduce exposure" and 2) "to keep daily new cases as low as possible." Sridhar also repeatedly contrasted the Scottish Government's response to the pandemic in Scotland to the strategy used by the British Government in managing the COVID-19 pandemic in England:
> Devi Sridhar, who runs the global health governance program at the University of Edinburgh, noted that the two countries took radically different approaches from the start: England's priority was to prevent its hospitals from being overrun, while Scotland's was to drive cases down to zero. If not for imported cases from the south, Dr. Sridhar said, Scotland could come close to that goal by the end of the summer.
>
> Mark Landler, *The New York Times* (10 July 2020)
During the summer of 2020 Scotland recorded the third highest death toll in Europe. Despite this, many journalists praised the apparent success of Scotland's "zero covid" policy, by comparison to the British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sridhar co-authored an article that appeared in the *BMJ* in July, describing and praising "Scotland's slow and steady approach."
In August, Sridhar wrote a *New York Times* op-ed titled "We Will Pay for Our Summer Vacations With Winter Lockdowns," which was a reflection on the role of tourism and travel in community transmission of the virus, urging "strict border measures" for European countries to contain the coronavirus. Noting the different coronavirus rates in Scotland and in Northern Ireland versus in England and in Wales she expressed concern that Scotland and Northern Ireland both "face a stream of incoming infections from England and Wales." The "stream of incoming infections" comment has been criticised by Scottish unionists and others, with Willie Rennie, leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, accusing Sridhar of "feeding a divisive nationalist narrative without scientific evidence to back it up." Nicola Sturgeon said that Sridhar's comments were "not political" and a "perfectly legitimate public health point". The Scottish Government said Sridhar "was independent" and "did not speak on its behalf."
In December, sequencing by the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium indicated that Scotland had almost eliminated the first strains of COVID-19 over the summer, and that travel and holidays abroad had re-seeded the newest strains and the second wave. One of the evolutionary genetics researchers, Thomas Christie from the University of Edinburgh, noted that 'the second wave of COVID-19 in Scotland was caused by new strains of the virus brought in from abroad and other parts of the UK'.
Sridhar co-authored an open letter in *The Lancet* (15 October 2020) that has been referred to as the John Snow Memorandum. The letter, which calls for science-based public health policy and rejects "naturally acquired herd immunity" as a dangerous fallacy, received 2000 signatures from the science and healthcare community within 24 hours.
### Awards and honours
At the University of Edinburgh Sridhar won the Chancellor's Rising Star award in 2017. She won the Fletcher of Saltoun award of the Saltire Society for contributions to science in 2020.
In 2021, The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) included Sridhar on its list of new fellows, the citation stating that "Professor Sridhar, whose research considers the effectiveness of public health interventions, has become a household name in the last 12 months as a public health expert during the coronavirus pandemic."
### Selected publications
Sridhar serves on the editorial board of the journal *Public Health*. She also writes a regular column in *The Guardian*, and did a special collection on "The World Bank and financing global health" in the *British Medical Journal* (BMJ).
Sridhar's books include:
* Sridhar, D. (2008), *The Battle Against Hunger: Choice, Circumstance and the World Bank* (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
* Sridhar, D. (2008), *Anthropologists Inside Organisations: South Asian Case Studies* (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications)
* Sridhar, D. (2014), *Healthy Ideas: Improving Global Health and Development in the 21st Century* (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press)
* Clinton, C. and Sridhar, D. (2017), *Governing Global Health: Who Runs the World and Why?* (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
* Sridhar, D. (2022), *Preventable: How a Pandemic Changed the World & How to Stop the Next One Hardcover* (Penguin/Viking)
## InfoBox
| Devi Sridhar | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio portrait, 2020 | |
| Born | Devi Lalita Sridhar<br>July 1984 (age 40)<br>Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Miami (BS)<br>University of Oxford (MPhil, DPhil) |
| Awards | Rhodes Scholarship (2002) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Public health |
| Institutions | University of Oxford<br>University of Edinburgh<br>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| Thesis | *The art of the bank: nutrition policy and practice in India* (2006) |
| Doctoral advisor | David Gellner |
| | |
| Website | www.ed.ac.uk/profile/devi-sridhar | |
# Sabah grizzled langur
The **Sabah grizzled langur** (***Presbytis sabana***), also known as the **Saban grizzled langur**, is a species of monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Hose's langur, *Presbytis hosei* (as *Presbytis hosei sabana*). The Sabah grizzled langur is native to the island of Borneo in the province of Sabah in Malaysia, with part of its range in Indonesia. It is listed as endangered by the IUCN due primarily to habitat loss, fragmentation and hunting.
## Description
The Sabah grizzled langur is mostly gray, with white underparts and black hands and feet. Sabah grizzled langurs range from 48 centimetres (19 in) to 56 centimetres (22 in) long excluding tail and have a tail length ranging from 64 centimetres (25 in) to 84 centimetres (33 in). Males weigh from 6 kilograms (13 lb) to 7 kilograms (15 lb) while females weight between 5.5 kilograms (12 lb) and 6 kilograms (13 lb).
## Diet & behaviour
The Sabah grizzled langur is arboreal and diurnal. It lives in groups of about seven animals including a single adult male. Males who are not part of a group are solitary. It has a varied diet consisting of leaves, fruit, seeds, flowers, insects and bark, and it also consumes mineral-rich mud. It sometimes associates with the maroon langur.
## InfoBox
| Sabah grizzled langur | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
| <br>Endangered (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | *Presbytis* |
| Species: | ***P. sabana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Presbytis sabana***<br>(Thomas, 1893) | |
|
| | |
| Range shown in darker brown (i.e., for *P. h. sabana*) | | |
FAQ: How Old Is A Millennial?
What age group is Generation Z?
What is the Generation Z age range? Members of Gen Z are those born between 1997 and 2015. This puts the age group for Gen Z ‘ers in the range of 6-24 years old in 2021.
How old is the oldest millennial 2020?
According to this definition, the oldest millennials will turn 40 years old and the youngest will turn 25 years old in 2021.
How old is the youngest Millennial?
In contrast to the Census Bureau’s figures, the Pew Research Center uses 1981 as the first birth year for Millennials and 1996 as the last. So depending on your source, the Millennial generation either spans 16 or 18 years. That means the youngest Millennials are between 20 and 24, and the oldest are coming up on 40.
Why are Millennials called Millennials?
Today, “ Millennial,” usually refers to the generation of people born, depending on your definition, sometime between the early 1980s and the early 2000s. But during most of that period, “ millennial ” referred to an attitude, a lens through which people viewed the near future.
You might be interested: How Much The Average Millennial Spends On Groceries?
What generation is a 95 year old?
Generartions Listing
Generation Generation Begins Generation Ends
Centennials 1996 2010
Millennials Generation 1980 1995
Generation X 1961 1979
Baby Boomer Generation 1945 1964
Are you a Millennial or Gen Z?
According to the Pew Research Center, millennials were born between 1981 and 1996, while Gen Z are those born from 1997 onwards. The millennial cutoff year varies from source to source, though, with some putting it at 1995 and others extending it to 1997.
What are the 6 generations?
By the numbers
• Baby Boomers: born 1946 to 1964.
• Generation Jones: born 1955 to 1965.
• Generation X: born 1965 to 1980.
• Xennials: born 1977 to 1983.
• Millennials: born 1981 to 1996.
• Generation Z: born 1997 or after.
• Generation Alpha: born 2010 or after.
When did Gen Z end?
Which Generation are You?
Generation Name Births Start Births End
Generation X (Baby Bust) 1965 1979
Xennials 1975 1985
Millennials Generation Y, Gen Next 1980 1994
iGen / Gen Z 1995 2012
Are Millennials having babies?
More than half of Millennial women have given birth; they are older than previous generations when they do. As of 2018, approximately 19 million Millennial women had given birth to a child. Millennial women, especially the youngest among them, still have many years to complete their fertility.
Is 1995 a Gen Z?
Generation Z, as they have been coined, consist of those born in 1995 or later. Generation Z (also known as Post- Millennials, the iGeneration, Founders, Plurals, or the Homeland Generation ) is the demographic cohort following the Millennials.
How old is the youngest baby boomer?
(The youngest baby boomers, born in 1964, turned or will turn 55 this year.) “Labor force participation rate is expected to increase fastest for the oldest segments of the population — most notably, people aged 65 to 74 and 75 and older — through 2024,” the BLS said in 2017.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Generation Came Before Millennial?
What does Boomer mean?
1: one that booms. 2: one that joins a rush of settlers to a boom area. 3: a transient worker (such as a bridge builder) 4: a person born during a baby boom: baby boomer.
What are Millennials known for?
Millennials are Civic-Oriented “People born between 1980 and 2000 are the most civic-minded since the generation of the 1930s and 1940s,” claimed USA Today. Millennials believe in the value of political engagement and are convinced that government can be a powerful force for good.
What is the current generation called?
Gen Z: Gen Z is the newest generation, born between 1997 and 2012/15. They are currently between 6 and 24 years old (nearly 68 million in the U.S.)
What’s another word for Millennials?
Other names applied to millennials include: Generation Y: Yes, “ millennial ” and “Gen Y” are the same thing. Echo boomers: As children of Boomers, millennials make up the largest generation since their parents.
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Language Camps and Disadvantaged Children
This article is about how English teachers can manage better with children with learning disabilities in a camp setting. I am a qualified teacher of English as a second language and I am going to tell you about some of the techniques I use in the classroom to support children with ADHD, autism and dyslexia.
Camp life can be particularly challenging for children on the autistic spectrum, as they must adapt to a new routine and meet lots of new people. In an environment full of new challenges and stimuli, an autistic child, who may be extremely sensitive to noise, smells, touch and light, may easily become overwhelmed and stressed in the chaos of camp life.
How to support a child with autism at a language camp
Classroom techniques for learning
Scientists have proved that stronger and more lasting memories are likely to be formed when a person is relaxed and the memory-related neurons in the brain fire in sync with certain brain waves. This means that when any student is relaxed, regardless of age or ability, they are more likely to retain the new information they are learning.
When we are relaxed we also perform better, manage better and work much more effectively. For this reason creating a relaxed classroom environment is crucial to help not only disadvantaged students but all students.
How to create a relaxed and stimulating environment for an autistic student
Autism varies hugely and no two cases are the same. We must take time to get to know the individual so we can respond to their personal needs. However, there are some more general things specific to autism that can help us to create a relaxed environment in the classroom for autistic children.
• Routine. Having patterns and routine helps autistic children to cope in a world that can seem rude, boisterous and chaotic. So if you find an activity they respond to, repeat this format regularly.
• Clear boundaries. Being clear about the classroom rules helps children so feel safe and secure. Shouting in a classroom is a sign of loss of control from the teacher. Instead, we must show that there are clear boundaries by demonstrating clear consequences when they are broken.
• Role models/ buddies. I’ve often paired up students with older children in the class who can assist them and support them. This really helps them to develop new social connections and the older children generally enjoy their new role of responsibility and take it very seriously.
• Quiet time. Camps can be very noisy places and having a part of the English lesson designated as ‘quiet time’ can help children to alleviate over-stimulation.
• Clear instructions. This is particularly important when we are in a second-language environment. We as teachers must engage our creativity, using pictures, mime, and clear, simple language that is easy to understand.
All of these techniques can make an autistic child feel safer and more relaxed in the English classroom, and lead to a happier child with a more advanced level of English.
ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A person with ADHD has differences in brain development and brain activity that affect attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control. All kids struggle at times to pay attention, listen and follow directions, sit still, or wait their turn. But for kids with ADHD, the struggles are harder and happen more often.
Learning English with ADHD
The traditional classroom environment can be very challenging for students with ADHD, who struggle to remain seated and retain attention for long periods of time. I have heard this behaviour being labelled by some ignorant teachers as attention-seeking, distracting, unteachable, intentionally provocative and extremely irritating. I have even heard such children being labelled as ‘evil’. We must begin to recognise that children are individuals, not components in a machine, and generate systems that support their individual needs.
So how can we support ADHD in the classroom?
Start building positive relationships outside of the classroom.
I tend to line the children up outside the classroom before we enter. This is not a time to bark orders at them, but instead a time to connect with them, to build rapor/ relationship with them using informal chit-chat, to connect with them on their level. Children are more likely to take learning from someone who recognises and respects them for the strange and brilliant individuals that they are.
Use non-confrontational language.
Instead of saying something negative to your students before they enter the class, such as ‘Why are you always so loud?’ and ‘Can’t you even line up in a straight line?’ change your language to recognise the children who are following your instructions, and re-inforce good behaviour with positive celebration.
If someone can’t sit still in their chair, don’t make them! Instead, try using their energy to help assist with your class. Give them jobs, like monitoring materials and assisting you with presentations.
Allow for movement.
If someone can’t stop fidgeting, or seems anxious, give them something sensory to hold. We made stress balls at the camp and this really helped to alleviate tension within the classes. Actually having something to hold has been shown to improve focus and boost memory not just in students with ADHD.
Give students plenty of warnings in advance when an activity is scheduled to end/ change, so they can begin to mentally prepare and adjust for what is coming. This means that when the time comes, they will be ready and more organised for the change-over.
LuckyKids in summer 2018 photo 17
Encourage hands-on learning
Create learning opportunities where children experience things first-hand. Something I found to be very effective when working with students with symptoms of ADHD was to have them ‘play out’ stories in the classroom, taking on character roles and participating in the action. This really helped them to become ‘stars’, increase their confidence and channel their high levels of energy into something positive and productive. You can have students writing out and act out a play, record an assignment on videotape or take apart and put together a model of a miniature eyeball when studying the human body.
All of the above techniques are useful not just for children with ADHD, but for working with many different children within the classroom setting. It is not only the children’s job to adapt to our methods, but our job to adapt to their needs.
And often, when we can stop seeing children who are different from us as having ‘disabilities’ and start seeing them as our teachers, they can become very valuable sources of learning for us, to expand our knowledge of the world and other peoples different super-strengths. I tend to see the children in my classes as like different x-men, who are just waiting to have their own special powers discovered, realised and celebrated.
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability in reading. Kids with dyslexia have trouble reading accurately and fluently. They may also have trouble with reading comprehension, spelling and writing. When children struggle with reading, they can often lose their confidence in their own abilities and feel pressurised and impaired because they cannot compete with the other stronger readers in the class.
How to manage with dyslexia in the classroom.
Brain imaging studies have shown brain differences between people with and without dyslexia. These differences occur in areas of the brain involved with key reading skills. Those skills are knowing how sounds are represented in words, and recognizing what written words look like.
The brain can change, however. (This concept is known as neuroplasticity.) Studies show brain activity in people with dyslexia changes after they get proper tutoring. And scientists are learning more all the time.
Strengths related to dyslexia
Sometimes we as teachers and parents are so focused on what the child can’t do, that we forget the focus on their strengths. Dyslexic students have brilliant spacial reasoning and memory for narrative, and often have much more advanced puzzle-solving and critical thinking abilities than their non-dyslexic counterparts.
They also tend to be more imaginative and creative. As adults, they become successful businessmen and entrepreneurs. We can increase their self-confidence by making sure that in and out of the classroom we are celebrating their strengths and not just focusing on their weaknesses.
Experiment with different ways of reading
For example, some children are more comfortable reading upside-down, or sideways. This is not the conventional way that we are taught to read, but it’s incredible how something as simple as turning the book upside down can help.
Find your dyslexic learner’s strength
Are they a visual learner, kinaesthetic learner, audio learner? When you establish what kind of sensory engagement they enjoy and benefit from most, you can set them tasks based around this information, for example, if they are kinaesthetic, you can use games and treasure hunts, active puzzle-building and sensory letters made of different materials, or a technique might be as simple as writing letter shapes with your finger on their backs, and getting them to write on each other’s backs and guess the letter. \this helps them to memorise letter shapes.
Using the internet
There are great resources online that can be incorporated into lessons, like read aloud stories where the words are highlighted as they are read. This helps children connect whole words with one sound. Sometimes dyslexics have more problems with slowly sounding out the individual letters in a word. If they learn the whole shape of the word, as more advanced learners do, this can speed up their reading skills.
There are hundreds of techniques for supporting children with dyslexia to thrive in the classroom. As a teacher, it is more about taking the courage to experiment and have fun with reading. This way we can discover what works best for the individual and progress this way.
The most important thing is that we understand that when a child is labelled as ‘disadvantaged’ in an educational system, it is not because their brain is smaller or because they are ill. It is because the system is not set up to support them to learn in the way they are naturally wired to learn best.
Article by Alice Turner, LuckyKids teacher
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# Moult-Chicheboville
**Moult-Chicheboville** (French pronunciation: \[mult ʃiʃbɔvil\]) is a commune in the department of Calvados, northwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2017 by merger of the former communes of Moult (the seat) and Chicheboville. Moult-Argences station has rail connections to Caen and Lisieux.
## Population
Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,047 | |
| 1975 | 1,160 | +1.47% |
| 1982 | 1,280 | +1.42% |
| 1990 | 1,382 | +0.96% |
| 1999 | 1,589 | +1.56% |
| 2007 | 2,203 | +4.17% |
| 2012 | 2,625 | +3.57% |
| 2017 | 3,095 | +3.35% |
| Source: INSEE | | |
## InfoBox
| Moult-Chicheboville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Moult | |
| Location of Moult-Chicheboville | |
| Moult-ChichebovilleMoult-Chicheboville | |
| Coordinates: 49°06′54″N 0°09′54″W / 49.115°N 0.165°W / 49.115; -0.165 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Caen |
| Canton | Troarn |
| Intercommunality | Val ès dunes |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Coralie Arruego |
| Area<sup>**1**</sup> | 17.80 km<sup>2</sup> (6.87 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 3,378 |
| Density | 190/km<sup>2</sup> (490/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14456 /14370 |
| <sup>**1**</sup> French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | | |
# 9th Texas Legislature
The **9th Texas Legislature** met from November 4, 1861 to March 7, 1863 in its regular session and one called session. All members of the House of Representatives and about half of the members of the Senate were elected in 1861.
## Sessions
* **9th Regular session:** November 4, 1861 – January 14, 1862
* **9th First called session:** February 2–March 7, 1863\]
## Party summary
## Officers
### Senate
Lieutenant GovernorJohn McClannahan Crockett President *pro tempore*Robert Henry Guinn, Regular session, First called session
### House of Representatives
Speaker of the HouseConstantine W. Buckley, Democrat, November 4, 1861 – December 7, 1861 Nicholas Henry Darnell, Democrat, 7 December 1861–1862 Constantine W. Buckley, Democrat, 1863
## Members
Members of the Ninth Texas Legislature at the beginning of the regular session, November 4, 1861
### Senate
| District | Senator | Party | Took office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Rufus K. Hartley | Democrat | 1861 |
| | Anderson F. Crawford | Democrat | 1861 |
| | M. W. Wheeler | Democrat | 1861 |
| | Lewis F. Casey | Democrat | 1861 |
| | Jesse H. Parsons | Democrat | 1861 |
| | Matthew Fielding Locke | Democrat | 1861 |
| | John W. Moore | Democrat | 1861 |
| | William C. Batte | Democrat | 1861 |
| | Samuel Bell Maxey | Democrat | 1861 |
| 10 | Robert Henry Guinn | Democrat | 1861 |
| 11 | John H. Burnett | Democrat | 1861 (First time: 1853–1857) |
| 12 | Benjamin T. Selman | Democrat | 1861 |
| 13 | Jefferson Weatherford | Democrat | 1861 |
| 14 | John F. Crawford | Democrat | 1863 |
| 15 | J. J. Dickson | Democrat | 1857 |
| 16 | A. N. Jordan | Democrat | 1861 |
| 17 | Anthony Martin Branch | Democrat | 1861 |
| 18 | John W. Durant | Democrat | 1861 |
| 19 | John Boyd | Democrat | 1863 |
| 20 | Alfred T. Obenchain | Democrat | 1863 |
| 21 | Robert H. Graham | Democrat | 1853 |
| 22 | John T. Harcourt | Democrat | 1861 |
| 23 | Chauncey Berkeley Shepard | Democrat | 1861 |
| 24 | George Preston Finlay | Democrat | 1861 |
| 25 | Stephen Heard Darden | Democrat | 1861 |
| 26 | Nathan George Shelley | Democrat | 1861 |
| 27 | John N. Houston | Democrat | 1859 |
| 28 | George Bernard Erath | Democrat | 1863 (First time: 1855–1857) |
| 29 | Pryor Lea | Democrat | 1861 |
| 30 | N. A. Mitchell | Democrat | 1863 |
| 31 | Erastus Reed | Democrat | 1861 |
| 32 | Edwin B. Scarborough | Democrat | 1853 |
| 33 | Henry C. Cook | Democrat | 1861 |
### House of Representatives
## Membership Changes
### Senate
| District | Outgoing<br>Senator | Reason for Vacancy | Successor | Date of Successor's Installation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Anderson F. Crawford | Crawford resigned before February 2, 1863. | James W. Andres | February 2, 1863 |
| | Matthew Fielding Locke | Locke resigned before December 16, 1861. | Stephen W. Beasley | December 16, 1861 |
| | Samuel Bell Maxey | Samuel B. Maxey joined the Confederate States Army and did not return to serve in the legislature. | Rice Maxey | after August 4, 1862 |
| 11 | John H. Burnett | Burnett resigned before February 2, 1863. | Leroy W. Cooper | February 2, 1863 |
| 14 | John F. Crawford | Crawford resigned September 21, 1863. | James B. Davis | after October 24, 1863 |
| 15 | J. J. Dixon | Dixon resigned before February 2, 1863. | William D. Lair | February 2, 1863 |
| 17 | Anthony Martin Branch | Senator Branch resigned in 1862 to serve in the Confederate States Army. | David Catchings Dickson | February 2, 1863 |
| 20 | Alfred T. Obenchain | Obenchain resigned February 15, 1862 | William Quayle | February 3, 1863 |
| 24 | George Preston Finlay | Finlay resigned before February 2, 1863. | Samuel Addison White | February 2, 1863 |
| 25 | Stephen Heard Darden | Darden resigned before February 2, 1863. | Spencer Ford | February 2, 1863 |
| 26 | Nathan George Shelley | Shelley resigned April 1, 1862. | A. W. Moore | February 2, 1863 |
| 28 | George Bernard Erath | Erath resigned before February 2, 1863. | George E. Burney | February 2, 1863 |
| 32 | Edwin B. Scarborough | Scarborough was murdered on October 7, 1862. | Edward R. Hord | February 11, 1863 |
|
### House of Representatives
| District | Outgoing<br>Representative | Reason for Vacancy | Successor | Date of Successor's Installation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unknown | Nicholas Henry Darnell | Representative Darnell resigned in 1862 to serve in the Confederate States Army. | Unknown | Unknown |
| Unknown | Alfred Marmaduke Hobby | Representative Hobby in 1861 to serve in the Confederate States Army. | Unknown | Unknown |
| Unknown | William Amos Wortham | Representative Wortham resigned in 1861 to serve in the Confederate States Army. | Unknown | Unknown |
| |
# John Phelps (regicide)
**John Phelps** was a Clerk and Registrar of the Committee for Plundered Ministers and of the High Court which tried Charles I of England for high treason in 1649.
## Early life
Not much is known about John Phelps' early life. He was born in about 1619 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 20 May 1636, describing himself as age 17, and the son of Robert Phelps of Salisbury. On 1 January 1648-9 he was appointed clerk-assistant to Henry Elsing, clerk of the House of Commons.
Says Harper's Pictorial History of England, edition of 1849, pp 111–377, "The name was anciently spelled 'Phyllypes,' but has always been pronounced 'Phelps.' After the time of Edward IV, the superfluous letters were dropped.
## Phelps' opposition to the High Church and Charles I
This family opposed the High Church, the Prerogative Party of Stafford, and Bishop Laud. They felt the British church and government under Charles I was becoming insufferably hieratic, tyrannical, and tax-hungry. Common resentment among the English people led soon to the English Revolution beginning in 1642. Agents intercepted his secret invitations to foreign kings and armies, that they invade England, crush Parliament and the English Constitution, massacre his English opponents, and restore Charles to his pretended *Dei gratia* royal privileges. This eventually led to the beheading of King Charles for treason in 1649. Those who opposed him felt that Charles Stuart incorrigibly continued to hold his dynastic interest separate and above those of Parliament and the British people, and ultimately Parliament had no alternative but to end his conspiracies, *par coup de hache* ("by blow of axe").
## Phelps role in the trial of Charles I
In 1648-49, John Phelps was called by England's Rump Parliament to serve as Clerk of High Court at the trial of King Charles I. He became private secretary to Oliver Cromwell, and in the illustration at right of the trial of Charles I, is illustrated sitting on the right of the table in the center of the room. "Extracts from a True Copy of the Journal of the High Court Of Justice for the Tryal of K. Charles I:" "And in order to the more regular and due proceedings of the said Court, they nominate officers, and accordingly chose Mr. Aske, Dr. Dorislaus, Mr. Steel and Mr. Cooke, counsel, to attend the said Court. Mr. Greaves and Mr. **John Phelpes**, clerks, to whom notice thereof was ordered to be given." (page 7)
"Mr. Andrew Broughton attended according to former order, and it was thereupon again Ordered, That Andrew Broughton and John Phelpes be, and they are hereby constituted clerks of the said Court, and injoyned \[sic\] to give their attendance from time to time accordingly." (page 12)
During the trial, "on the Tuesday afternoon in Westminster Hall, the King again refused to recognise the jurisdiction of the Court;" John Phelps as the Clerk "formally demanded his answer, \[the King\] refused, and default was recorded." Under English law at the time, a refusal to enter a plea was entered as a guilty plea.
> "Painted Chamber, Feb. 2nd, 1648." The commissioners being met. (Various orders were made after which.)" (page 122)
>
> "Attested per John Phelpes, clerk to the said Court. (At end of all.)" (page 123)
>
> "Examined and attested to be a true copy from the original. by me. John Nalson."
## Reputation and government service after the trial
In Clarendon's correspondence with the Lord President, 1685-6, Wealsman, "John Phelps of Vevey, ill reputation and sheriff thereof." Answer: "Mr. Phelps is so far from being of ill reputation that there is not any man in the county, nor in the army, under a better character. He is son of a loyal gentleman, Col. Edward Phelps, and brother of Sir Edward Phelps of Somerset."
John Phelps was a prominent man in the party to which he had attached himself. He was clerk and registrar of the Committee for Plundered Ministers, and had chambers in the Old Palace in which the committee sat. On 14 October 1652, he was appointed clerk to the committee of Parliament which had been named to confer with deputies from Scotland. He was to be allowed a clerk assistant, and it was ordered that a request be made to the first-named committee to dispense with his attendance in the meantime.
John Phelps was given instructions for "matting the room in which they were to meet, and for fitting it up so that it might be very warm. At a later period Henry Scobell, clerk of Parliament, was required to deliver to John Phelps all papers and books returned from Scotland touching delinquents and sequestrations."
A petition having been presented to the Council of State by John, Earl of Crawford, order was made 1 September 1653, that Mr Phelps examine his books as to what was done by the Commissioners who had then lately been sent into Scotland as to whether any order was given by them for allowing the Earl's wife the fifth part of his estate for maintenance of herself and children. Shortly afterwards, 8 October, in the same year, three persons, of whom Mr Phelps was one, were appointed to sort the Scotch records in the Tower of London, to report to the council, and in the meantime not to permit any records to go to Scotland but what should be particularly viewed by them.
## Purchases Hampton Court
He had purchased the manor and royalty of Hampton Court on the banks of the River Thames, part of the inheritance of the Crown, with which those who were then in power arrogated to themselves the right to deal. But this property in every way so desirable, was not to remain with John Phelps, for the first among them had set his heart upon it, and his wish must be gratified. The matter was worked out in due form and, by a committee, negotiations were opened with Phelps, the upshot being that an agreement for repurchase at £750 was concluded and the attorney-general was to direct the preparation of such assurances as would settle the property to "His Highness' " use, that is, to the use of Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England. There was no attempt to push the price to an extreme figure, Phelps was too shrewd a mail for anything of that kind seeing that of two valuations, one was higher by £266 than the price he had agreed to accept.
The affair was concluded when, on 8 August 1654, a warrant was directed to the Commissioners of Excise to pay to Phelps the stipulated sum. It appears incidentally that John Phelps was well up in shorthand, which must have helped him more than a little, for he took in that way all the evidence adduced on the trial of three persons for endeavoring to raise forces against the Protector. Not long before the overthrow of his party, an order in Parliament was made on 13 May 1659, that £50 be given to John Phelps for his services as clerk of Parliament, and the money was paid soon afterwards.
Ample evidence has thus been adduced that Phelps was very useful to his party, and was not only willing but able to serve it in important capacities, whilst his continued employment show that, so far, his services were understood. This on the one side, and on the other not a word has been found which suggests that he was unduly recompensed, so that he is not to be numbered amongst the many whom, at the public cost, the Cromwellites rewarded with a lavish and unsparing hand, far beyond anything that was legitimate.
## Prosecution after the Restoration
In August 1660, following the Restoration of Charles II, the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion was passed as a gesture of reconciliation to reunite the kingdom. A free pardon was granted to everyone who had supported the Commonwealth and Protectorate, except for those who had directly participated in the trial and execution of King Charles I eleven years previously. In England, a special court was appointed and in October 1660 those regicides who were still alive and living in Britain were brought to trial. Phelps was among those sought for prosecution.
> **III. William Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, Robert Wallop, and John Phelps, degraded.** And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid That William Lord Mounson Sir Henry Mildmay Sir James Harrington Robert Wallop Esquire and John Phelps and every of them shall be and are hereby degraded from and made uncapable of all and every the Titles of Honour Dignities and Preheminencies which they or any of them now have or which at any time hereafter may descend unto them And that neither they or any of them shall att any time hereafter have beare or use the Name Stile Addition or Title of Lord Baronett Knight Esquire or Gentleman or any of them nor shall use or have any Coates or Escutcheons of Armes whatsoever nor any other legall Title or addition whatsoever but shall be for ever reputed and are hereby declared to bee Persons of Dishonour and Infamy.
Phelps penalty, should he be arrested, was to be "drawne upon Sledges with Ropes about theire necks:"
> **IV. William Mounson; Henry Mildmay, James Harrington, Robert Wallop, and John Phelps, to be drawn to Tyburn, as Persons executed for Treason, and back, and then imprisoned.** And further that they the said William Mounson Henry Mildmay James Harrington Robert Wallop and John Phelps and every of them shall upon the seaven and twentieth day of January which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One thousand six hundred sixty one or so soon after as they shall be apprehended carried to the Tower of London and from thence drawne upon Sledges with Ropes about theire necks and according to the manner of persons executed for High Treason quite through the streets of London unto the Gallows att Tiburn and from thence in like manner be brought back again to the Tower of London and or in such other Prison as his Majesty shall thinke fitt continue Prisoners and suffer paines of Imprisonment for and during the term of theire naturall lives.
## Exile after the Restoration
Phelps evaded pursuit and was at Lausanne, Switzerland in the company of Edmund Ludlow, one of the regicides, and fellow clerk Andrew Broughton. Broughton and Phelps were fortunate to live out their lives in exile in Vevey, Switzerland. During the English Restoration, any goods which he still owned in England were confiscated. Phelps died after 1666 and was buried in St Martin's Cathedral, alongside Edmund Ludlow, one of the judges who condemned Charles I, and his fellow clerk Andrew Broughton.
## St Martin's Church Memorial
In 1881, President of the United States James A. Garfield named William Walter Phelps minister to Austria-Hungary, but he held this post for only a few months, resigning after Garfield was assassinated. It was apparently while serving in Austria-Hungary that William W. Phelps traveled to Vevey, Switzerland, where he and the Hon. Charles A. Phelps, M.D. of Massachusetts, commissioned a memorial to their ancestor John Phelps.
The top of the monument contains the Phelps coat of arms, described as *A Lion Rampant, Gorged with a Plain Collar, and Chained.*
The text of the monument reads:
*In Mermoriam Of Him who being with Andrew Broughton joint clerk of the Court which tried and condemned Charles the First of England, had such zeal to accept the full responsibility of his act, that he signed each record with his full name John Phelps. He came to Vevey, and died like the associates whose memorials are about us, an exile in the cause of human freedom. This slab is placed at the request of William Walter Phelps of New Jersey, and Charles A. Phelps of Massachusetts, descendants from across the seas.*
---
*This article is based in part upon material originally written by Brian Phelps and licensed for use in Wikipedia under the GFDL.*
* Adapted from "The Phelps Family of America and their English Ancestors" Judge Oliver Seymour Phelps and Andrew T. Servin (Eagle Publishing Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts) 1899.
## InfoBox
| John Phelps | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | circa 1619<br>Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
| Died | aft 1666<br>Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Resting place | St Martin's Cathedral, Vevey, Switzerland |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | Clerk and government servant |
| Known for | Clerk of the High Court at the trial of Charles I | |
# List of number-one hits of 2003 (Austria)
This is a list of the **Austrian Singles Chart number-one hits of 2003**.
| Issue date | Song | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 January | "Der Steuersong (Las Kanzlern)" | Die Gerd-Show |
| 12 January | "Lose Yourself" | Eminem |
| 19 January | | |
| 26 January | | |
| 2 February | "All the Things She Said" | t.A.T.u. |
| 9 February | | |
| 16 February | | |
| 23 February | | |
| 2 March | | |
| 9 March | "Tomorrow's Heroes" | Starmaniacs |
| 16 March | | |
| 23 March | "Tears of Happiness" | Michael Tschuggnall |
| 30 March | | |
| 6 April | "Ich lebe" | Christina Stürmer |
| 13 April | | |
| 20 April | | |
| 27 April | | |
| 4 May | | |
| 11 May | | |
| 18 May | | |
| 25 May | | |
| 1 June | | |
| 8 June | "Für dich" | Yvonne Catterfeld |
| 15 June | | |
| 22 June | "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" | Nena and Kim Wilde |
| 29 June | "Für dich" | Yvonne Catterfeld |
| 6 July | "Ab in den Süden" | Buddy vs. DJ the Wave |
| 13 July | | |
| 20 July | | |
| 27 July | | |
| 3 August | | |
| 10 August | | |
| 17 August | | |
| 24 August | | |
| 31 August | | |
| 7 September | | |
| 14 September | | |
| 21 September | | |
| 28 September | "Maria (I Like It Loud)" | Scooter |
| 5 October | "White Flag" | Dido |
| 12 October | | |
| 19 October | | |
| 26 October | "Where Is the Love?" | The Black Eyed Peas |
| 2 November | | |
| 9 November | | |
| 16 November | | |
| 23 November | "Schick mir 'nen Engel" | Overground |
| 30 November | "Mama (Ana Ahabak)" | Christina Stürmer |
| 7 December | | |
| 14 December | | |
| 21 December | | |
| 28 December | | | |
# Little Man, You've Had a Busy Day
"**Little Man, You've Had a Busy Day**" or "**Little Man (You've Had a Busy Day)**" is a modern vocal music song, with music by Mabel Wayne, and words by Al Hoffman and Maurice Sigler. It has been recorded by multiple artists from various musical genres.
The song is a lullaby both in theme and mood. It was first recorded by Elsie Carlisle with orchestral accompaniment on May 18, 1934 and released for Decca Records (F. 3990) in 1934. "Little Man, You've Had a Busy Day" became a hit song as it was covered by four major artists the same year. These cover versions were by artists including Emil Coleman, Isham Jones, Paul Robeson, Al Bowlly with the Ray Noble Orchestra and the Pickens Sisters, who made the song popular in the United States.
The song was later covered by Perry Como (1958), Sarah Vaughan and Count Basie (1961), Dakota Staton (1972), Monica Borrfors (1994) as well as Connee Boswell and Art Tatum. Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1956 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set *The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56)* issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.
In 2016, the British blues musician Eric Clapton released his take on the song for his twenty-second studio album *I Still Do* and brought the song to new young generation and into a completely different musical genre.
## InfoBox
| "Little Man, You've Had a Busy Day" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Elsie Carlisle | |
| Released | 1934 (1934) |
| Genre | Classical · Modern · Vocal |
| Length | 3:15 |
| Label | Decca |
| Songwriter(s) | Wayne · Hoffman · Sigler | |
Behind the hourly 5-km surface total and diffuse solar radiation dataset in China (2007-2018)
Written by Hou Jiang and Ning Lu
As the main source of the earth's energy, solar radiation drives the cycle of material in different spheres of the earth, such as carbon, nitrogen, water, oxygen and so on. Every living thing on Earth depends on sunlight for survival. Solar radiation warms the planet, provides food for plants, and in general, just makes everything active. In everyday life, for example, you may travel to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or Mongolian Plateau; if you have a good knowledge of the spatial and temporal characteristics of solar radiation in these areas, you could have a rational arrange of your schedule to avoid exposing to the sun, or prepare protective equipment in advance. As an environmentalist, you might plan installing solar panels on your rooftops and want to know how much power the rooftop can generate and whether the electricity output is stable. With solar radiation data of high spatial-temporal resolution on hand, you will quickly get answers of these questions.
Our team is committed to the assessment and utilization of solar energy. First of all, we have to obtain high-accuracy, high-resolution and sometimes long-term surface solar radiation data. However, the accuracy of the current available products is very limited to meet the requirements of high-resolution geospatial assessment of solar photovoltaic potential. We evaluated some typical products, such as ECMWF ERA5, ERA-Interim and MERRA-2, and found that in China large deviations usually appear in the south, where frequent cloudy and rainy weathers usually result in more diffuse solar radiation. Our analysis suggested that neglect of adjacency effect in traditional one-dimensional radiation transfer model (RTM) accounts for the under-estimation in the Southern China. Spatial adjacency effect is caused by photons which are reflected by the surface out of the field of view and scattered by the atmosphere into the field of view. Ideally, three-dimensional RTMs are effective in simulating nonlocal cloud shadows, reflections from cloud sides, and enhancement of diffuse radiation, and thus resolving spatial adjacency effects.
However, time-consuming three-dimensional simulation cannot meet the requirements of fast acquisition of globally covered surface solar radiation based on satellite data. Therefore, we tried to develop a new algorithm that efficiently retrieve surface solar radiation from satellite data and is capable of handling spatial adjacency effects. Fortunately, the convolution neural network (CNN) provides us a promising solution.
Next, it cost us about two years to develop an effective and efficient CNN-based deep network for solar radiation estimates. We did not realize such work would be so difficult until we had tried nearly all classical deep networks proposed in the field of natural image processing but still not found an ideal model. We began to explore other potential solutions, including adjusting the deep network structure, embedding residual blocks or multi-scale convolution module, increasing or decreasing the number of convolution kernels, deepening or widening the network, trying various input-output combinations etc. This process was a big test of our patience and perseverance, because any small adjustment of the network would take at least half a day to wait for the result. Sometimes, you designed a model or adjusted a parameter, and then trained the new network for a day or several days, but the output was far off your expectations; at this time, you really wanted to give up and even suspected that the idea itself was wrong and cannot succeed at all.
After trial and errors, we built a simple but effective hybrid model, namely ResnetTL, which relies on residual deep network to extract spatial pattern from satellite image blocks and multi-layer perceptron to link time/location information and spatial pattern to target outputs. Such network was purely an accidental success of constant attempts. However, in-depth investigation reveals that a simple model also has magic power, for example, it accelerated the computation, improved data accuracy, achieved the synchronization of integrating spatial information and simulating nonlinear relationship, providing bridge for estimates of other solar radiation components through transfer learning and so on.
Based on the developed model, we have generated and released the hourly 5-km surface total and diffuse solar radiation dataset in China (2007-2018). It provides gridded surface global and diffuse solar radiation in China with a spatial resolution of 0.05°. Both the direct estimated hourly values and the integrated daily and monthly total values are available. The figures below show the diurnal variability of hourly global solar radiation on June 21, 2018. Validation at China Meteorological Administration solar radiation stations revealed that the root-mean-square error in 2007 is about 0.32 MJ/m2 (90 W/m2), 2.14 MJ/m2 and 1.30 MJ/m2 in hourly, daily and monthly scales, respectively.
Diurnal variability of hourly global solar radiation from UTC 0:00 to 11:00, June 21, 2018.
Our datasets can be reused as stand-alone for analysis of regional characteristics and temporal trend of solar radiation, yet richer studies and applications can be done by linking to other data resources. We suggest the open-source Global Solar Energy Estimator (GSEE) model for accurate estimation of solar energy in China to help policy-making of energy sector. Besides, it can also be used to drive plant models (e.g., JULES, YIB, SWAP etc.) for crop yield estimation.
In the near future, we are going to carry out solar energy related applications based on the released product. We also hope that our products would serve as a key data source in support of scientific researches and industrial applications in this field and bring real convenience or value to users. Meanwhile, our work keeps going on and new ideas such as convolutional long short-term memory network will be introduced into the developed network to resolve the lag effect and cumulative effect in time series during instantaneous solar radiation estimation. |
# Question
Title: Sᴍᴀʟʟ Cᴀᴘꜱ Cᴏɴᴠᴇʀᴛᴇʀ
Portable Spec.
*Iɴꜱᴘɪʀᴇᴅ ʙʏ @ConorO'Brien's ᴜꜱᴇʀɴᴀᴍᴇ.*
*Aʟꜱᴏ ᴛʜᴀɴᴋꜱ ᴛᴏ @Dᴏᴏʀᴋɴᴏʙ ꜰᴏʀ ꜱʜᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴍᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇxɪꜱᴛᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏꜰ `ǫ` ᴀɴᴅ `x`.*
Sᴍᴀʟʟ Cᴀᴘꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴘʀᴇᴛᴛʏ ᴄᴏᴏʟ. Tʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ᴜɴɪᴄᴏᴅᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀꜱ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇᴘʟᴀᴄᴇ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟ ʟᴇᴛᴛᴇʀꜱ. Tʜᴇʏ ʟᴏᴏᴋ ᴊᴜꜱᴛ ʟɪᴋᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟ ᴏɴᴇꜱ, ʙᴜᴛ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ, ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴏᴏᴋ ʀᴇᴀʟʟʏ ᴏꜰꜰɪᴄɪᴀʟ. Yᴏᴜʀ ᴛᴀꜱᴋ ɪꜱ ᴛᴏ ᴡʀɪᴛᴇ ᴀ ᴘʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴄᴏɴᴠᴇʀᴛꜱ ʀᴇɢᴜʟᴀʀ ᴛᴇxᴛ ɪɴᴛᴏ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟ ᴄᴀᴘꜱ.
Hᴇʀᴇ ɪꜱ ᴀ ʟɪꜱᴛ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜɴɪᴄᴏᴅᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀꜱ ꜰᴏʀ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟ ᴄᴀᴘꜱ:
```
ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ǫ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ x ʏ ᴢ
```
## Cʟᴀʀɪꜰɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴꜱ
* Rᴇɢᴜʟᴀʀ ᴄᴀᴘꜱ ʀᴇᴍᴀɪɴ ʀᴇɢᴜʟᴀʀ ᴄᴀᴘꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ꜱᴏ ᴅᴏ ᴘᴜɴᴄᴛᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴꜱ, ꜱᴘᴀᴄᴇꜱ, ᴇᴛᴄ.
* Iɴᴘᴜᴛ ᴄᴀɴ ʙᴇ ᴍᴜʟᴛɪᴘʟᴇ ʟɪɴᴇꜱ.
* Tʜɪꜱ ɪꜱ , ꜱᴏ ꜱʜᴏʀᴛᴇꜱᴛ ᴄᴏᴅᴇ ɪɴ **ʙʏᴛᴇꜱ** ᴡɪɴꜱ!
## Tᴇꜱᴛ Cᴀꜱᴇꜱ
```
Hello World -> Hᴇʟʟᴏ Wᴏʀʟᴅ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz -> ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ
Welcome to Programming Puzzles and Code Golf Stackexchange!
It is a website ->
Wᴇʟᴄᴏᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ Pʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍᴍɪɴɢ Pᴜᴢᴢʟᴇꜱ ᴀɴᴅ Cᴏᴅᴇ Gᴏʟꜰ Sᴛᴀᴄᴋᴇxᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇ!
Iᴛ ɪꜱ ᴀ ᴡᴇʙꜱɪᴛᴇ.
```
# Answer
# Retina, 73 bytes
```
T`a-z`ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ
```
This is exactly what Retina's transliterate mode was made for. It replaces all lowercase letters (`a-z`) with their corresponding small caps version. Annoyingly, the character codes of the small caps characters are all over the place, so it can't take advantage of ranges for the second part: ideally it would be `T`a-z`ᴀ-ᴢ`.
Try it online.
> 30 votes
# Answer
# Pyth, ~~61~~ ~~59~~ 58 bytes
```
LXbGsmC+*7389<dGCd"#ʙ'(*ꜰɢʜɪ-.ʟ0ɴ2;ǫʀꜱ>?CDxʏE
```
This defines a named function `y`. Try it online in the Pyth Compiler/Executor.
The code contains no unprintable characters.
### Idea
Among the small caps, there are 14 characters in the range **7424 – 7458**, and all of them require three bytes to be stored verbatim. By subtracting **7389** from their code points, we map them in the printable ASCII range **35 – 69**, so each of them will occupy only one byte.
To decode the string, we simply add **7389** to the code points of all characters that come before **a**.
### Code
```
L Define y(b):
Xb Transliterate b...
G by replacing the lowercase ASCII letters...
with the characters of result of the following:
m "… Map; for each d in that string:
*7389<dG Calculate (7389 * (d < 'abc...xyz')).
+ Cd Add the product to int(d).
C Cast to character.
s Turn the resulting char array into a string.
```
> 25 votes
# Answer
## Javascript (ES6), 114 bytes
```
a=>a.replace(/[a-z]/g,b=>'ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ'[b.charCodeAt()-97])
// snippet
var o = document.getElementById("o");
var t = document.getElementById("t");
t.onkeyup = _=>o.textContent = (a=>a.replace(/[a-z]/g,b=>'ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ'[b.charCodeAt()-97]))(t.value);
```
```
<!-- snippet -->
<input id="t" placeholder='Sample Text' />
<pre id="o"></pre>
```
> 12 votes
# Answer
# CJam, ~~78~~ ~~74~~ ~~67~~ ~~66~~ 63 bytes
```
q'{,97>"#ʙ'(*ꜰɢʜɪ-.ʟ0ɴ2;ǫʀꜱ>?CDxʏE"{_'a<7389*+}%er
```
This uses the same idea as my other answer.
The code contains no unprintable characters. Try it online in the CJam interpreter.
### How it works
```
q e# Read all input and push it on the stack.
'{, e# Push the range of all characters up to 'z'.
97> e# Remove the first 97 characters. This leaves lowercase letters.
"#ʙ'(*ꜰɢʜɪ-.ʟ0ɴ2;ǫʀꜱ>?CDxʏE"
{ e# Map; for each character in that string:
_'a< e# Check if a copy of the character is lower than 'F'. Pushes 1 or 0.
7389* e# Multiply the resulting Boolean by 7389.
+ e# Add the product to the character's code point.
}% e#
er e# Perform transliteration; replace each letter in the input by the
e# corresponding character of the modified string.
```
> 11 votes
# Answer
# Python 3, 140 bytes
```
import sys;print(sys.stdin.read().translate(dict(zip(range(97,123),'ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ'))))
```
Try it online!
Hooray for built-in Unicode support! Now works with multi-line input.
*-10 bytes thanks to @Bakuriu*
> 10 votes
# Answer
## \>\<\>, ~~118~~ 116 Bytes
-2 bytes thanks to @torcado.
I'll try to think of a way to remove that entire alphabet from my code later.
I haven't been able to test it with newlines, but I see no reason for it not working with them.
```
!oi:0(?;::"{"($"`")*0$.
v"a"%&"ᴢʏxᴡᴠᴜᴛꜱʀǫᴘᴏɴᴍʟᴋᴊɪʜɢꜰᴇᴅᴄʙᴀ"&
>:?!v1-$~
~00.>
```
Try it online.
Emoticons found in the code: `0:(`, `:0`, `:"{`, `>:`, `0=`, and the debatable ones: `i:`, `>:?`, `:?`, `?;`
> 8 votes
# Answer
# Julia, 126 bytes
```
t->join([(i=Int(c);96<i<123?split("ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ","")[i-96]:c)for c=t])
```
Ungolfed:
```
function f(t::AbstractString)
# Split the small caps into an array (this particular Unicode
# string does not like to be indexed for whatever reason)
s = split("ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ", "")
# Create an array with replaced letters
r = [(i = Int(c); 96 < i < 123 ? s[i-96] : c) for c in t]
# Join the array back into a string
join(r)
end
```
> 6 votes
# Answer
## Perl 5, 84 bytes
**(83 bytes script and `-p`)**
```
use utf8;y/a-z/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/
```
Nothing particularly different, but it's worth noting the necessity of the `use utf8;` statement to get legible text. A warning is displayed as well, but I believe the consensus is that they are acceptable:
```
$perl -p smallcaps.pl <<< 'Programming Puzzles and Code Golf'
Wide character in print, <> line 1.
Pʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍᴍɪɴɢ Pᴜᴢᴢʟᴇꜱ ᴀɴᴅ Cᴏᴅᴇ Gᴏʟꜰ
$perl -p smallcaps.pl <<< 'Programming Puzzles and Code Golf' 2> /dev/null
Pʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍᴍɪɴɢ Pᴜᴢᴢʟᴇꜱ ᴀɴᴅ Cᴏᴅᴇ Gᴏʟꜰ
```
---
## Perl, 80 bytes
**(74 bytes script and `-pMutf8`)**
Thanks @hobbs!
```
y/a-z/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/
```
```
$perl -pMutf8 -e'y/a-z/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/' <<< 'Programming Puzzles and Code Golf' 2> /dev/null
Pʀᴏɢʀᴀᴍᴍɪɴɢ Pᴜᴢᴢʟᴇꜱ ᴀɴᴅ Cᴏᴅᴇ Gᴏʟꜰ
```
> 5 votes
# Answer
## 05AB1E, 73 bytes (non-competing)
Yet again, I wish Adnan had published this language earlier.
```
A"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"‡
```
Try it online!
Explanation:
```
A - Push a-z
"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ" - Push "ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"
‡ - Pop a, b, c Push a.transliterate(b -> c)
```
> 5 votes
# Answer
# Java, ~~306~~ ~~275~~ ~~217~~ ~~215~~ 189 bytes
Well, Java is definetely not the best language to accomplish this task in... but, here it is anyway:
```
void p(String s){for(int i=1;i<27;s=s.replace("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".charAt(++i),"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ".charAt(i)));System.out.print(s);
```
Thanks to @ThomasKwa and @DHall for help in shaving off 91 characters!
> 3 votes
# Answer
# Ruby, 89 bytes
```
p ARGV[0].tr "a-z","ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"
```
To use:
```
ruby <file-name> "<string>"
```
> 3 votes
# Answer
# Julia, 105 bytes
```
t->map(c->96<c<123?["ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"...][c-'`']:c,t)
```
This is simple - for each character in `t`, it checks to see if the character, `c`, is lowercase (`96<c<123`) - if it is, it subtracts the character with value 96 (`'`'`) from the character, and looks up the corresponding character in the array `[ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"...]`. If it's not lowercase, then just use `c` itself. The `map` function applies this procedure for each character in the string.
Alternative, if we can restrict input to ASCII less than 127:
### Julia, 104 bytes
```
t->join(['\1':'`';"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ{|}~"...][t.data])
```
In this case, the array is longer, including all characters between ASCII 1 (`'\1'`) and 126 (`'~'`), with the lowercase letters replaced as appropriate - it then uses the characters in `t`, expressed as unsigned integers (`t.data`), to lookup the values in the array, and `join`s the new characters back into a string at the end.
> 3 votes
# Answer
# Sed, 97 bytes
```
y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/
```
> 3 votes
# Answer
# Sacred JavaScript ES6, 600 Bytes
Hey look, I answered!
```
( ))) ) )( ) ))( ))) () ((( (( ()((( ))( ) ( )() (((( () ) () ( () )( )(( ((() () ((( (( ()((( (( (((((((() ) )( ) ))(( )( ) )((( ) ( () )( )(( ) (( ) ( ()(((((( (((( ()() ) ((() ( () () (( )( ( )) (( (( (((( ()( ((() () ((( (( ()((( (( (((( (((((( () (())( ) ) ((() ) )( ) )) ( )((()))) ())() ( () ((() ) ( ()((()() ) )(()) ()( ()( () )()()(( () )(()(()())() ()()) ( ( ) ())))) ) (() ()(((( ) )() ) ( )(( ( (( ) )( (( ((()( ( ((((() () (( ) ( )()( ()((( ) )((((( ( ( ) (( ) ) )( )(( )) (((( ((() () ) ( ) (( (( ((()(((()((((() ((() () (( ))((( ( ( )) (( )( () ( ()
```
Here's a cool image:
# JavaScript ES6, 120 Bytes
This is the code.
```
k=>k.match(/./g).map(z=>new Array(26) .fill(0).map((q,e)=>"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"[e])[z.charCodeAt()-97]||z).join``)
```
This is the snippet.
```
while(1)alert(prompt().match(/./g).map(z=>new Array(26) .fill(0).map((q,e)=>"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"[e])[z.charCodeAt()-97]||z).join``
```
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Scala, 125 bytes
```
(s:String)=>s.map(c=>('a'to'z'zip "ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"toMap).getOrElse(c,c))
```
An anonymous function that has string as an input and output. Iterate through its chars and get the unicode version of them by matching them from dict/map. Return original char if the unicode one doesn't exist.
### Usage
1. Open Scala REPL and paste the code above
2. It will create a function (`resX`) that can be called by passing a string (e.g. `resX("my String")`)
> 2 votes
# Answer
## Perl 6, 78 bytes
The simplest command line version:
```
$ perl6 -pe'tr/a..z/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/' # 76 + 2 = 78
```
It gets a bit larger if you put it into a file.
```
$_=$*IN.slurp-rest;tr/a..z/ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ/;.print # 102
```
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Japt v2.0a0, ~~81~~ ~~80~~ ~~78~~ 75 bytes
```
r\aÈcg"ʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢ
```
Try it
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Vyxal `U`, 56 bytes
```
ka`#Ẏṗ'(*¥ṫ§Ẋ⟨ẎṫẊ₅-.Ẏẏ0Ẋ¦2;Ṫ₆Ẏ↓¥ṫε>?CDxẎḋE`C:70<7389*+CĿ
```
Try it Online!
Port of CJam.
## How?
```
ka`#Ẏṗ'(*¥ṫ§Ẋ⟨ẎṫẊ₅-.Ẏẏ0Ẋ¦2;Ṫ₆Ẏ↓¥ṫε>?CDxẎḋE`C:70<7389*+CĿ
ka # Push the lowercase alphabet
`#Ẏṗ'(*¥ṫ§Ẋ⟨ẎṫẊ₅-.Ẏẏ0Ẋ¦2;Ṫ₆Ẏ↓¥ṫε>?CDxẎḋE` # Push string "#ʙ'(*ꜰɢʜɪ-.ʟ0ɴ2;ǫʀꜱ>?CDxʏE"
C # Convert to character codes: [35, 665, 39, 40, 42, 42800, 610, 668, 618, 45, 46, 671, 48, 628, 50, 59, 491, 640, 42801, 62, 63, 67, 68, 120, 655, 69]
: # Duplicate
70< # For each, is it less than 70?
7389* # Multiply by 7389
+ # Add
C # Convert from character codes
Ŀ # Transliterate the implicit input from the lowercase alphabet to this
```
Previous answer:
## Vyxal, 61 bytes
```
ka»7ȧ∵ẋǍ}Żq(ṗ⌐>⁋8≤M?↵:‡⌊&fǍ≈⁋D5£ɾ|øP₂@ġĿ≤ǔxτ¶_ṙɾ|ȧ.,=»»₃↲»τCĿ
```
Try it Online!
## How?
```
ka»7ȧ∵ẋǍ}Żq(ṗ⌐>⁋8≤M?↵:‡⌊&fǍ≈⁋D5£ɾ|øP₂@ġĿ≤ǔxτ¶_ṙɾ|ȧ.,=»»₃↲»τCĿ
ka # Push the lowercase alphabet
»7ȧ∵ẋǍ}Żq(ṗ⌐>⁋8≤M?↵:‡⌊&fǍ≈⁋D5£ɾ|øP₂@ġĿ≤ǔxτ¶_ṙɾ|ȧ.,=» # Push compressed integer 454193002670633612531343815167055208136573147142298478503419521655224802790872780438775790455172058745698867697958481400
»₃↲» # Push compressed integer 42802
τ # Convert the big integer to that custom base as a list: [7424, 665, 7428, 7429, 7431, 42800, 610, 668, 618, 7434, 7435, 671, 7437, 628, 7439, 7448, 491, 640, 42801, 7451, 7452, 7456, 7457, 120, 655, 7458]
C # Convert it from character codes to characters
Ŀ # Transliterate the implicit input from the lowercase alphabet to that
```
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Python, 99 bytes
```
def s(t):return"".join([(a,"ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"[(ord(a)+7)%26])[96<ord(a)<123] for a in t])
```
I tried to find some pattern in the Unicode codes for small capitals, but I'm not sure there is one.
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Raku, 69 bytes
```
{S:g[(q)|<[a..wyz]>]=$0??'ǫ'!!'ᴀ'.uniname.subst(/.$/,$/).uniparse}
```
Try it online!
Special handling for `q`; for other lowercase letters other than `x`, generate the Unicode name for the small caps (eg, `LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL S`) and parse it.
I saved a few bytes by using the Unicode name of the character (`LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL A`) as a template, and replacing the final character with the letter I want to convert.
> 2 votes
# Answer
# Lua, 160 bytes
```
function c(a)
return a:lower():gsub("%w",function(d)b=a.byte(d)-96;return("ᴀʙᴄᴅᴇꜰɢʜɪᴊᴋʟᴍɴᴏᴘǫʀꜱᴛᴜᴠᴡxʏᴢ"):sub(b,b)end)end
```
> 1 votes
# Answer
# Jelly, 65 bytes
```
“⁾ḋḷ?D8=ƙʂȤ£²^ĖẸI)¡e[µ°⁾ṢJ*MĠɓ¤Ḃġ⁽vEEɲạ®G{(ŀ³⁻¹ƭTẸⱮ’ṃ“ȥ3’Ọ
Øaż¢Fy
```
Attempt This Online!
```
“⁾ḋḷ?D8=ƙʂȤ£²^ĖẸI)¡e[µ°⁾ṢJ*MĠɓ¤Ḃġ⁽vEEɲạ®G{(ŀ³⁻¹ƭTẸⱮ’ṃ“ȥ3’Ọ : Link 1
“⁾ḋḷ?D8=ƙʂȤ£²^ĖẸI)¡e[µ°⁾ṢJ*MĠɓ¤Ḃġ⁽vEEɲạ®G{(ŀ³⁻¹ƭTẸⱮ’ : Compressed integer for 454193002670633612531343815167055208136573147142298478503419521655224802790872780438775790455172058745698867697958481400
“ȥ3’ : Compressed integer for 42802
ṃ : Base decompression; convert x to base length(y) then index into y; results in character codes
Ọ : Cast to characters
Øaż¢Fy : Main Link
Øa : Lowercase alphabet
¢ : Last link as a nilad
ż : Zip; interleave x and y
F : Flatten list
y : Translate the elements of y according to the mapping in x; change the characters
```
Integers used to get the character codes borrowed from Steffan's Vyxal Answer
> 1 votes
---
Tags: code-golf, conversion, unicode
--- |
terrapure centrifuge
When discussing the emerging green sector of the economy, the focus often shifts to its energy component. Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass energy generation come to mind.
Yet, a critically important part of any environmental conversation is waste management. The industry has been around since the dawn of civilization, yet could never be labelled archaic. A constant stream of innovation through the ages has seen to that.
A major Canadian provider of waste management solutions is Terrapure Environmental, a company headquartered in Burlington, Ont. with facilities from coast-to-coast.
By its own admission, Terrapure’s goal is not always centered on developing new technology. Instead, the company often leverages existing technology to achieve effective, cost-efficient methods for clients to operate in a more sustainable manner.
A prime example is providing the ways and means for a plant to separate its waste and salvage what parts of it are still valuable. To this end, Terrapure has introduced a centrifuge; a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents and separates liquids from solids, in addition to separating hydrocarbons from water in the liquid phase.
A bonus for a variety of businesses, the centrifuge has been particularly beneficial to Terrapure’s petrochemical and refinery clients.
“Businesses have the opportunity to look at their waste as a resource and use the recovered resources as a means for a more self-sufficient operation,” said Todd Smith, vice-president of environmental solutions for Terrapure’s Central Canada division.
“Rather than sludge from product tanks being sent for disposal and all value lost, hydrocarbons can be returned to the customer’s process, thus recovering that value and, at the same time significantly reducing disposal costs because waste volumes are reduced.”
Centrifugation, in itself, is not a new technology. Terrapure, however, has refined the process and accelerated its effectiveness.
A centrifuge is basically a machine with a rotating container that separates liquids from solids through a series of rapid rotations.
The Terrapure centrifuges can process up to 100,000 litres of material per hour and, in doing so, reduce solid-liquid and liquid-liquid waste volumes by 65 to 95 per cent.
To explain to operation’s output, Terrapure presents a scenario where a client has eight million litres of slurry/water mix that needs to be removed and processed. Over a six-day period, the centrifuges reduce the volume of waste requiring transportation and disposal by 92 per cent to 600 dry tonnes.
The return on investment in centrifugation is going to obviously be positive. By treating waste onsite, the client recovers waste materials and reduces transportation and disposal costs.
The Terrapure system solved a problem facing a refinery client that noticed deficiencies in three onsite settling tanks storing heavy slurry oil. A silicone and paraffin catalyst, used in the refining process, was building up and hindering the tanks’ ability to efficiently separate the heavy oil.
The refinery approached Terrapure, who analyzed the situation and came up with a customized solution.
By jet mixing the contents of the holding tanks with a Gamma Jet pump and nozzles, operators could pump the solids and semi-solid contents out of the settling tank. The remaining material, with its significantly reduced volume of solids, was disposed of separately.
Terrapure’s onsite centrifuge-based sludge treatment process has a relatively small footprint of approximately 100 square metres. Therefore, it is easily set up on the customer’s site without any disruption to their day-to-day operations.
Once the sludge is processed, the equipment is cleaned then dismantled and removed from the customer’s location, leaving virtually no impact to the site.
“Time frame is dependent on size and scope of the project,” Smith said, “but an onsite centrifuge operation generally takes about one week to mobilize and set up, in order to be ready to process material.” He adds that it takes roughly the same amount of time to demobilize and move the system.
Terrapure’s vision is to be the trusted partner and provider of the most innovative industrial environmental solutions.
“All of our solutions are designed to be ethical, safe, cost-effective, reliable and compliant in an ever-changing regulatory environment,” Smith points out. “With a relentless drive to expand the solutions we are able to offer our customers, we continually search for new technologies and new ways to recover value from waste.” |
Digital Builder
Construction Standardization: A Game Plan to Success
construction standardization guide
Standardization has become a bit of a buzzword in the business world, but there’s a good reason for the concept’s popularity. When many think about what standardization means, their first thoughts wander straight to Henry Ford’s assembly line in the early 1900s. His innovation changed the entire auto industry, reducing the staggering 12-hour build time of the Model T down to 2.5 hours.
Construction projects are far from an assembly line. But, when you have one way of doing things, everyone knows what to do and when to do it. In a construction zone, that simplicity can make everything move more efficiently and allow everyone to be more productive. Our construction businesses depend on processes that are repeatable, replicable, and linear to be successful. If you can’t create a set of procedures that can be repeated, with results that can be measured, you simply won’t have a way to tell how well your team is performing– and each project will be making their own decisions, leading to poor data quality. By ensuring you build in processes that can easily be repeated and standardizing construction software so everyone can use it, you make it easier for your team to succeed and create a workflow that ensures your projects proceed as they should and complete on time.
What makes standardization so crucial, and how can you make the most of the process? Our latest blog reveals secrets to standardization and construction project success.
What Is Construction Standardization?
One weakness of traditional management processes is the lack of standardization; there is no one set, single standard to refer to. Project managers are often chosen based on their previous experience—and end up keeping the same practices they used with previous projects, whether these procedures are truly applicable or not. This typical practice can lead to large amounts of variation in a company–sometimes every department or team ends up doing their own thing and the entire organization suffers. The first step is to admit when a process is broken.
Lack of standardization makes it more difficult for teams to communicate; often they’re using different devices and software and relying on paper notes and memory to make things happen. Every additional device or single piece of software makes the data your team is working with less reliable and useful. Pulling every bit of information under one umbrella streamlines and simplifies the process because it requires each member of your team to communicate using the same format, the same language and the same tools.
The idea that standardization of equipment and software is beneficial to construction companies is nothing new; companies were working towards standardization decades ago. As long ago as 1987, guides were extolling the benefits of standardization, “A standardized approach to the preparation of construction documents, including specifications, can aid owners, architect, engineers, and contractors.” Fast forward thirty years and standardization is still a crucial factor for projects. Construction software can make standardization simple and ensure you don’t run into the problems experienced by those organizations with too much software and too many policies and procedures.
The Benefits of Construction Standardization
The benefits of such a drastic reduction in time can’t be overstated, but some can include:
• Increase in productivity from repeatability
• Reduction in mistakes
• Improvement in communication
• Less burden on IT
• Better availability and access to information
• Scalability as your organization grows
• Opportunities for continuous improvement
7 Steps to Construction Standardization with Software
The right construction software can help you set up the right standardization for your projects and business. When you begin to implement new construction software, you’ll consider the way your projects are set up, the people who work on them and the way you want information to flow through your business. Most important, you’ll spotlight those trouble zones that are wasting time and costing money and end up with a fair and impartial way to measure results.
Consider the following steps when you implement a standardized approach to your construction and projects needs:
Step 1: Consider Project Setup and Participants
Flexible construction software can be adapted to project specifications and different participants. Will you use the platform for all projects?
By answering these key questions, you can plan how software can best benefit your company:
• Which projects will you be using it on? We recommend switching all applicable projects to the standardized software to take full advantage of all the features.
• Who creates projects? Knowing which team members can create and manage projects allows you to fully train your management group.
• What are the expectations for the teams collaborating? Clearly defined goals and expectations written right into the project and accessible for everyone ensure the job flows smoothly. By setting expectations on who will collaborate on the software, you can write this requirement into project specifications at the very beginning to ensure that all team members are on board without additional costs after construction begins.
• Which roles in a team will collaborate? Defining which teams and individuals need to work together ensures everyone is onboard from the start.
Step 2: Establish Field Technology Goals and Uses
Establish from the beginning what your company is hoping to accomplish with the project. Perhaps the goal is to reduce costly rework by keeping a single current record set. Maybe your aim is to increase the communication between owner, architect, and contractor. The goal may be to reduce reproductions or printing costs by going paperless.
Use these key questions to help identify your field tech goals:
• What are your project goals?
• How do you prioritize these goals?
• How will you use the software?
• Who will be responsible for administration of the software during each project phase?
Step 3: Assign Responsibilities and Permissions
Flexible construction software allows you to select responsible team members and permissions for each step of your project. Answer these questions while you set up your software accounts:
• Who is responsible for uploading and distributing project documentation?
• What permissions need to be established?
• What details need to be established for specific types of data?
• Who needs to access the documents and plans related to this project?
• Who is ultimately responsible for the success of the project and has the final say in conflict or when differences of opinion arise?
Step 4: Develop Workflows
Establish the workflows for the requisite reports and documents to make sure everything is completed on time and accurately. How will design changes make their way from the design and planning team, to the field team and to the persons ultimately responsible for completing the work? Knowing how you want information to flow through your system helps improve communication and ensures you are using your software to its fullest potential.
At this step, you’ll consider which workflows need to be developed and decide how information should be shared and accessible to your team. Inviting people from all levels to contribute to the conversation is crucial. A process that makes sense to you while you are sitting at your desk may not work as you anticipate in the field. Input from the supervisors you depend on and trust in the field is very valuable at this stage.
Gathering team input helps in another way as well. When you roll out new technology to replace the disparate mess of programs and solutions your team has been using, it will be easier to get everyone to buy-in if your people at every level have had a say in the processes you’ve chosen.
Step 5: Standardize Tools and Workflows
By standardizing the tools and workflows you use, different teams from within your organization will use your software the same way when it comes to submitting reports and managing documents. The field reports will be handled in the same way by every member of your organization, even by different members of different teams.
Even budgeting decisions can be routed and handled the same way by different people in different departments. Standardizing your forms, tools and even your workflow helps improve communication and reduce errors since everyone knows where to look for the details they need.
The tools you use for each part of your workflow can be customized; here are the key questions to ask when you are standardizing tools and workflows for your team:
• What standards need to be developed for each feature?
• Will this feature be used as a standard?
• Who is involved in each workflow and
• What are their responsibilities?
• Will we have a custom company standard for this feature?
• Does this feature require a custom workflow to be established?
• Do we need to set up any technology integrations?
Step 6: Align Hardware and Software Requirements
Making sure the hardware and the software are compatible and meet the needs of the company is an important step in standardization. Standardizing your hardware ensures that your team members don’t have to learn to use a new gadget every time they start a new project or take over an existing one. Anyone on any team can work with your hardware and software once you standardize, because they will naturally and intuitively know where everything is.
Here are the important questions to consider as you align the hardware and software requirements:
• What are your hardware standards?
• Will you allow BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)?
• Can you retain some pieces or does your existing lineup of hardware need to be replaced?
• Do you need detailed requirements for tables and hardware?
• How can you ensure the software is utilized and updated?
Step 7: Establish Project Deliverables and Metrics
How will you measure success? You won’t be able to tell how well you’re doing unless you have a way to compare your current effort to your previous ones. Accurate measurement also helps you determine how well different teams are handling projects and tasks; when you have standardized measurements to compare your team’s results to, you’ll know which groups need more help and training and which ones to deploy to work on your most important incoming projects. For example, if your goal was to reduce rework by 50% by keeping everyone on a single, current set, did you accomplish this?
Knowing how to measure the different internal aspects of each project can also help you identify trouble areas and help you continually improve your approach. The more you grow, the more complex your needs become, so standardizing and mastering specific, repeatable, scalable processes can help as you scale things up and take on more complex work and time-consuming tasks. When you have 100, 200, 500, 1,000 users, scalability through repeatable processes is the ultimate goal with standardizing on any software.
Consider these important questions as you establish project deliverables and metrics:
• How will you deliver your project turnover package?
• What facility operations data will be uploaded as part of the closeout deliverable?
• Do you have standards developed for digital closeout manuals?
• How will your operations team involvement be coordinated?
• What metrics should you use to track your goals?
After each project, take the time to assess your performance. You’ll be able to spot areas that could be improved in future projects and provide your team with the feedback they need to succeed.
The Next Generation of Standardized Construction
Standardizing construction begins from the top down. Construction companies must take a broad view of systems and processes, bringing in the top technology and integrating it into their projects and operations. Next generation construction companies will create a consolidated technology infrastructure, through which operations will be able to quickly move projects from the beginning to end.
Standardizing your technology throughout your construction operations will minimize potential business disruption. Through adopting advanced, standardized technology, your business can streamline its processes, reducing both inefficiencies and redundancies. Construction companies can become more competitive and improve their overall ROI by investing in technology that makes project standardization easy.
Grace Ellis
Grace Ellis
Editor in Chief, Autodesk Construction Cloud Blog
|
# PhillyCarShare
**PhillyCarShare** was a non-profit car-sharing organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania established in 2002. The service was acquired by Enterprise in 2011, and was renamed **Enterprise CarShare** in 2014.
PhillyCarShare has cars available for use 24 hours per day throughout the city of Philadelphia and the region. The goals of the company are to reduce the number of cars on the road, promote the use of gas-saving automobiles, reduce pollution, promote a car-free lifestyle and save its members money. In 2007, PCS estimated that it had removed the need for more than 15,000 cars in Philadelphia, saved one million gallons of gas though the use of hybrids and reduced driving; saved each of its members $4,000 and reduced pollution by eliminating 16 million driven miles.
## Community impact
Its partnership vehicle-sharing program with the City of Philadelphia was named one of 18 national finalists for the *Innovations in American Government Awards*, which are overseen by the Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. This program allowed city workers to utilize car-sharing vehicles, and allowed the city to reduce its fleet of underutilized city-owned vehicles by 330 cars. The fleet reduction is estimated to have saved the City of Philadelphia $8 million. The City of Wilmington, Delaware joined PhillyCarShare in 2007.
With the partnership between the City of Philadelphia and PhillyCarShare, the City became the first "government worldwide to share cars with local residents in a major fleet reduction effort."
In October 2007, PhillyCarShare announced that its membership had reached 30,000. At the time of acquisition by Enterprise in 2011, it was reported that there was a membership of 13,000.
## Fleet
The PhillyCarShare fleet includes over two dozen makes and models. Nearly half the fleet is made up of hybrid vehicles, including the Toyota Prius, Honda Civic Hybrid, and Camry Hybrid. Other cars include the Toyota Tacoma, Honda Element, Mazda3, Audi A4, Volvo S40, Ford Focus, Toyota Matrix, Dodge Caravan, Honda Fit, Scion xA, Scion xB, Scion xD, Subaru Impreza, Toyota Yaris, Acura TL, Mini Hatch, Toyota Corolla and Toyota Sienna.
In July 2008, PhillyCarShare told its members that Toyota has cancelled most of their 2008 hybrid order due to high demand for hybrids from the retail segment, causing a temporary reduction in the number of hybrids in their fleet.
## Marketing
PhillyCarShare introduced their *Key to the City* program in 2007 bringing discounts to Philadelphia area retailers. All members have a keytag which they can show at participating retailers to enjoy exclusive discounts. Discounts include local eateries, shops and cultural institutions.
In 2006, PhillyCarShare began issuing a "music to drive by" CD entitled *"Philly Sound Clash."* Copies of the CD are placed in all of the vehicles, and members are encouraged to take home as many copies as they desire. The CD features local Philadelphia artists in a battle of the bands type contest, 2007's winner was Philadelphia Slick.
## InfoBox
PhillyCarShare
|
| |
| Company type | Non-profit |
| Industry | Car sharing |
| Founded | 2002 (2002) |
| Founder | Tanya Seaman, founder |
| Defunct | 2014 (2014) |
| Fate | Sold to Enterprise Holdings in 2011 |
| Successor | Enterprise CarShare |
| Headquarters | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Website | www.phillycarshare.org | |
(me, 22f. SO, 21m), US to EUR.
I admit to myself that my words can hurt and are stupid.
So when I throw them at him in a drunk email claiming how I hate him and myself, explaining all about how this week and all the weeks prior have been a result of what I do in my own head-- being an unemployed, overweight self-deprecrator who knows it's probably not the best to take herself off of her harsh antidepressant-- and then ending the email with a usual defeatist "just break up with me already" sign off which I sometimes say in jest but also when I felt that he should have an out for seeing my vulnerability.... how can I not have seen it coming? Why would I assume that an email that fails to expose itself as a little cry for help actually catalyzes his thoughts to say to himself, "Yeah... you're right. This is it. I can't stay."
He was afraid that the climate of our relationship for the last couple of months would never change in the long run. He didn't believe that when I can finally shape up mentally when I got a job, the climate of our exchanged words would be better.
He says that the skype calls have been different since I last visited him a month ago, and I can agree, because he's in his living room all the time with his roommate nearby, and I can't say what I'd like, and he couldn't either. So no wonder the conversations were quiet and sad and tense. He was only there for me as a face, mouthing words instead of saying them outloud. I could say I love you out loud, in a silly way, but he couldn't.
The love is still there. I told him. He told me. I told him that I did not hate him. and when I told him that I could see myself with him, he said he couldn't. And when I told him how I need him in my life, how he was my best friend, all I could see was his stare, no words. No reciprocation. I failed at being his best friend.
There are no more chances. I asked him if I used them all. He didn't say. It's all lost. I've lost my best friend, lover, and everything else that came with him. He told me in so few words that what we had to do for our relationship to work as an LDR was not worth the price of admission.
So I'm left alone again. I thought we were each other's lifeline, distance and all. I want to know how to deal with a break up for an LDR that wasn't caused by jealousy or not even loneliness.
I want to know how to deal when your SO just gives up. |
Denise Lee Yohn: QSR's Marketing Guru | February 2013 | By Denise Lee Yohn
Taglines That Work
A well-crafted tagline can position your brand for years to come.
Q: I'm launching a new concept and trying to decide on a tagline. What makes a tagline work?
A: Taglines are powerful communicators. The right tagline can attract attention to your concept, help position your brand, and make people remember you.
They’re particularly important today. People’s attention spans are at an all-time low, while the need for pithy lines is at an all-time high, thanks to the popularity of small screens on mobile devices, text-messaging etiquette, and character limits on social media profiles.
Popular taglines like Apple’s “Think Different” and Nike’s “Just Do It” are deceptively simple, but there’s a solid strategy behind most great taglines. So let’s break it down.
First, a definition: A tagline is a succinct phrase usually used with your name and logo that communicates a single, powerful brand message. For the purposes of this column, I’m going to also discuss theme lines, descriptors, jingles, and slogans, and refer to all of them as taglines (and save the distinctions between them for some other time).
Note that a tagline is not a mission statement or a generic description of your brand. It’s also not a proverb, maxim, or employee rallying cry. Although some lines can be used for these purposes, you shouldn’t start off your tagline development with these intentions. It’s best to think of a tagline as a haiku—you know, those three-line Japanese poems with prescribed syllable counts. They’re creative yet meaningful, conveying information in a highly condensed form, often metaphorically.
There are several different types of taglines:
1. Descriptive about the company. Some taglines convey the company mission, purpose, or scope. For example, Cotton: “The Fabric of Our Lives”; or Taco Bell: “Head for the Border.”
2. Descriptive about the function of the offering. Some companies use taglines to communicate the benefit of their product or service, or their competitive advantage. For example, FedEx: “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight”; or Burger King: “Have It Your Way.”
3. Persuasive. You can use a tagline to convey your brand character, values, or personality. For example, Mastercard: “Priceless”; or Outback Steakhouse: “No Rules, Just Right.”
4. Provocative. Some taglines help position the brand by inviting a response from the customer or appealing to a specific target audience. For example, Volkswagen: “Drivers Wanted”; or McDonald’s: “You Deserve a Break Today.”
The type of tagline you should use depends on your marketing challenge. If you are a new company trying to establish brand awareness and trust, a company descriptor tagline might be the best approach. If you are introducing a new type of product or something unfamiliar, consider a product or service descriptor. Persuasive and provocative taglines, with more emotional appeals, tend to be useful when people may not perceive there to be big differences between brands. They’re also helpful when you’re trying to reposition or refresh your brand.
Taglines can be concrete or abstract, amusing or serious, declarative or questioning. There are no hard and fast rules. In fact, last year I conducted an analysis on the “Best-Loved Advertising Taglines” as determined by a panel of advertising executives convened by Forbes magazine. Looking at lines like BMW’s “Ultimate Driving Machine” and American Express’s “Don’t Leave Home Without It,” I couldn’t find a common approach or clear pattern that distinguished the top 25 taglines. What makes a great tagline is more art than science.
But there are a few strategies that will make your tagline sing. First, be brief; target seven or eight words. As noted earlier, pithiness is handy when messaging real estate is limited and people take to scanning (versus reading) ads. Also, be differentiating. Don’t simply describe your product category; call out what distinguishes your offering from your competitors’. And keep in mind that a tagline that uses a claim like “best,” as in “the best subs in town,” is not differentiating. Such an approach relies on superlatives that are pretty meaningless to today’s savvy consumers.
Use your tagline consistently across different touch points (media advertising, in-store signage, Facebook page, employee uniforms, etc.) and over time. De Beers has used “A Diamond is Forever” since 1948. Think how memorable that line is!
Finally, design a tagline that complements your brand name. If your name is descriptive, like Phil’s BBQ, use a tagline to inject some personality. If you have a more evocative name, like Rubicon, a descriptive tagline can help ground people’s expectations.
This leads me to my last point. Bear in mind that a tagline is only a single piece of brand messaging. You can’t expect it to convey multiple points about your brand, nor to make up for a poor name choice. The selection of a tagline should be considered in concert with your brand name, elevator pitch, brand strategy, advertising concepts, and visual design elements.
All of these brand elements should work together. And when they do, you’ll pique people’s interest in your concept and make an indelible impression in their minds.
In the 21st Century you may not need a tagline. Do you remember Google's or iPad's tagline? Just embed your organizing emotional truth into your product. The consumer will do the rest.
Building brand does matter. Just look at Ferrari, Emirates. Apple..
What could be a tagline of a r we search magazine publishing in college
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# Question
Title: Why encrypt the swap partition
I have seen on this site that many Linux users encrypt the swap partition. What are the benefits of encrypting swap?
# Answer
> 27 votes
Encryption of swap space is used to protect sensitive information. Consider an application that deals with passwords. As long as these passwords stay in physical memory, these passwords will not be written to disk and be cleared after a reboot. If the OS starts swapping out memory pages to free space for other applications, the passwords may be written to the disk platters unencrypted. Encrypting swap space can be a solution for this scenario.
Swap partitions are not encrypted by default and should be cleared of any sensitive data before continuing.
The swap partition can hold a lot of unencrypted confidential information and the fact that it persists after shutting down the computer can be a problem.
To encrypt SWAP, see Encrypted swap partition on Ubuntu
Extra Reading:Swap encryption, and Ubuntu - How to encrypt swap partition
<sup>Source:C. Brüffer</sup>
# Answer
> 3 votes
*I assume you're talking about a home directory or full disk encryption installation.*
Swap is allocated space on persistent storage (because it's cheaper), providing more virtual memory to the operating system. All your applications run in the virtual memory holding all unencrypted data for the operations. Chances are fairly high that portions of the data you've got on encrypted on disk are ending unencrypted on the swap storage. Also temporary in-memory stuff like encryption keys could be moved from the physical memory to swap for some time (if the kernel decides so). With a plain encryption key an attacker is for certain able to decrypt your whole hard drive.
Moreover, swap doesn't get wiped after you turn your PC off, unlike physical memory.
Also note that if you hibernate your system, all of the physical memory will be written to swap. This provides an even larger amount of data for a possible attacker.
Summarized, in the context of encryption of data on your machine, it is a very bad thing *not* to encrypt swap if you handle encrypted files, from a security standpoint. It can even breach the complete security you're trying to achieve.
# Answer
> 3 votes
**This here is why long ago I got convinced to really encrypt also my swap partition.**
Try the following commands:
First find out your swap device, then find out if your user password (or any string critical for you) is stored somewhere on the swap memory:
```
$ sudo swapon --summary
Filename Type ...
/dev/mapper/vg_ubu476-lv_swap partition ...
$ sudo time strings < /dev/mapper/vg_ubu476-lv_swap | grep <any substring of your password>
```
If the password is not found, then the command ends with no output. That took 40 seconds for me, with my 4 GiB of swap.
Try that with " | more" instead of " | grep \<...\>"; that will show if you had wiped your disk from the very beginning, before encrypting, with random ASCII or not.
**Beware of a problem:** after those commands your "substring of your password" will stay written in your bash history, and you may feel the need to erase it. With "substring of password" you have at least not got the complete password there... And: only root can look inside it.
My strings command has looked into the decrypted layer of the system, which lives only while running the OS.
Stepping beneath that there are the LVM, then the decrypted LUKS container, and finally the encrypted device (a large partition). You may try and scan them all with "strings".
When I did that "strings" the first time I found lots of root passwords, as I was using "su - root" in the place of "sudo su -". Now, with sudo I do not find any.
**Performance** \- Belive me: I am working with 1,3 terabytes of encrypted stuff (system + large photo database) on three SSDs on a Thinkpad W520 whithout feeling any delays. But at least 8 GiB memory may somewhat help.
# Answer
> 1 votes
For the same reasons you would want to encrypt main memory. Programs have clear text copies of your information and they get swapped out to disk (swap partition) by the scheduler from time to time. If one were sufficiently motivated and enabled, swap could be mined for that personal data.
However, encrypting swap doesn't matter much if you haven't encrypted your root disk.
encryption is not cheap, expect a significant performance hit.
The only folks I know who "do it all" travel extensively. If you just want to tinker, go for it.
P.S. before someone makes a wisecrack about not being able to encrypt main memory please visit http://bluerisc.com/, even the instruction set is encrypted.
---
Tags: encryption, swap, partitioning
--- |
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The drugs of choice for mental health disorders involving anxiety, depression, OCD, phobias, etc. are psychoactive drugs, which work to correct what are called excitatory-inhibitory imbalances. The brain releases chemicals which communicate with the neurons in the body and either excite us or inhibit us at some level. As you might guess, these chemical reactions are rather complex. That is one reason a good mental health professional or doctor will closely monitor any new drug given for mood disorders, to make sure the neurons are communicating in a healthier way with the drug than without it. .
If you are prescribed a psychoactive drug for anxiety, depression, or some other mood disorder, insist on frequent check-ins if your doctor doesn't volunteer them. It's your health. It's your mind. Be proactive in your own mental health care. You are the only one who is with your body 24 hours a day, seven days a week. I encourage you not to let a doctor who sees you for five minutes once a month, decide whether your symptom is something that bears attention.
Those who know me also know I'm not a big fan of the prescription drug. I rarely ever take them and in my own circle of friends and family, as well as in any statistics I've read, prescription drugs often only maintain a false balance for the body which requires lifetime use. Over time, the body forgets to do what it is that the drug is doing for it and no true healing occurs. Also, over time, complications from the drugs themselves may outweigh any initial benefit. Specific to the subject of this article, I have friends and relatives who have had very adverse experiences in being treated for mood disorders with drugs. Two people I know, after having been put on medication for depression and anxiety, ended up having seizures as a side effect of the meds.
When you read the side effects of psychoactive drugs below, you will also see that some may CAUSE depression, anxiety, etc. In other words, they cause the same thing you are being treated for. In fact, the next time you watch one of those commercials with all the smiling people, advertising a drug for treating mood disorders, try closing your eyes and listening to the warnings instead. It is a sobering experience.
I definitely support selfcare and self-treatment for mood disorders, in addition to whatever mental health counseling or prescription drug treatments you choose. Anything you can do to reduce anxiety and stress and on your own, can help reduce the need for chemical intervention thru prescription drugs. Use the resources on this site to educate yourself. Meditation, biofeedback, massage, relaxing tapes, certain types of exercise and music, sound therapy and music therapy are some options to explore.
* SSRI's, which prevent the uptake of serotonin (an excitatory neurotransmitter)
* MAOIs, designed to act against monoamine oxidase (a substance that normally would break down norepinephrine and serotonin).
* (BZDs), which attack anxiety thru increasing GABA. Some well-known BZDs include Xanax, Librium and Valium.
* TCAs, which block the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine (both neurotransmitters).
Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation, gastric problems, circulatory and heart problems and anxiety. These are just the common side effects. To print the entire list, medicine by medicine, would take pages. I found one abstract on the subject. You have to pay for the full article so that's up to you but even the two paragraphs they give you for free are quite enough to support my concerns about taking psychoactive drugs to manage mood disorders. This particular abstact relates to the side effects of Clozapine in particular so, if you are on that drug, it might be worth your while to purchase the full report or to just ask your doctor about side effects that could be life-threatening.
Interesting side note: Did you know that cocaine and heroin are psychoactive drugs? Also cannabis, alcohol and tobacco.
Mental Health Disclaimer: The information on psychoactive drugs and their side effects is provided to help you make an informed decision on how you will treat your anxiety disorder or other mood disorder. It is not meant to replace professional evaluation of your mental state or any needed medical attention. |
Until 1995, the oldest locomotives in service in North America were running in Montréal, on the only electrified rail line in Canada. The oldest one was built in 1914, and ran nonstop from 1918 to 1995 (that's a solid 77 years).
By the end, they were pretty roughed-up and patched here and there…
The government delayed financing the reconstruction (after 77 years, nothing but a total rebuilt from the ground-up would do) of the line until the very, very last minute.
Around 1989-1990, the service was pretty bad with everything falling apart, so the railroad (who was contracted by the government to operate the line) started giving out pamphlets to commuters explaining that the trains were very old (no kidding - as if it wasn't obvious by the wood paneling inside the cars). So I decided to improve it, taking most of the pamphlet and adding that the line wasn't rebuilt because the government diverted the budget for road construction (true), but you can call the minister of transport, as well as the members of parliament along the rail line (all members of the government then in power) and I provided all those unsavoury people's home phone numbers.
I had about 5000 of them printed, and I brought them in the operator's office, where the train crews came to pick their operating orders. All the pamphlets were duly distributed by the train crews and some more were photocopied by the operators (the guy who handed-out the train orders to the crews)...
At one point, a railroad operations big-shot saw one of the pamphlets, said "yeah, it's true", and put back the pamphlets on the desk...
Of course, all hell broke loose, the minister of transport was swamped with phone calls, the railroad police got involved and investigated; the operators were questionned ("well, a guy came and gave us the pamphlets" - even though they knew very well who I was) but no one could specifically pinpoint the blame on anyone.
Eventually, they decided to rebuild the line, and $250 million later, shiny new trains were zipping along new shiny rails. 17 years later, they are overflowing with people...
Okay, $250 million is not petty, but the thousands of phone calls sure were.
And the inept government was ousted well before the rebuilt line re-opened... |
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Has Italian food lost its 'authenticity'?
Nigella Lawson's plum and Amaretti crumble
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Nigella Lawson is the latest chef to showcase an interpretation of Italian food. It's a cuisine heralded for its traditional tastes and style, but has its authenticity been lost along the way?
Move over tiramisu, there's a new Italian dessert in town.
Il crumble.
You'd be forgiven for thinking fruit crumble was a British dish, but in her BBC Two cooking programme Nigellissima Nigella Lawson shares her new ruby-red plum and Amaretti version.
Nigella's new Italian recipes:
Love pizza? Then try the meaty 'meatzza'
Taste Sicilian pasta with garlic and almonds
Tantalise with crunchy Tuscan fries
"Along with a lot of not traditionally Italian baking, the good old English crumble has seemed to be gaining in popularity - even modishness in Italy," she writes in her recipe book.
What's happening in Italy, the home of real Italian food? Its food concepts have been exported and adopted around the world, but global foods are also finding their way back into Italy and changing the landscape.
Take Nigella's meatzza recipe - pizza with a meat base. Ever heard of that before?
She writes about the recipe: "It amuses. But then, a culinary pun, it is intended to amuse: it looks like a pizza but its base is made out of meatball mixture... rather like a juicy disc of meatloaf or polpettone."
So just what makes food "authentic"?
Start Quote
The term 'pasta sauce' is meaningless in Italian, because authentic Italian sauce is regional”
End Quote Maryann Tebben Associate professor at Bard College at Simon's Rock
Zachary Nowak, food historian and assistant director of the food studies programme at The Umbra Institute in Perugia, Italy says Italian food culture as we know it today actually developed in the post-war economic boom in the country after WWII.
"We would like to imagine we are eating what a peasant in 1800 or 1500 was eating - but they weren't. There is definitely a national Italian food culture now, but I would argue it's not an historical one," he explains.
He thinks that authentic means that "over a certain period of time... say 100 years, it has been a common food, with more or less the same preparation and context for the majority of people in a given area".
Sticking to this definition, Mr Nowak says, there's only one traditional Italian ingredient around today that was around 100 years ago - polenta.
"You can go to Manhattan and have polenta and it costs $20 and is a very chic thing, it's going beyond the Italian food offered in the States maybe 20 years ago.
"But polenta has a completely different meaning to the farmer in the 1890s. It didn't mean a hearty meal, it didn't mean authenticity, it meant monotony and misery and poverty, so as soon as they could get rid of polenta, they did, in the post-war boom."
Polenta remains a hard sell, says chef Theo Randall, who has his own "Italian inspired" restaurant at the Intercontinental, Park Lane, London.
Nigella Lawson
"If you were really authentic and cooking peasant food you'd cook polenta, but people just don't get it in this country. If you put polenta on the menu it's not going to be a big seller."
Mr Nowak says Unesco has recognised the "Mediterranean Diet" on its Lists of Intangible Heritage, but argues the items the diet includes are things people did not eat 100 years ago. Describing that diet "as historical is an enormous invention", he says, "it's the beautiful confluence of people wanting to be authentic and huge marketing and tourism businesses wanting to deliver that".
Olive oil is one such part of the diet.
Mr Nowak says in the 1800s it was really expensive, an industrial lubricant, poor quality, and documents show peasants hardly bought much of it at all - about a tablespoon a day.
The expert's opinion
Massimo Bottura
Massimo Bottura, chef patron of the three Michelin-starred restaurant Osteria Francescana, Modena writes how he favours "flavour in evolution"
He describes it as "the best example of how this tradition has been pushed back retroactively - it's definitely not an 'authentic' Italian food stuff".
But today premium olive oil is widely loved as one of the cuisine's key ingredients.
Theo Randall says the availability of Italy's finest foods has changed Italian cooking the world over.
"One thing that is quite staggering is just how much Italian food people eat in this country, and the quality of authentic ingredients available. I just bought three kinds of squashes from southern Italy, and I could never get them a few years ago.
"I love going and getting ideas from all over Italy and then bringing them back and using what I think is the Italian philosophy of food - which is buying wonderful ingredients and not mucking them about too much, keeping it quite simple and letting the ingredients speak for themselves, and letting the flavour of the vegetable, meat or fish really come out."
The modern perception of Italian ingredients can be traced back to the Italian immigrants that settled in the US in the 19th Century, says Maryann Tebben, an associate professor at Bard College at Simon's Rock, Massachusetts.
Cook like an Italian:
Bake your own perfect focaccia
Try sumptious beef and mushroom pappardelle
Spice things up with chilli and bacon pasta
Knead your own Alpine pizza dough
She says they purposefully took a set of foods that were familiar to them to the US - such as tomatoes and dried pasta, and classified those foods as "Italian cuisine", despite them being from various regions of Italy.
But why?
"Because they wanted to have a market for their foods, and it was much harder to market them as Calabrian or Sicilian, to the Italians in the immigrant enclaves in New York at the time, but... they didn't want to divide customers.
"But it was also because they wanted to get into industrial marketing, they needed a united front," she explains.
Industrialisation led to the standardisation of pasta, pasta sauces, and other products. Today people associate Italy's pasta and pasta sauces as cornerstones of the cuisine.
Maryann Tebben has been researching Italian sauces for a book she's writing on the history of sauce, as the homogenisation of "pasta sauce" in the US was her inspiration.
"In the US when you say pasta sauce people think only of spaghetti with tomato sauce, but you can't say or do that in Italian.
Start Quote
Everyone's grandma made tomato sauce a little bit differently”
End Quote Prof Carole Counihan Editor-in-chief of food and foodways at Millersville University
"There's no one pasta and there's no one sauce. 'Pasta sauce' the term is meaningless in Italian, because authentic Italian sauce is regional.
"And the regionality means you can't define or say for certain what Italian cuisine is, because there is no one idea of it."
Indeed this regionality has been put back at the centre of the fight to retain the roots of Italian cooking.
Carole Counihan, editor-in-chief of food and foodways and professor emerita of anthropology at Millersville University, Pennsylvania, US, says her research shows that there have been dramatic changes in the way that Italians buy their food - with the masses now preferring to shop in supermarkets rather than local stores.
Like many western countries, Italians are consuming more international food and processed food, and cooking habits are changing.
The Italian language has a reputation for being particularly poetic. This is especially true in the case of food, as it boasts some of the most creative names for dishes and cakes.
Consider the evergreen tiramisu, which literally translates as "pick me up". This is a hint to the magical properties of its main ingredient: coffee.
Nigella writes in her book: "Some say that it was invented in a casa chiusa, or house of ill repute, to give the working girls a 'pick-me-up', as the name suggests."
Two baked treats from the north of Italy are named as sweetly as they taste: the dainty, macaron-like baci di dama ("dame's kisses"), and the melt-in-your-mouth brutti ma buoni. The latter translates as "ugly but good", or "ugly but tasty".
The meat-rich saltimbocca ("jumps in the mouth") evoke that party-in-your-mouth feeling that is typical when eating an Italian dish.
On the other hand, strozzapreti have a pretty dark name - "priest stranglers". Who knew that pasta could be so morbid?
Prof Counihan says it is what has inspired a movement to return to locally sourced food.
"It is somewhat shocking when you look at Italy and you think about the profound importance of... local food, cultural food, terroir - for true Italians, the real prevalence and prominence of their food is a marker of local identity.
"So the transforming food system really I think impinges or conflicts with that traditional identification of local identity with local food," she says.
"A lot of Italians talk about the taste of home, or the taste of our food, so taste is a motivator to return to local foods - local food tastes better, satisfies an atavistic craving for foods that represent home, culture, tradition, community, it's pretty amazing because it encompasses the whole of the culture.
"Everyone's grandma made tomato sauce a little bit differently," she explains.
Such "traditions are traditions because they have evolved", says Zachary Nowak.
Many experts believe food is authentic only when it is evolving, as there is no one moment that makes it more "authentic" than another.
Massimo Bottura, the chef-patron of the three Michelin-starred restaurant Osteria Francescana, Modena, which ranks at number five on the World's 50 Best Restaurants list, the highest placed Italian restaurant, is one.
He says it is "as if Italian food is not allowed to evolve".
"Everyone talks about authenticity but I am not sure that is really what they are aiming for… it almost seems like copying from someone else's test and not thinking things through properly," he says.
"If traditions are put under glass they stagnate. People forget about them and they are lost forever.
Alpine pizza Traditional foods were once innovations, and they continue to evolve
"By keeping them actual and contemporary, there is a chance that they will be passed onto future generations which ensures that culinary heritage continues to give people a sense of place and belonging," he explains.
William Drew is the editor of Restaurant magazine, and the chairing judge for the Birra Morretti Emerging Italian Restaurant Awards. He says Italian food is "far from losing its authenticity".
"It's difficult to define but some restaurants are very avant garde, but are grounded in authenticity in a recipe - the ingredients, their seasonality... and what has been put together with traditional dish construction, sometimes is then used to deconstruct."
But for true authenticity, he says you can't beat the right ambience.
"What really makes an Italian restaurant 'authentic' is conviviality. Eating together being a communal, family process, so you want a welcoming maitre d'or chef patron - it's that combination of eating and experience."
But perhaps authentic Italian food in its purest form is easiest to achieve with one simple lesson.
As Theo Randall says: "Italian food is simple and should remain simple."
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What chance for Dalit girls?
DRIVEN by thirst, a destitute girl in a remote Nepalese village tentatively pours herself some water.
Durga Sob knows she is taking a serious risk. She is strictly forbidden to drink at her school because of widespread fears over pollution.
Her throat is so parched that she cannot resist, but someone sees her.
Within seconds every pupil has gathered to stare while their teacher shouts:
"How dare you do this! You are untouchable!"
Lack of clean water is one of many factors behind the deaths of thousands of children in Nepal who do not survive to celebrate their fifth birthdays.
Most are due to easily preventable diseases and conditions, like diarrhoea and malnutrition.
But the water here is safe, it is Durga who is treated as a contamination risk.
As a Dalit, the least ritually pure caste or social group, she is 'untouchable', banned from drinking at public water sources.
Contact with Dalits and anything they 'infect' through touch is believed to 'pollute' people from so-called higher castes.
In Nepal, children have among the worst chances of survival in the world thanks to geography, poverty, corruption and civil war.
The caste system makes Dalits even more likely to die, with girls doubly discriminated against.
Yet against all the odds Durga not only survived but grew up to become an internationally recognised human rights activist.
She says: "What happened to me at school is still happening today.....Dalit women's voices are growing but Dalits still have the worst health comparatively.
"They have the worst malnutrition problems because of absolute poverty and discrimination.
"Government health provision is expensive. Dalit children are dying because Dalits don't have awareness or access to services."
With laws banning caste-based discrimination rarely enforced despite ongoing violence, Durga's crusade highlights both what she has achieved and how much still needs to be done.
Efforts to stop Nepalese children dying have also brought significant success amidst dire circumstances.
When Maoist rebels launched the 'People's War' against the Nepalese army in 1996 to 'liberate' Dalits, Dalits arguably suffered most yet again as both sides committed atrocities in the decade-long conflict.
But another battle to save the next generation was quietly waged in the background.
The Nepalese Government, working with charities and communities, increased Vitamin A handouts and more than doubled immunisation and treatment programmes for diarrhoea and pneumonia.
The number of children under five dying almost halved from 117 per 1000 live births in 1991 to 61 per 1000 live births in 2006, putting Nepal on course to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on reducing deaths of under-fives by two thirds by 2015.
The goal, one of eight set by world leaders in 2000, is the furthest from being achieved globally.
Around nine million children still die each year worldwide from the same preventable diseases and conditions.
While vaccinations and vitamins are simple, affordable solutions, there are many barriers to overcome.
Remote landscapes make access to city hospitals impossible, and caste discrimination can be as insurmountable as the terrain.
Nepal's success is largely credited to Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHV) , a group of women villagers trained to deliver basic lifesaving treatment from their homes.
Manisha Kami, 14, is among thousands of children born as war started who received crucial healthcare from the FCHV.
But as a Dalit girl, Manisha recalls sitting alone and being seen last.
Now more Dalit women are educated and some are health volunteers whose growing role is improving lives.
Dr Neena Khadka, programme director with Save the Children in Nepal, says: "These women are bringing their issues forward and there is general awareness that discrimination is wrong.
"The bigger problem is demand for services, which is low because communities still don't know what is available, or they know but don't trust them."
The issue of trust is not just about discrimination.
More than 90% of births are at home and traditional beliefs unintentionally jeopardise children's survival.
Mothers and babies are considered impure during the period around the birth so women are often sent to a cowshed to deliver their babies alone on a cold, dirty floor.
Newborns are bathed, regardless of the weather, because they are deemed unclean. They are not breastfed immediately because mother's milk is also thought to be impure.
In 2002 a Save the Children study found that 60% of all infant deaths were newborns, giving Nepal the third worst neonatal mortality rate in the world.
Renewed efforts to drive down deaths were clearly needed. Save the Children helped the Nepalese government create a national newborn strategy and began spreading health messages.
Some of the most successful mediums are reading and writing groups where women indirectly learn the benefits of timely breastfeeding and contraception.
Malnutrition remains a serious killer. The latest national demographic health survey in 2006 found that nearly 50% of children were stunted.
Lack of food is a major problem and Dalits still suffer disproportionately with many denied land for growing crops.
Recent figures provided by the Feminist Dalit Organisation, of which Durga is president, highlight the impact of discrimination. Infant mortality rates are 116.5 per 1000 births for Dalits, compared to 75.2 per 1000 births for non Dalits.
There is every reason to believe that Nepal can meet its target on reducing child deaths in five years' time.
It is far less certain that enough of those saved will be Dalits.
A new constitution currently being drawn up could finally make Dalit rights a reality.
Meanwhile campaigners like Durga and now Manisha, who belongs to a Save the Children youth club and child rights committee, are making a difference.
Professor Smita Narula, of New York-based Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice, says: "There is something inspiring and hopeful about the way in which Dalit voices are rising up to rightfully demand a seat at the table."
Manisha herself says: "I think the practice of untouchability will disappear and Dalit children will enjoy the right of education and survival."
|
# Question
Title: Apache - create multiple aliases
I'm trying to setup two websites on my Apache server. One is www.domain.com and the other is test.domain.com. Currently, my 000-default.conf file reads as follows:
> `<VirtualHost www:80>
> # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
> # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating
> # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName
> # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to
> # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this
> # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless.
> # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly.
> #ServerName www.domain.com
> #ServerAlias www
> ServerAdmin [email protected]
> DocumentRoot /var/www/domain.com/
> # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
> # error, crit, alert, emerg.
> # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
> # modules, e.g.
> #LogLevel info ssl:warn
> ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/domain.error.log
> CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/domain.access.log combined
> UseCanonicalName on
>
> allow from all
> Options +Indexes
>
> # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
> # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
> # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
> # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
> # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
> #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
> </VirtualHost>
> <VirtualHost test:80>
> DocumentRoot "/var/www/domain.com/test/"
> ServerName test.domain.com
> ServerAdmin [email protected]
> ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/test.domain.error.log
> CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/test.domain.access.log combined
> UseCanonicalName on
>
> allow from all
> Options +Indexes
>
> </VirtualHost>
> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet`
As is, when I use a browser to go to the www location, it show me a directory listing. However, if I remove the www:80 on Line 1 and replace it with \*:80, it correctly displays the webpage. I don't understand why.
Can anyone help me configure this 000-default.conf file so that www goes to "/var/www/domain.com" and that test goes to "/var/www/domain.com/test"? Thank you.
# Answer
The syntax of the `VirtualHost` Directive is
```
<VirtualHost addr[:port] [addr[:port]] ...> ... </VirtualHost>
```
Where `addr` is the address of the virtual host, not its physical path.
So it is safer to use an IP (or the `*` wildcard). It even says it in the documentation that, you can use a **fully qualified** domain, but it is not recommended:
From the documentation:
> A fully qualified domain name for the IP address of the virtual host (not recommended)
To achieve what you are asking, you need a combination of the `DocumentRoot` and `ServerName` directives. Which, in fact, are already there.
Example:
```
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot /var/www/domain.com/
ServerName www.domain.com
# Some other configs
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot /var/www/domain.com/test/
ServerName test.domain.com
# Some other configs
</VirtualHost>
```
---
Also, there is another issue in your virtual host configuration, as of apache2.4 (which is shipped by default in 14.04) the `allow` directive is replaced with the `Require` directive.
It also needs be inside a special directive, for example, the `Directory` directive:
```
<Directory "/var/www/domain.com/">
Require all granted
Options +Indexes
</Directory>
```
This is a complete Virtual Host configuration:
```
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.domain.com
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/domain.com/
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/domain.error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/domain.access.log combined
UseCanonicalName on
<Directory "/var/www/domain.com/">
Require all granted
Options +Indexes
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
```
> 2 votes
---
Tags: server, 14.04, apache2
--- |
# Řež
**Řež** (Czech: \[ˈr̝ɛʃ\]) is a village and administrative part of Husinec in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Řež is the site of a nuclear research centre and a chemical factory. In August 2002 there was a serious flood which damaged the site.
Řež has a railway connection by Prague - Kralupy nad Vltavou line. The stop is located on the opposite (left) bank of the Vltava River and is accessible by a pedestrian bridge.
On 19 June 2022 the highest ever temperature during the month of June in the Czech Republic was recorded here at 39.0 °C.
Panorama of Řež with nuclear research centre
## Further reading
1995. *40 Years on: Rez Institute Underpins Czech Programme*. "Nuclear Engineering International". no. 491: 46.
## InfoBox
| Řež | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chapel of Saint Wenceslaus | |
| ŘežLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°10′21″N 14°21′41″E / 50.17250°N 14.36139°E / 50.17250; 14.36139 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Prague-East |
| Municipality | Husinec |
| First mentioned | 1088 |
| Elevation | 194 m (636 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,221 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 250 68 | |
# Zainadine Júnior
**Zainadine Abdula Chavango Júnior** (born 24 June 1988) is a Mozambican professional footballer who plays as a centre back.
He spent most of his career in Portugal with rivals Nacional and Marítimo, making over 250 Primeira Liga appearances.
A full international with over 60 caps for Mozambique since 2008, he represented the country at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations.
## Club career
Born in Maputo, Zainadine Júnior began his career with local Desportivo Maputo and Liga Muçulmana de Maputo. In late 2009, he and compatriot Mexer trialled at Sporting CP, but only the latter ended up signing.
In August 2013, Zainadine Júnior finally got his move to Portugal's Primeira Liga, joining C.D. Nacional. He made his debut on 22 September in a 1–0 home win over Académica de Coimbra, in which he assisted the goal by Mario Rondón. In 20 appearances as the team from Funchal secured fifth place and UEFA Europa League qualification, he scored once on 8 December to secure a 2–2 draw in the Madeira derby away to C.S. Marítimo.
After playing the 2016 Chinese Super League with Tianjin Teda FC, Zainadine Júnior returned to Portugal's top flight on loan to Marítimo. The team ended the season in sixth and qualified for Europe, with him scoring the equaliser in a 3–1 home win over F.C. Arouca on 19 March; the goal was voted the league's best of the month.
In July 2017, Zainadine Júnior rescinded his contract with Tianjin to sign for Marítimo. Two years later, he signed a new deal to keep him with the *Rubro-Verdes* until 2022. In April 2022, he signed a new two-year deal.
## International career
Zainadine Júnior was called up to represent Mozambique at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, where he was unused in a group stage elimination in Angola.
He scored his one international goal on 8 September 2018 in a 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier at home to Guinea-Bissau, opening a 2–2 draw.
### International goals
*Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.*
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 8 September 2018 | Estádio do Zimpeto, Maputo, Mozambique | Guinea-Bissau | **1**–0 | 2–2 | 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
## InfoBox
Zainadine Júnior
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Zainadine Abdula Chavango Júnior | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-06-24) 24 June 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Maputo, Mozambique | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 20082011 | Desportivo Maputo | 73 | (5) |
| 20112013 | Liga Muçulmana | | |
| 20132015 | Nacional | 72 | (2) |
| 20162017 | Tianjin Teda | 26 | (1) |
| 2017 | Marítimo (loan) | 15 | (1) |
| 20172024 | Marítimo | 182 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008– | Mozambique | 64 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 2 July 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 March 2023 | | | | |
# 2009 Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football team
2009 Sun Belt Conference football standings
| | Conf | | | | | | | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | | W | | L | | | | | W | | L | |
| Troy $ | | 8 | | 0 | | | | | 9 | | 4 | |
| Middle Tennessee | | 7 | | 1 | | | | | 10 | | 3 | |
| Louisiana–Monroe | | 5 | | 3 | | | | | 6 | | 6 | |
| Florida Atlantic | | 5 | | 3 | | | | | 5 | | 7 | |
| Louisiana–Lafayette | | 4 | | 4 | | | | | 6 | | 6 | |
| Arkansas State | | 3 | | 5 | | | | | 4 | | 8 | |
| FIU | | 3 | | 5 | | | | | 3 | | 9 | |
| North Texas | | 1 | | 7 | | | | | 2 | | 10 | |
| Western Kentucky | | 0 | | 8 | | | | | 0 | | 12 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $ Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The **2009 Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football team** represented University of Louisiana at Monroe as a member of the Sun Belt Conference during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Led by Charlie Weatherbie in his seventh and final season as head coach, the Warhawks compiled an overall record of 6–6 with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the Sun Belt. Louisiana–Monroe was bowl eligible, but was not invited to a bowl game. The team played home games at Malone Stadium in Monroe, Louisiana.
Weatherbie was fired at the end of the season. He compiled an overall record of 31–51 in seven seasons as head coach for the Warhawks.
## Schedule
| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 5 | 6:00 pm | at No. 2 Texas* | | FSN | L 20–59 | 101,096 | |
| September 12 | 6:00 pm | Texas Southern* | | | W 58–0 | 9,330 | |
| September 19 | 9:00 pm | at Arizona State* | | | L 14–38 | 43,780 | |
| September 26 | 3:00 pm | at Florida Atlantic | | | W 27–25 | 14,429 | |
| October 3 | 2:30 pm | FIU | * Malone Stadium * Monroe, LA | Sun Belt Network | W 48–35 | 17,610 | |
| October 13 | 7:00 pm | Arkansas State | * Malone Stadium * Monroe, LA | ESPN2 | W 16–10 | 14,378 | |
| October 24 | 6:00 pm | at Kentucky* | | | L 13–36 | 68,203 | |
| October 31 | 6:00 pm | at Troy | | | L 21–42 | 17,106 | |
| November 7 | 3:00 pm | at North Texas | | | W 33–6 | 12,167 | |
| November 14 | 3:00 pm | Western Kentucky | * Malone Stadium * Monroe, LA | | W 21–18 | 16,229 | |
| November 21 | 6:00 pm | at Louisiana–Lafayette | | | L 17–21 | 8,689 | |
| November 28 | 3:30 pm | Middle Tennessee | * Malone Stadium * Monroe, LA | | L 19–38 | 11,896 | |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | | |
## InfoBox
| 2009 Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
| Conference | Sun Belt Conference |
| Record | 6–6 (5–3 Sun Belt) |
| Head coach | |
| Co-offensive coordinator | Jonas Weatherbie (1st season) |
| Co-offensive coordinator | Vance Vice (1st season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Troy Reffett (1st season) |
| Home stadium | Malone Stadium |
| |
# Question
Title: macOS Catalina blueoothd high CPU IOBluetoothBroadcomSchedulerWorkaround issue
I've already spent many hours with this and I wasn't able to come up with a solution. Since 10.14.x (I don't remember exactly, currently on 10.15.2) I am have been having this issue (and console flooded with the following message and bluetoothd causes CPU usage of 40-120 %, too) :
```
bluetoothd EVENT: ModeChange
bluetoothd == IOBluetoothBroadcomSchedulerWorkaround start
bluetoothd USBProductID 0x7B USBVendorID 0x5AC
bluetoothd schedularWorkaroundActive? 0
bluetoothd active? 0
bluetoothd == IOBluetoothBroadcomSchedulerWorkaround end
bluetoothd EVENT: ModeChange
bluetoothd Apple HID device count: 0
bluetoothd updateAppleHIDConnectionIntervals - connectedAppleDevices 0
bluetoothd updateAppleHIDConnectionIntervals - twoSniffAttemptDeviceCount 0
bluetoothd updateAppleHIDConnectionIntervals - connectedSCODeviceCount 0
bluetoothd Dont enable MSS for this device Microsoft Sculpt Comfort Mouse
bluetoothd == IOBluetoothBroadcomSchedulerWorkaround end
```
Happens with a Microsoft Sculpt Comfort Mouse and two different (Logitech) mouses, too. Any ideas what I could try? I've already tried deleting plists, NVRAM, reseting SMC, booting into Safe Mode, reseting BT setting in macOS… Thanks!
More details: Machine specs are: MBP 13" 2018 (2.3/16/512). Apart from this, bluetooth connection drops randomly and the issue occurs both with Wi-Fi on and off and the USB-C dock connnected and disconnected.
# Answer
I've found a workaround: I've figured out MSS probably means Master-Slave-Switch. That didn't suffice to fix the issue. But disabling sniff mode resolves the issue. It seems that some energy management code doesn't work properly.
The cause of the issue traced down: Apple has a bug within BT3.0 Stack. This issue is not happening with anything BT4.0+.
> 10 votes
# Answer
This is fixed in 10.15.6 beta 3, and for now, this is my workaround - force killing the process in activity monitor.
"Activity Monitor" into Spotlight -\> CPU -\> find `bluetoothd` -\> Force Quit.
Apart from the obvious CPU usage drop, you can also confirm this worked via the console with `bluetoothd` (no extra params) and see how the log has drastically quieted down.
> 4 votes
# Answer
My answer: The only solution (besides the workaround with bluetooth explorer) I have found so far is switching to a bluetooth device which uses BT 4.0 or above.
And here some background findings:
* MS Sculpt Comfort Mouse and other BT 3.x devices are affected by this macOS bug
* MS Surface Mobile Mouse (BT 4.x) and probably other BT 4.x/5.x hardware is not affected
* the problem disappeared on my M1 Mac Mini during Big Sur 11.0 and 11.1, but as soon as Apple "fixed" its Bluetooth issues with 11.2, the problem reappeared.
> 3 votes
# Answer
I'm sorry to say that 10.15.6 does not solve the CPU issue (at least for me), though the logs seem to have quietened down.
While we wait for this to be resolved properly, I've actually automated turning off "Sniff Mode" via Bluetooth Explorer using Keyboard Maestro. Download this file and save it as "Fix Bluetooth Mouse.kmmacros".
When you've installed it into Keyboard Maestro, simply press Control+Shift+1 every time you hear your Mac's fan go into overdrive (which happens when the CPU spikes due to this bug).
Note you'll need to install Bluetooth Explorer first.
> 2 votes
# Answer
In case someone is still facing this issue, I was able to solve this issue on my macOS Mojave 10.14.6 with tips from this answer
It seems that when you upgrade the operating system (maybe also when just installing updates):
> bluetooth settings are backed up and are read by the system
Indeed this seemed to be the case on my system.
### Symptoms
It is likely that both processes `bluetoothd` and `cfdprefd` are consuming extreme CPU processing power (\>\>1%). Please confirm before and after trying the solution below.
In my case my fan was always running almost at full power and CPU getting to 100ºC. Now I am writing this with CPU at 50ºC while using a Magic Mouse, Magic Keyboard and a bluetooth headset.
### Step-by-step solution
1. If possible, turn off bluetooth on the mac and all the bluetooth devices previously connected to this mac (that are in the detection range of the mac)
2. Open a Finder window
3. Hit `cmd`+`shift`+`g`
4. Paste `/Library/Preferences/` and hit `enter`
5. Hit `cmd`+`f` and paste `com.apple.Bluetooth`
6. **Carefully** select all the files whose names **start** with `com.apple.Bluetooth` and **contain** `.plist` (likely at the end or before some random characters)
7. Move the files to Trush (`cmd`+`backspace`)
8. Repeat steps 2-7 replacing `/Library/Preferences/` with `~/Library/Preferences/` in step 3
9. Back up all your work, close all apps, and shut down your mac
10. Reset the PRAM, following the official instructions (Just hold `cmd`+`alt`+`p`+`r` right after pressing the power button and **hold** these keys until the mac restarts twice, i.e. you hear booting sound twice or see the logo twice).
11. After booting up open *Preferences* --\> *Bluetooth* and remove all the devices that might still show up in there.
12. Restart the mac
13. After restart try to pair your bluetooth devices again. Things now should just work as expected.
14. Be kind to someone today :)
> 2 votes
---
Tags: macos, bluetooth, catalina
--- |
How Many Races Did God Create?
Creation Basics
by on ; last featured February 15, 2015
Also available in Español and Português
Some people think the Bible justifies their racist attitudes. Yet when we examine what the Bible says about the origin of different people groups, we find a different story.
It’s easy to see that people come in all shapes and sizes. Some are short, some are tall, some have red hair, some have brown hair, some have big noses . . . well, you get the idea. It’s an amazing variety of people.
Despite this variety, we tend to group people according to one or more physical features they share in common. These groups are often called “races,” and the features that define them, “racial characteristics.”
Many people treat others differently, depending on these supposed racial characteristics. They believe those differences are more than just skin deep and have implications for their value as human beings, and even their place on the “evolutionary ladder.” Is that justifiable? How many “races” of people are there? How did they come to be, and do these differences justify prejudice?
A Biblical Basis
God’s Word settles this issue. There is only one race of people. This is clear from the history found in Genesis.
In the beginning God created the first man, Adam. Then He created the first woman, Eve, from the man’s side. Adam and Eve were our original parents, made in the image of God. All humans can be traced back to these two people. This is made abundantly clear in Genesis 3:20, where Adam said that Eve “was the mother of all living.”
So, if we are all descendants of Adam and Eve, we should all look pretty much the same, right? How can we explain all the differences in people?
The Tower of Babel
Genesis 11 describes a time when humans rebelled against God by settling at Babel and refusing to spread out in the world. Because of this, God confused their language, and groups of people separated and moved away from one another.
As a consequence of Babel, the people groups became genetically isolated.
As a consequence of Babel, the people groups could not easily mix. They became genetically isolated, meaning that they married and had offspring primarily within their particular group. As the years passed, each group developed its own culture and ways of doing things. Genetically isolated, certain physical traits became more prominent in each group. These ethnic characteristics are wrongly considered racial characteristics; but there really is only one race, the human race. All of these people were simply people.
Skin Color
Let’s use skin color to illustrate the process.
The pigment primarily responsible for everyone’s skin color is melanin. Ultimately, everyone has the same skin color—we just have varying skin tones. The two forms of melanin are eumelanin (brown to black) and pheomelanin (red to yellow). Their proportion determines skin tone.
So what would cause some people to have very dark skin while others’ skin is lighter? Where they live makes a difference. For example, darker skin on people living in regions near the equator protects them from intense sunlight, reducing their risk of skin cancer. People in higher latitudes where there is less intense sunlight need lighter skin to produce vitamin D efficiently. In each case those who had the characteristics conducive to living in the region stayed and reproduced. Those who didn’t either moved on or died out.
Over many generations, these favorable characteristics would be carried forward in the gene pool, and the less favorable characteristics would tend to fall away. Thus, genetic variability in isolated populations gradually decreases. So today people with very dark skin usually have children with dark skin and people with very light skin usually have light-skinned children.
However, people with “middle brown” skin often have children with a much wider range of skin tones. Why? Because these “middle brown” people groups still have significant genetic variability with regard to skin tone.
Based on our understanding of the inheritance of skin tone, we strongly suspect Adam and Eve were middle brown. This would give the widest range of skin tones in their offspring, from very light to very dark.
Genetic Variation
Racial Characteristics
Beyond skin tone, other characteristics are used to distinguish one group of people from another. These include straight versus curly hair, thickness of lips, and the shape of eyelids. These features would have developed or become more prominent in various isolated people groups over the generations.
Regrettably, instead of giving glory to God for the differences between us, we fallen human beings use these features as an excuse to judge our fellow man. Why?
Evolution and Race
The problem is that most people, including many Christians, do not base their worldview and values on the Bible. Instead, they ignore God’s truth and adopt man’s ideas and values. This is always dangerous, but it may be most destructive in the area of human origins and its implications for social behavior.
The most prominent view of origins today is called evolution. According to the evolutionary worldview, humans evolved from an apelike ancestor over millions of years. Unfortunately, many have used this philosophy to teach that different people groups evolved at different rates. This allowed them to consider some people groups “less evolved” than others, some “races” closer to apes than others (always putting their own “race” at the top of the scale, of course).
While evolutionary thinking certainly intensifies racist attitudes, evolution is not the cause of racism. The cause of racism is sin. Man’s inhumanity towards his fellow man has existed since the Fall. The very first sin recorded after Adam took the forbidden fruit is Cain’s murder of his brother Abel; and a few verses later in the same chapter, Lamech actually brags about killing a man.
However, evolution has been used as a justification for racism. The late Harvard professor Stephen Jay Gould said, “Biological arguments for racism may have been common before 1859 [the year Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published], but they increased by orders of magnitude following the acceptance of evolutionary theory.”
Modern Genetics
Evolutionary ideas about the races, taught for many decades, are now so ingrained in some people’s thinking that it is nigh impossible to correct their misperceptions. But in truth all humans are fully human. No group of people is less evolved than another. In fact, the genetic difference between any two people is only about one-tenth of one percent, trivial at best. Interestingly, genetic variation among people within a particular ethnic group is often greater than between members of different ethnic groups!
Scientists involved with mapping the human genome have declared that there is only one race—the human race. Some have even said that the term race is meaningless.
One Blood
God’s Word is clear. There is only one race.
We can rightly talk about people groups, but only with the understanding that these groups represent what the Bible refers to as “tribes” or “nations.” People do have ethnic and cultural heritages that can be honored and celebrated.
But we are all one blood. Even in the midst of our differences, we are all the same.
The Consequences
The idea of races calls us to ask a serious question: if there are different races, then which race did Christ die for? The answer has eternal consequences.
All human beings are related. We all can trace our ancestry back to the first man, Adam. As descendants of Adam, we are all sinners. As sinners, we are in need of a Savior (Romans 5:12).
Jesus Christ, the Last Adam, was born as a man, as a descendant of Adam (1 Corinthians 15:45). Because of this birth, He was able to serve as our Redeemer. He was crucified, died, and rose again. He overcame death, and those who put their faith and trust in Him need not fear death, for they inherit eternal life. “For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive” (1 Corinthians 15:22).
Dr. Tommy Mitchell, a fellow of the American College of Physicians, earned his MD from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and practiced medicine for over 20 years. He is now a speaker for Answers in Genesis–USA.
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Blog 12 Post-Impact Symptoms Of Head Trauma To Watch Out For
12 Post-Impact Symptoms Of Head Trauma To Watch Out For
Head trauma occurs when a person’s skull, brain, or scalp is injured. Car accidents, domestic violence, and falls are common reasons for head trauma in adults and children. Some forms are considered mild, in which symptoms typically go away a few days or weeks. Others may feel perfectly fine afterward, but are in a state called a lucid interval. This temporary improvement is often critical as it can result in worsening conditions.
If this happens to you or someone you know, it’s best to know which signs to look out for to ensure they receive timely medical assistance. Post-impact symptoms can indicate more severe complications. Immediate attention or therapies can help manage resulting health conditions, and may even be the key to saving a person’s life.
Watch Out For Post-Impact Symptoms
There are instances when a head injury heals on its own in as little as seven to ten days. Some may persist over a few months. However, there are also chances that it can worsen over time.
If you’re experiencing a combination of persistent symptoms that extend beyond three months, chances are your head injury is more severe than you think. Aside from seeking immediate medical attention, you may also need to consult personal injury attorneys if these post-impact symptoms occur due to the negligence of another person or entity.
Here are some of the things you’ll need to keep an eye on after head trauma, which can occur in combination with other symptoms and requires a visit to your doctor:
1. Recurrent Headaches
1. Recurrent Headaches
Headaches usually occur seven days after the injury. You may feel it as tension-like pain akin to migraine that can last from 3 months up to one year or longer.
If you frequently have headaches after being hit on the head by force or with an object, you can ask the doctor for some pain relievers to manage the pain. They may also order some tests to determine the extent of your head trauma.
2. Dizziness
You may also experience a floating sensation or lightheadedness, along with your headaches. These two can indicate a more severe condition, and confirmatory tests, such as CT scans or X-rays, can determine the appropriate treatment.
3. Frequent Vomiting
Vomiting is a common side effect of head injury and usually subsides over time. However, frequent vomiting can indicate a worsening condition. It can cause symptoms of an imbalance in the inner ear, a skull fracture, or a blood clot in the brain when it occurs together with a severe migraine. If you can’t eat or drink anything without throwing up, you should go to the hospital immediately.
4. Fatigue
4. Fatigue
A lingering feeling of exhaustion is also a warning sign. You may lack the energy to do things and even feel disinterested. Apart from physical fatigue, you can also find it difficult to concentrate and often have difficulty remembering things.
You may also feel more fatigued when you experience the previous symptoms, if you’re feeling depressed, or if you take medications, such as muscle relaxers or pain relievers.
5. Disturbed Sleeping Patterns
People who suffer from a traumatic brain injury can also have sleep problems. Depending on the part of the brain that’s injured, you can experience sleep disorders, such as insomnia, extreme drowsiness, or mixed-up sleep patterns. You can have trouble sleeping during the night and doze off during the day.
You may also feel a sudden urge to move your legs when lying down or find it hard to control your limbs. Your partner may even notice teeth grinding or brief pauses in your breathing while you’re asleep.
6. Drastic Changes In Behavior
6. Drastic Changes In Behavior
Apart from altered sleeping habits, people around you may notice changes in your behavior. Your moods and emotions can change after the head injury. Others will see you get frustrated quickly, become irritable more than usual, or even show signs of depression.
These changes often occur due to damage in the brain’s areas that control emotions and impulses and may require therapy aside from medication.
7. Unequal Pupil Size
Pupils are the black circles in the eyes, and under normal circumstances, they’re equal in size. But, when you suffer from head trauma, there’s a tendency for one pupil to become noticeably more prominent than the other.
Also known as anisocoria, unequal pupil size after a head injury requires a doctor’s thorough evaluation. They can check for other eye problems and ask if you experience headache, fever, nausea, or stiff neck as these conditions can indicate bleeding in the skull or brain damage.
8. Difficulty Speaking
Slurred speech is also another indication of a severe head injury. You may have trouble saying words or utter them slower than others. Others may notice a flat, monotonous tone or breathiness as you struggle to express your thoughts.
The good thing about slurred speech after head trauma is that it doesn’t worsen over time. Speech therapy may help you regain your ability to communicate.
9. Seizures Or Convulsions
Seizures can occur during the first few days of head trauma and can recur in the future. Late post-traumatic seizures can happen after a week, while repeated bouts can turn into epilepsy. Attacks can cause violent and involuntary body movements, and can even result in memory loss or unconsciousness.
10. Fluid Draining From Ears Or Nose
Another sign to watch out for is when clear fluid runs down your ears or nose. This fluid is known as cerebrospinal fluid, which keeps the brain float inside the skull. It cushions the brain from strong impacts but may leak out when there’s a tear or hole in the brain’s connective tissues. The fluid then makes it’s way out through the ear or the nose as a clear discharge.
11. Persistent Ringing In The Ears
Ringing in the ears can be caused by an imbalance in the ear, or it could also be a symptom of fluid leaking from the brain. Unfortunately, the constant ringing after head trauma may not quickly go away, and you’d need to consult an ear doctor.
13. Numbness In Arms And Legs
Aside from having difficulty walking or getting up, you may also feel numbness in your limbs. This can start as a burning or prickling sensation until you no longer feel anything. Numbness can last from a few days to a few months, but some don’t regain their sense of touch.
Doctors will perform MRIs or CT scans to determine which parts of the brain are affected. They may also conduct other tests to check if the numbness is caused by nerve or brain damage.
Accidents, violence, or sports can cause damage to the skull and brain. While some symptoms quickly manifest several days after the injury, it’s essential to know which ones are common and which ones are more alarming. Depending on the severity of your injury, you may experience any of the symptoms mentioned above. Whenever you experience a combination of symptoms, it’s best to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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# 1 (a) Intraband and interband B(E2) transition rates in the Z(5) model [], normalized to the B(E2;2_{1,0}→0_{1,0}) rate. Bands are labelled by (𝑠,𝑛_𝑤), their levels being normalized to 2_{1,0}. The (2,0) band is shown both at the left and at the right end of the figure for drawing purposes. (b) Same for the Z(4) model [].
Analytical special solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian
Dennis Bonatsos, D. Lenis, D. Petrellis
Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
P. A. Terziev
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigrad Road, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
I. Yigitoglu
Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education, Istanbul University, TR-34470 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
The following special solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian are briefly described: 1) Z(5) (approximately separable solution in five dimensions with $`\gamma 30^\mathrm{o}`$), 2) Z(4) (exactly separable $`\gamma `$-rigid solution in four dimensions with $`\gamma =30^\mathrm{o}`$), 3) X(3) (exactly separable $`\gamma `$-rigid solution in three dimensions with $`\gamma =0`$). The analytical solutions obtained using Davidson potentials in the E(5), X(5), Z(5), and Z(4) frameworks are also mentioned.
Critical point symmetries , describing nuclei at points of shape phase transitions between different limiting symmetries, have recently attracted considerable attention, since they lead to parameter independent (up to overall scale factors) predictions which are found to be in good agreement with experiment . The E(5) critical point symmetry is supposed to correspond to the transition from vibrational \[U(5)\] to $`\gamma `$-unstable \[O(6)\] nuclei, while the X(5) critical point symmetry is assumed to describe the transition from vibrational \[U(5)\] to prolate axially symmetric \[SU(3)\] nuclei. Both symmetries are obtained as special solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian . In the E(5) case the potential is supposed to depend only on the collective variable $`\beta `$ and not on $`\gamma `$. Then exact separation of variables is achieved and the equation containing $`\beta `$ can be solved exactly for an infinite square well potential in $`\beta `$, the eigenfunctions being Bessel functions of the first kind, while the equation containing the angles has been solved a long time ago by Bès . In the X(5) case the potential is supposed to be of the form $`u(\beta )+u(\gamma )`$. Then approximate separation of variables is achieved in the special case of $`\gamma 0`$, the $`\beta `$-equation with an infinite square well potential leading to Bessel eigenfunctions, while the $`\gamma `$-equation with a harmonic oscillator potential having a minimum at $`\gamma =0`$ leads to a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator with Laguerre eigenfunctions . In both cases the full five variables of the Bohr Hamiltonian (the collective variables $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, as well as the three Euler angles) are involved. The algebraic structure of E(5) is clear, since the Hamiltonian is the second order Casimir operator of E(5), which corresponds to the square of the momentum operator in five dimensions (see and references therein), while an SO(5) subalgebra (generated by the angular momentum operators in five dimensions) exists. The algebraic structure of X(5) (if any, since X(5) is an approximate and not an exact solution) has not been identified yet.
It is of interest to identify additional special cases leading to analytical solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian, and to examine their relation to critical behaviour of nuclei.
It has been known for a long time that the Bohr equation gets simplified in the special case of $`\gamma =30^\mathrm{o}`$ , since two of the principal moments of inertia become equal in this case, guaranteeeing the existence of a good quantum number (the projection $`\alpha `$ of angular momentum on the body-fixed $`x`$ axis), although the nucleus possesses a triaxial shape. In other words, the Hamiltonian possesses a symmetry, while the shape of the nucleus does not. By allowing the potential to be of the form $`u(\beta )+u(\gamma )`$, and by permitting $`\gamma `$ to vary only around $`\gamma 30^\mathrm{o}`$, approximate separation of variables is achieved , similar in spirit to the X(5) solution. The $`\beta `$-equation with an infinite square well potential leads then to Bessel eigenfunctions, while the $`\gamma `$-equation with a harmonic oscillator potential having a minimum at $`\gamma =30^\mathrm{o}`$ takes the form of a simple harmonic oscillator equation. The full five variables of the Bohr Hamiltonian are involved in this case, while the algebraic structure (if any, since the solution is approximate) is yet unknown. This solution has been called Z(5) . The relevant level scheme is shown in Fig. 1(a).
Separation of variables becomes exact by “freezing” the $`\gamma `$ variable to the special value of $`\gamma =30^\mathrm{o}`$, in the spirit of the Davydov and Chaban approach. Then the $`\beta `$-equation with an infinite square well potential leads to Bessel eigenfunctions , while the equation involving the Euler angles and the parameter $`\gamma `$ (which is not a variable any more) leads to the solution obtained by Meyer-ter-Vehn . The projection $`\alpha `$ of angular momentum on the body-fixed $`x`$ axis is a good quantum number also in this case. Only four variables ($`\beta `$ and the three Euler angles) are involved, while the full algebraic structure is yet unknown. It has been remarked , however, that the ground state band of this model coincides with the ground state band of E(4), the euclidean algebra in four dimensions. This solution has been labelled as Z(4) . The relevant level scheme is shown in Fig. 1(b), while in Fig. 2(a) the great similarity of the ground state band and the $`\beta _1`$-band of the Z(4) model to the corresponding bands of E(5) is demonstrated. The main difference between the two models occurs in the $`\gamma _1`$ band, as seen in Fig. 2(b). Experimental examples of Z(4) seem to appear in <sup>128-132</sup>Xe, as shown in Fig. 3, while experimental manifestations of Z(5) seem to appear in <sup>192-196</sup>Pt, as shown in Fig. 4.
The question arises then of what happens in the case one “freezes” the $`\gamma `$ variable to the value $`\gamma =0`$, which corresponds to axially symmetric prolate shapes, for which the projection $`K`$ of angular momentum on the body-fixed $`z`$-axis is a good quantum number. It turns out that only three degrees of freedom are relevant in this case, since the nucleus is axially symmetric, so that two angles suffice for describing its direction in space, while the variable $`\beta `$ describes its shape. Separation of variables becomes exact , the $`\beta `$ equation with an infinite square well potential leading to Bessel eigenfunctions, while the equation involving the angles leads to the simple spherical harmonics. The algebraic structure of this model is yet unknown. This solution has been called X(3) . The level scheme is shown in Fig. 5 and Table 1. Experimental examples of X(3) seem to occur in <sup>172</sup>Os and <sup>186</sup>Pt, as seen in Fig. 6, in which also X(5) is compared to experimental data for the N=90 isotones <sup>150</sup>Nd , <sup>152</sup>Sm , <sup>154</sup>Gd , and <sup>156</sup>Dy , which are known to be very good examples of the X(5) critical point symmetry . A curious coincidence of the $`\beta _1`$-bands of these nuclei with the X(3) predictions occurs.
It should be remarked that in all of the above mentioned cases the Bessel eigenfunctions obtained are of the form $`J_\nu (k\beta )`$, with $`\nu `$ being of the form
$$\nu =\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }+\left(\frac{n2}{2}\right)^2},$$
(1)
where $`n`$ is the number of dimensions entering in the problem, while $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=L(L+1)/3`$ in the cases of X(3) and X(5) , $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=[L(L+4)+3n_w(2Ln_w)]/4`$ in the cases of Z(4) and Z(5) , with $`n_w=L\alpha `$ being the wobbling quantum number , and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\tau (\tau +3)`$ in the case of E(5), with $`\tau `$ being the seniority quantum number characterizing the irreducible representations of the SO(5) subalgebra of E(5) . In the corresponding ground state bands one has $`n_w=0`$ and $`\tau =L/2`$.
One should also notice that in all of the above cases the spectrum is determined by the boundary condition that the eigenfunctions have to vanish at the boundaries of the infinite square well potential. As a result, in addition to the other relevant quantum numbers, the energy levels are characterized by $`s`$, the order of the corresponding root of the relevant Bessel function.
It should also be mentioned that all the $`\beta `$-equations mentioned above are also soluble if the infinite square well potential is substituted by a Davidson potential of the form $`u(\beta )=\beta ^2+\beta _0^4/\beta ^2`$, where $`\beta _0`$ is the minimum of the potential, the eigenfunctions being Laguerre polynomials instead of Bessel functions in this case. A variational procedure has been developed , in which the first derivative of various collective quantities is maximized with respect to the parameter $`\beta _0`$, leading to the E(5), X(5), Z(5), and Z(4) results in the corresponding cases, an example being shown in Fig. 7(a). The solutions corresponding to the Davidson potentials lead to monoparametric curves connecting various collective quantities, an example being shown in Fig. 7(b), where agreement with experimental data is very good.
Concerning future work, the clarification of the algebraic structure of the exactly soluble models X(3) and Z(4), as a prelude for the understanding of the algebraic structure of the approximate solutions X(5) and Z(5), is a challenging problem. The construction of analytical models including the octupole degree of freedom and/or the dipole degree of freedom is also receiving attention.
One of the authors (IY) is thankful to the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) for support under project number 04K120100-4. |
The keto diet has been all over the news lately.
But what is it, exactly?
And what are the benefits?
In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the keto diet, what it is, and what the benefits are.
We’ll also discuss how to get started on the keto diet, and some of the foods you can eat while on the diet.
What Is the Keto Diet?
The keto diet is a low-carb, high-fat diet that trains the body to burn fat for energy instead of carbs. When you eat a keto diet, you restrict your intake of carbohydrates to just 5-10% of your daily calories. This limits the body’s ability to produce glucose, which is the main source of energy for most cells in the body.
How A Ketogenic Diet Works
To understand how a person can fire up their metabolism and burn fat better when they’re in fat stored ketosis, imagine your body as a car. The way that you break down the fuel is to use glucose. Glucose is the gasoline your body uses for energy. So when you don’t have enough carbohydrates, as is the case when going on a keto diet, you’re equivalent to a car that doesn’t have enough gasoline–you’re going to learn how your body doesn’t plan to run just fine but nevertheless it’s masters running by
On a popular diet called the ketogenic diet, carbohydrate intake is severely limited or eliminated. Under this dietary condition the body generates ketones that serve as fuel. The process of becoming ketonepus can last for days or weeks, and reaching ketosis requires discipline. Controlling carbohydrate intake can be challenging. Feeding a depleted diet makes the body develop ketones that eventually could become a way of fueling instead glucose, as long as carbohydrate intake is controlled.
That makes the ketogenic diet seriously strict. Maintaining this diet requires:
– Focusing on becoming ready for ketosis.
– Limiting protein intake
– Focusing on maintaining a low-carb diet
– Testing whether you’re in ketosis. You don’t have to do this, but you can measure the levels of ketones that your body produces with different types of body fluids. Another option is to test for ketones with urine or fluids through breath tests. Dieters who practice Ketosis say that this lifestyle is ideal for weight loss and other benefits.
Benefits of the Keto Diet
People who try a diet high in fat, like the Keto diet, can achieve weight loss without much effort in the short term. They find that it takes longer to gain back the weight than to lose body fat. Also, Keto diets have shown that they can improve blood sugar levels for those with
While other foods are good, this one food reduces insulin levels. Especially when you eat foods high in carbohydrates, your blood sugar is raised. Insulin acts as a controlling mechanism that lower the blood sugar level. However, when insulin is inflated which occurred when you have a lot of carbohydrates, you are met with certain results.
Keto diets help balance other hormones besides insulin. One hormone that is impacted by a keto diet is leptin, which is a hormone that tells the brain to stop eating. Another is ghrelin, which causes the brain to stimulate appetite. If a keto diet influences the levels of these and other hormones, you are less likely to have hunger and cravings.
– Lower inflammation levels. Cholesterol has long been associated with cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. The high levels of moderate and high saturated fats, high cholesterol, and excess calories are perilous for optimum health. On a keto diet, your intake of saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol is limited, and you also increase the quantity of dietary carbs. These and other benefits of ketosis improve blood health, ultimately reducing your risk of incurring cardiovascular or other types of chronic diseases.
Breaking Down the Keto Diet
Carbohydrates, which include non-starchy vegetables and fats, comprise almost twenty percent of calories. The keto diet excludes foods like starch and proteins. The rest of the diet is ten percent of proteins, twenty percent of fats.
The ketogenic diet is a recipe that makes you lose weight by restricting carbohydrates in the hope of getting healthy again. Therefore, as an alternative, people lose weight when eating foods low in carbohydrates. They also limit the amount of protein and overuse fat. The ketogenic diet generally relies on fat and consumes protein sparingly. However, the ketogenic diet is often challenged by many food scientists, who do not take the role of low-carbohydrate diets diets according to guidelines.
A Keto Diet May Be Harmful for Certain People
The review highlights key findings. Among them: for a woman who is pregnant or trying to conceive, a low-carb diet may pose a higher risk of neural tube defects in children. In addition to having excessively high levels of testosterone and reduced levels of estrogen, the consequences of a ketogenic diet include decreased presence of a number of vitamins and antioxidants. There is also high instance of deficient xml:base element in responseXML. So there is a practical advice for husbands and law enforcement while they fight crime, drugs and stem cell donors. The DNA repair enzyme, PARP,
Although we don’t fully understand the damaging effects of the ketogenic diet, one thing is for sure: Keto diets are very tough on kidneys, let alone people heading for a nasty kidney disease. They contribute to the formation of kidney stones along with Protein and (at least for females) can also be tougher on the liver, even metabolizing drugs like ACE inhibitors. Both the liver and the kidneys are organs which we should do so by all means seek to avoid, as they perform critical functions; neither can shrug off the resource demands of ketosis.
Researchers think that being on the keto diet can help people lose weight and reduce their seizures when other diets fail. The ketogenic diet, a diet that’s rich in fats that cause the body to burn ketones in the liver (instead of glucose, the body’s main source of energy), has long been used as treatment for drug resistant epilepsy. It’s not surprising that such diets may work to treat epilepsy. However, it is likely that the keto diet either has no, or limited efficacy in people who do not have seizures.
Furthermore, the ketogenic diet is a high-fat diet, so it can be difficult to sustain for those who have a genetic condition that is associated with low-fat diets. People who are on very low-carb diets also find it difficult to stick to a keto diet because of the high-fat content of meat. Studies indicate that the ketogenic diet is effective for children with epilepsy since children who have been on a ketogenic diet for at least a year have reduced seizure frequency. However, the ketogenic diet has no proven effect on the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
The Bottom Line
One of these diets could be worth giving a shot. It will affect your cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar. It can boost your weight loss and lower your triglycerides. |
# Hirsch Mendel Pineles
**Hirsch Mendel Pineles** (Dec 21. 1805-Aug 6. 1870) was a Ukrainian-Jewish scholar from the town of Tysmenytsia.
## Biography
Hirsch Mendel Pineles was born on Dec 21. 1805 in the Galician town of Tysmenytsia. He studied rabbinics there until the age of fifteen, after which he left the town. He then moved and settled in Brody, where he studied various secular sciences and joined the Maskilim. He married there and had a son, Samuel Pineles. On account of his study of secular sciences, the mostly Hasidic Jewish community in Brody accused him of heresy. In 1853 he then moved to Odessa, then in 1855 he moved to Galați, where he lived until his death in 1870.
## Writings
Mendel Pineles wrote several treatises on astronomy in various Jewish periodicals and newspapers. One of his most well-known is the "*Darkah Shel Torah*", a critical interpretation of various passages of the Talmud
## InfoBox
| Hirsch Mendel Pineles | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dec 21, 1805<br>Galician town of Tysmenytsia |
| Died | Aug 6, 1870 |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Known for | Jewish scholar from Tysmenytsia | |
Smartphoning it in
Harvard Health Letter
New applications are turning cell phones into medical devices.
If you have an iPhone or Android, you no doubt appreciate why they're called smartphones. The pocket-sized devices, while nominally telephones, are also powerful computers with operating systems capable of running hundreds of thousands of software programs called applications, or "apps."
Most of the apps are designed to keep you entertained, but many have a practical purpose, including helping you manage your health. While a lot of health and medical apps provide little more than an alternative to pen and paper for note taking, an increasing number are harnessing the phones' computing power, cameras, audio and video capabilities, motion sensors, and GPS systems to create new ways to help you manage your health.
The wild world of apps
Apps are a new frontier of medicine — a territory still largely uncharted, unregulated, and unstable. No one knows exactly how many apps there are, how well they perform, or whether they are worth their prices, which may vary from day to day.
That said, it's worth browsing through the health and medicine section of your phone's app store occasionally. You'll find all sorts of inexpensive apps to help you sleep better, quit smoking, abstain from alcohol, and relieve stress. Others might help you manage medical conditions from the common cold to cancer. And if you want to better understand your doctor, you can download medical texts and dictionaries.
If an app is free, you lose nothing by downloading it; you can always delete it. If it costs something, user reviews, which link to the product descriptions in your phone's app store, can help you decide whether to spend the money. Many app producers also offer free test runs.
The following are a few examples of the highest-rated and most widely used apps for common health problems. Some are free; none cost more than a one-time charge of $5.
Fitness and weight control
Tap & Track is an all-in-one app for diet and exercise. You enter what you eat, your physical activity, your actual weight, and your target weight. It computes your nutritional intake (calories, carbs, protein, saturated and unsaturated fats, and sodium) from a database of about 250,000 items found in restaurant chains, supermarkets, and even your backyard garden plot. It also offers a selection of 180 physical activities. Each time you enter a snack or plug in a workout, you'll receive a nutritional tally as well the number of calories you have left for the day. A food score — a proprietary measurement developed by Weight Watchers International, Inc. — is also given for dieters enrolled in that program. The $3.99 app can generate graphs and spreadsheets tracking your progress, which can be e-mailed to your computer.
Calorie Counter by FatSecret, a free app for Androids, gives the nutritional content of thousands of foods and allows you to enter your weight and exercise regimens. But it doesn't do the math for you or create charts or spreadsheets.
iTreadmill: Pedometer Ultra with PocketStep is available for iPhones for 99 cents. Although the name promises more than it delivers (it doesn't make the sidewalk move in reverse), it is a very good pedometer. It senses your motion as you walk and determines the length of your stride. Once you establish your pace, it can select a tune with a matching beat to keep you on track. It also estimates calories burned.
Walk It! and Pedometer-Widget, both pedometers for Androids, are similar to iTreadmill, but get lower user ratings for being less reliable.
Diabetes management
Glucose Buddy tracks glucose readings you enter four times a day, as well as food consumed, exercise, and medication. You can set alarms to remind you to take the glucose readings. The app also allows you to write notes to explain any unusual circumstances, such as high-carbohydrate meals. The data can be uploaded to for more detailed analysis. Glucose Buddy can be downloaded free to an iPhone.
Handylogs Sugar , also free, is available for all smartphones. It offers most of the same functions as Glucose Buddy, but its functions are executed on the Internet, so its accessibility may vary with the quality of your phone's Internet connection. Handylogs also has apps for blood pressure, fitness, and diet.
High blood pressure
HeartWise simplifies the task if your doctor has asked you to log your blood pressure at home. You enter your systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number) as well as your pulse and weight. The app will calculate your average arterial pressure and pulse pressure and generate graphs showing fluctuations in these values over time. It's available for the iPhone for 99 cents.
My Blood Pressure and Heart Rate , available free for Androids, is similar to HeartWise. You enter your systolic and diastolic pressures and heart rate as well as other information — including which arm was measured and whether you were standing, sitting, or lying down when your pressure was taken.
Sleep hygiene
Sleep Cycle Alarm Clock. If anything attests to a growing global sleep deficit, it's the overwhelming popularity of this quirky 99-cent iPhone app, a top seller in the G-8 countries. You place your phone on a corner of your mattress, secure it under a contour sheet, and allow it to "observe" you for a few nights. The app uses your phone's motion sensor to chart your sleep patterns. Within a week it supposedly knows you well enough to find the best moment (within a pre-set 30-minute period) to awaken you with your choice of tones or tunes. Most reviewers report that they are rarely jolted from a deep sleep and usually feel refreshed, although a few have dashed their phones to the floor during fitful episodes. Others have forgotten their phones were there and made them into the bed the next morning.
Smart Alarm Clock , which works much the same way, is being developed for Android and should be in Android Market in 2011.
Stress reduction
Several stress-reduction celebrities have jumped on the apps wagon. All of the following have garnered kudos from users and critics, and the choice depends largely on which "brand" appeals most to you.
Stress Free with Deepak Chopra offers a whole bag of relaxation tricks and exercises — meditation, yoga, journaling, and even e-mailing privileges with the master himself. It's available for the iPhone for $1.99. Or you can try Stress Free with Andrew Johnson for $2.99 for the iPhone, $1.99 for the Android. The UK hypnotherapist puts you under with good thoughts and a Scottish burr. This is not an app for midday meltdowns.
If you're really stressed, keep an eye out for iBreathe, developed by the Department of Defense's National Center for Telehealth and Technology. Designed for troops under the pressures of combat, it uses videos to coach you through deep-breathing exercises and can be used as an adjunct to professional therapy. You should be able to get it on your iPhone or Android early in 2011.
Rage Eraser is the app for you if you're mad as hell and can't take yourself any more. You may want to start by using the "Rant" feature to record your next tirade and listen to yourself after you cool down. The app can help you track the situations that trigger your anger and identify the distorted thoughts that feed it. There are male and female voices to talk you down from a tantrum in progress as well as techniques for transforming your anger into more productive emotions over time. It's $4.99 for iPhones only.
First aid
The cool heads we need to guide us in a health emergency are now available at a finger's touch: there are a slew of first aid apps. The highest rated and most comprehensive is Pocket First Aid & CPR from the American Heart Association for iPhone and Androids. It offers detailed instructions for assisting accident victims and people who have been taken ill, including video instructions for performing procedures like CPR or using a cardiac defibrillator. Although the app is easy to navigate, it's important to familiarize yourself with the content before you need it; some of the instructions are so lengthy and intricate that they may be hard to follow if you first try them during a crisis.
Hearing and vision assists
One of the best-kept secrets is that smartphones can function as hearing and vision aids. Moreover, they'll make you look more like a hipster than an oldster in the bargain.
You can turn your phone's camera into a magnifier by activating the zoom function. (If it doesn't have one, you can download a zoom-lens app.) When you pass your phone over the tiny type on a menu or medicine label, you'll find a readable version on the screen. If you have macular degeneration or low vision, the iPhone's "Accessibility" menu in "Settings" has two features that may help — a button to change the contrast from black-on-white to white-on-black and a "voice-over" function that can read aloud any text on the phone's screen, including words you type.
You'll need a $1.99 app, SoundAmpR, to turn your iPhone into a hearing aid. To use it, plug the phone's ear buds into the jack and adjust the controls that appear on the screen. The "tune" slider adjusts the volume in each ear; the "zoom" slider screens out background noise. Activate the recorder if you want to capture the conversation for replay.
Not for doctors only
Medical professionals were early iPhone app adopters, and there are hundreds of apps directed at them. (Expect Android apps to narrow the gap soon.) A few of them can be great aids for patients, too.
Quick Medical Terminology by Simple Tree can help you translate your clinicians on the spot, should they lapse into jargon. The 99-cent iPhone app displays hundreds of medical terms, acronyms, and abbreviations at a touch. Once your doctors realize you can communicate on their terms, they'll describe you as A&O++++ (alert and oriented in every respect).
According to its developer, more than a quarter of a million doctors have Epocrates apps on their phones. Epocrates is actually a network of medical-reference apps sold by subscription for upwards of $100. However, basic versions for iPhones and Androids are free and are more than adequate for most of us. Epocrates Rx has everything you need to know about almost any drug you take, from complete package information in legible type to interactions between drugs. Its pill identifier is especially helpful if you're trying to determine what the stray tablet on the kitchen counter is. Just dial in the pill's suspected name, or just its shape and color, and you'll get an image to match it to. The Epocrates BMI app not only calculates your body mass index but also your basic metabolic rate and daily calorie needs based on your height, weight, age and exercise level. It flags your disease risk and offers treatment guidelines if you are overweight or obese. You'll have to set up an account with Epocrates before you download any of their apps and dodge several "opportunities" to upgrade in the process.
If you want a nonstop diet of news from medical conferences and journals, the Medpage Today app will feed it to your iPhone or Android at no charge. Like the namesake Web site, the app gives you an array of news channels to choose from, including a general "Latest News," reports from medical specialties, product alerts (approvals and recalls from the FDA) and Washington Watch (coverage of national health policy). Since the app is aimed at health professionals, you may need to activate the medical terminology app for occasional help.
Apps come of age
In July 2010, the FDA signaled that apps should be taken seriously when it allowed the WellDoc DiabetesManager System to be marketed as a medical device. DiabetesManager came under FDA scrutiny because it differs from earlier apps in one important respect: it not only collects and analyzes data, but also offers users medical advice and coaching based on the results. The app passed muster because clinical trials demonstrated that patients who used it had greater reductions in blood sugar than those who didn't. It's slated to be available in the apps stores early in 2011, and apps for asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer will be on its heels.
And that's just the beginning. As phones and their apps become smarter and smarter, more clinicians are incorporating them into their practices. In a few years, filling a prescription may be just as likely to involve a session in the apps store as a trip to the pharmacy. |
# User fee
A **user fee** is a fee, tax, or impost payment paid to a facility owner or operator by a facility user as a necessary condition for using the facility.
People pay user fees for the use of many public services and facilities. At the federal level in the United States, there is a charge for walking to the top of the Statue of Liberty, to drive into many national parks, and to use particular services of the Library of Congress.
States may charge tolls for driving on highways or impose a fee on those who camp in state parks. Communities usually have entrance fees for public swimming pools and meters for parking on local streets as well as perhaps even parking spaces at public beaches, dump stickers and postage stamps. In the United States, the Highway Trust Fund is supported by per-gallon taxes on fuel, acting as a user fee where those who drive more (and thus use more fuel) pay proportionally more for transportation infrastructure. State fuel taxes have a similar user-fee model, including pilot programs that shift from a per-gallon fee to one based upon distance.
In international development, user fees refer to a system fee for basic health care, education, or other services implemented by a developing country to make up for the costs of these services.
The International Monetary Fund often recommends that nations start charging fees for these services in order to reduce their budget deficits. This position is more and more challenged by many people who claim that user fees hurt the poorest the most. Some even argue that they should be free at the point of use.
The alternative to funding facilities and services with user fees is to fund them with broad-based taxes on income, sales, or property. Unlike user fees, taxes are paid by a much larger percentage of the population, including those who don't necessarily use or benefit from a specific facility or service.
1. Coyle, David D.; Robinson, Ferrol O.; Zhao, Zhirong (Jerry); Munnich, Lee W. Jr.; Lari, Adeel Z. From Fuel Taxes to Mileage-Based User Fees: Rationale, Technology, and Transitional Issues (Report no. CTS 11-16). Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
2. Removing User Fees in the Health Sector in Low-Income Countries: A Multi-Country Review Bruno Meessen, David Hercot, Mathieu Noirhomme, Valery Ridde, Abdelmajid Tibouti, Abel Bicaba, Christine Kirunga Tashobya and Lucy Gilson / UNICEF, UNICEF Programme division working paper
3. Great leap forward on free healthcare Irin news
4. Gordon Brown: The next global cause: free education for all; The Independent |
# Bermondsey West (UK Parliament constituency)
**Bermondsey West** was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Bermondsey district of South London. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The constituency was created for the 1918 general election and abolished for the 1950 general election.
## Boundaries
The constituency, when it was created in 1918, comprised the wards numbered One, Two, Three and Four of the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey, in the County of London. This was the south-western part of the borough, and was similar in extent to the preceding Bermondsey Division of the parliamentary borough of Southwark.
It covered South Bermondsey ward and most of London Bridge & West Bermondsey ward, together with small sections of North Bermondsey, Chaucer and Old Kent Road wards, in the modern day London Borough of Southwark.
## Members of Parliament
| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1918 | Harold Glanville | Liberal |
| | 1922 | Alfred Salter | Labour |
| | 1923 | Roderick Kedward | Liberal |
| | 1924 | Alfred Salter | Labour |
| | 1945 | Richard Sargood | |
| 1950 | | *constituency abolished* | |
## Election results
### Election in the 1910s
General election 1918: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Liberal** | **Harold Glanville** | **4,260** | **40.6** | |
| | National Liberal | Charles Richard Scriven\* | 2,998 | 28.5 | |
| | Labour | Alfred Salter | 1,956 | 18.6 | |
| | NFDDSS | Harry Becker | 1,294 | 12.3 | |
| Majority | | | 1,262 | 12.1 | |
| Turnout | | | 23,100 | 45.5 | |
| | Liberal **win** (new seat) | | | | |
\*endorsed by Coalition Government
### Election in the 1920s
General election 1922: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Alfred Salter** | **7,550** | **44.6** | **+26.0** |
| | Liberal | Roderick Kedward | 5,225 | 30.9 | −9.7 |
| | National Liberal | Charles Richard Scriven | 2,814 | 16.6 | −11.9 |
| | Ind. Unionist | Charles Louis Nordon | 1,328 | 7.9 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 2,325 | 13.7 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 26,168 | 64.6 | +19.1 |
| | Labour **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | +17.9 | |
General election 1923: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Liberal** | **Roderick Kedward** | **9,186** | **52.5** | **+21.6** |
| | Labour | Alfred Salter | 8,298 | 47.5 | +2.9 |
| Majority | | | 888 | 5.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 26,456 | 66.1 | +1.5 |
| | Liberal **gain** from Labour | | Swing | +9.4 | |
General election 1924: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Alfred Salter** | **11,578** | **57.2** | **+9.7** |
| | Liberal | Roderick Kedward | 8,676 | 42.8 | −9.7 |
| Majority | | | 2,902 | 14.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 26,989 | 75.0 | +8.9 |
| | Labour **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | +9.7 | |
General election 1929: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Alfred Salter** | **13,231** | **60.2** | **+3.0** |
| | Liberal | Leonard Stein | 4,865 | 22.2 | −20.6 |
| | Unionist | Herbert Cecil Butcher | 3,852 | 17.6 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 8,366 | 38.0 | +23.6 |
| Turnout | | | 32,963 | 66.6 | −8.4 |
| | Labour **hold** | | Swing | +11.8 | |
### Election in the 1930s
General election 1931: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Alfred Salter** | **10,039** | **48.1** | **−12.1** |
| | Conservative | Norman Bower | 9,948 | 47.7 | +30.1 |
| | Communist | Wal Hannington | 873 | 4.2 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 91 | 0.4 | −37.6 |
| Turnout | | | 32,904 | 63.4 | −3.2 |
| | Labour **hold** | | Swing | -21.6 | |
General election 1935: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Alfred Salter** | **12,603** | **62.2** | **+14.1** |
| | National Liberal | Francis Rainault Abbott Glanville | 7,674 | 37.8 | −9.9 |
| Majority | | | 4,929 | 24.4 | +24.0 |
| Turnout | | | 30,803 | 65.8 | +2.4 |
| | Labour **hold** | | Swing | | |
* Glanville was a son of the former MP Harold Glanville. Conservative candidate Francis Howard Collier withdrew when Glanville gave an undertaking to support the National Government.
### Election in the 1940s
General election 1945: Bermondsey West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Labour** | **Richard Sargood** | **8,139** | **72.2** | **+10.0** |
| | National Liberal | W. Bernard Pemberton | 2,238 | 19.8 | −18.0 |
| | Liberal | Francis Howard Collier | 903 | 8.0 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 5,901 | 52.4 | +28.0 |
| Turnout | | | 17,004 | 66.3 | +0.5 |
| | Labour **hold** | | Swing | +14.0 | |
## InfoBox
| Bermondsey West | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| 19181950 | |
| Seats | one |
| Created from | Bermondsey and Rotherhithe |
| Replaced by | Bermondsey | |
Investing Implications of Trends in Household Wealth
Shifting Wealth
A new study released by the Russell Sage Foundation analyzes trends in household wealth over the last twenty years, with a focus on the years surrounding the ‘great recession’ of 2008. The study examines changes in household net worth for the median household, as well as for the 95th percentile of households by wealth (the richest 5%), the poorest 25% of households (the 25th percentile) and tiers in between.
Source: Russell Sage Foundation
The results, adjusted for inflation (values are shown in 2013 dollars), show that the median U.S. household remains substantially poorer in terms of total net worth than it was before the recession and is actually now poorer than it was in the mid 1980’s. What’s more, median household net worth has not recovered at all since the great recession. The same trends are evident even for the wealthiest quarter of households (the 75th percentile), although the gains in wealth by this tier of households in the 80’s, 90’s, and early 00’s were sufficiently great that the top quarter of households by wealth is more than 25% wealthier today than in the mid 80’s.
The most striking feature of this chart is the spread in wealth levels. While the median and 25th percentiles of households by wealth are substantially poorer today than they were twenty years ago, the wealthiest 10% (the 90th percentile) and the wealthiest 5%, in particular, are substantially richer today. The increasing spread between the percentiles through time is evidence of growing inequality. The study concludes that much of the divergence between wealthier and poorer households reflects the proportion of their wealth held in homes vs. stocks and bonds. Housing prices remain well below their previous peaks in 2007, while the equity markets have regained their previous levels. For poorer households, homes represents the vast majority of their net worth. This is not the case for wealthier households. The results of this study are consistent with other analysis—this is confirmation rather than being surprising. Nonetheless, each new set of results that are consistent adds weight.
Implications for Investors
The implications of the trends in the table above are substantial. If the median household is seeing declining or stagnant wealth levels—with more extreme declines for poorer households—this will ultimately reduce their capacity to buy and consume goods and services. Indeed, the Russell Sage study concludes that declining household wealth shows that poorer households, unable to support their current consumption with income, are gradually depleting their assets. At the other end of the spectrum, the wealthiest 10% of households has seen a substantial decline in net worth as well, even though this tier enjoyed huge gains in the past twenty years.
Aside from the fact that declining household wealth reduces the ability to spend, there is also the problem of the wealth effect. Households that have disposable income are less likely to spend it if they feel less wealthy and even the 95th percentile of households by wealth is less wealthy than it was just five years ago.
The simplest interpretation of these data are that mid-market retail products and retailers are going to suffer, while the budget products and retailers and the luxury markets will perform relatively better. So, for example, Family Dollar stores (FDO), WalMart (WMT), Costco (COST) and other discount retailers should do well. More broadly, however, the declining disposable incomes for the middle tier of investors suggests that the companies that provide the basic products and services that people depend upon are good bets. Utilities (IDU), oil companies (IGE), and pharmaceutical companies (JNJ, BMY, GSK, PFE) are fairly well insulated from changes in wealth distribution.
The more challenging questions involve discretionary goods and services that are higher-priced and easier to do without or that can be displaced by lower-cost competitors. Companies like Bed, Bath, and Beyond (BBBY), Whole Foods (WFM), Abercrombie and Fitch (ANF), and Express (EXPR) sell products for which there are cheaper and largely indistinguishable alternatives. The winners in this mid-market business are those companies that provide fairly low-cost products while retaining brand appeal to wealthier customers (SBUX, CMG, NKE).
Another theme that looks promising is consumer products that are expensive relative to peers but that represent a low-cost substitution as compared to other types of conspicuous consumption. Apple (AAPL) has successfully capitalized on this trend. The new iPhone may be expensive compared to other phones, but it is fairly cheap as a prestige object. Smart phones also provide low-cost entertainment via product offerings such as Facebook (FB). People who spend their time surfing Facebook or watching Netflix (NFLX) are likely to see cable TV as expensive. This realization is already expressed in the high prices of these firms relative to their earnings, however.
The Take-Away
The latest data on growing wealth inequality add support to the conclusion that the middle tier of American families is getting squeezed. The long-term implications for how people spend their money are worth considering. The ultimate losers will be companies that sell fairly high-cost goods or services to the middle class for which there are low-cost alternatives and for which there are up-market competitors that appeal to wealthier families. One class of winners will be low-cost ‘prestige’ brands such as smart phones and Starbucks coffee. It is hard to imagine the average urban millennial substituting his iPhone for generic pay-as-you-go hardware or rushing to the office with a cup of gas station coffee rather than the iconic Starbucks cup. As discretionary wealth gets tighter for the middle tier, low-cost mobile entertainment looks like a winner at the expense of cable and satellite TV.
The discount retailers and providers of basic goods such as fuels and pharmaceuticals are likely to hold up well simply because changing wealth distributions will have little impact on their businesses.
Related Links:
|
# Subhash Zambad
**Subhash Manakchand Zambad** (born 25 April 1962) is an Indian politician who is an elected member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Aurangabad Jalna constituency . He is a leader of the Indian National Congress from Maharashtra state
## Political career
Subhash Manakchand Zambad was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a Congress candidate in elections held in the October 2013. He is Founder Chairman of Ajanta Urban Co-Op Bank Ltd., Aurangabad. In 1999 he established the Ajintha Co. Op Bank in Aurangabad He was the chairman of Maha. State Housing Corp. Ltd. Mumbai during 2008 – 10. and He was elected as a Vice President of CREDAI Maharashtra in the year 2010. Also, He has nominated as General Secretary of Maharashtra State Congress Committee in the Year 2016.
## InfoBox
| Subhash Manakchand Zambad | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Subhash Zambad<br>(1962-04-25) 25 April 1962<br>Karanjgaon, Aurangabad |
| Political party | Congress |
| Website | Subhash Zambad |
| | | |
We're going to be getting into specific code here and I would recommend reading up on more general references as well as more information on what we go over, in case I skimp on details.
We'll be working in the C programming language. It was created back in the early 70's and although it's old, it's still fairly common today. A considerable amount of MUD codebases and MUDs are in C.
We'll be working with the SmaugFUSS codebase and if we have time, I hope to move to a different codebase after. The Smaug codebase is a Medieval theme that has a good amount of features we can work with but isn't overflowing. The FUSS (Fixed Up Smaug Source) part is a stable version of the codebase developed by the community. If there weren't a FUSS version, I wouldn't have picked this to work with. Details: Wikipedia page]( [Official site]( [SmaugFUSS site
Let's jump into the source and show a small code snippet:
void do_hl( CHAR_DATA * ch, char *argument )
{
send_to_char( "If you want to use HLIST, spell it out.\r\n", ch );
return;
}
This is a function called *do_hl*. The *do_* is a format used to represent a MUD command in this case. You can name a function whatever you choose (there are certain characters you can't use in the name, obviously). The *void* means that the function will not return any data to the preceding code that had called this function. After the function name in parenthesis are the functions arguments. The first *CHAR_DATA \* ch* is a pointer to essentially a character/player. The *ch* is a name where you can name it anything, much like a function name. Technically it's a pointer to a typedef to the char_data structure. *char \*argument* is a character pointer which is like a string. In this case, it's used to send arguments to functions or MUD commands. In this function, the arguments aren't used but it's there because that's the format of the codebase. The *argument* is what you name the char pointer.
The *send_to_char* line is a call to a function in the MUD code called *send_to_char* which sends text to a character. It has two arguments, the first being a character pointer and the second being the CHAR_DATA pointer. *"If you want to use HLIST, spell it out.\r\n"* is the text that will be printed to the character/player where *\r* is a carriage return and *\n* is a linebreak. The *ch* is the pointer referenced from the arguments in do_hl, so it knows what player to send the text to. *return* just makes the function leave and return to the preceding code that had called do_hl, although since it is the end of the function it would end up returning anyways.
The parenthesis ( ) typically encase function arguments and the sort, like shown. The brackets { } typically encase a function. Forgetting these can typically end up with confusing errors on compile.
*CHAR_DATA* and *send_to_char* are specific to this MUD code. *void*, *\n*, *\r*, *return*, *char* and the brackets/parenthesis are all part of C or other basic syntax.
The intention of this function is for when a player wants to use the "hlist" command but only types "hl" which typically would work. Instead, the *do_hl* code above is called preventing the player from using the hlist command and instead sees "If you want to use HLIST, spell it out."
----
*Homework:* Do some reading on the various terms I used. Pointers, functions, returning, newlines/carriage returns.
----
Prev: Assignment 3
**Next:** Assignment 4 |
First post in this subreddit! I'm glad I found it! My wife and I are in need of help.
This past weekend, we got our garden planted with the help of my parents and grandparents. It was much more difficult than I had imagined but that's probably due to the hard, red clay people call soil out here in west Texas.
A little info to start: The size is roughly 5-6 feet wide by about 10-12 feet long. We used a gas-powered tiller to break up the hard clay and mix in 80 pounds of humus and 40 pounds of manure. I'm sure it was nowhere near enough, looking back, but it's better than what it was.
We planted tomatoes, peppers, onions, garlic, okra, beans, peas, spinach, arugula, potatoes, watermelons, and herbs. I know it was probably overkill for first-time gardeners, but we wanted to hedge our bets and hope that at least *something* would come out of it all.
We went into it saying we'd be happy if we got just a few tomatoes and we'd chalk everything else up to a learning experience for next year if the whole thing died.
My questions are mostly about water and fertilizer. How much water is enough? How much is too much? I've been watering what I feel is an adequate amount, but the plants are still starting to look withered. Do I need to water more or are they getting flooded? Is it possible to water a garden too much? Did we just not do enough prep work on the soil? Am I freaking out over nothing?
I wanted to get advice before it's too late. The plants haven't been in the ground more than 3 days at this point, so I can still save them if something is wrong...I hope.
Also, when, how, and what can I do to feed the plants further? I know the soil is very deprived of nutrients, even after everything we added, but I've heard that too much fertilizer, even just manure, can 'burn' plants. We did get some Miracle Grow for gardens but I haven't added it yet as we're still waiting on some seedlings to sprout so we can plant them in the ground.
Any help, suggestions, or advice is greatly appreciated! We're excited to be taking this first step but I don't want our uncertainties to dampen our enthusiasm. |
# Primary direction (astrology)
**Primary direction** is a term in astrology for referencing one of the oldest methods of predicting events. It indicates the year of life in which an event shown by the birth chart will occur. This method has been around for over 1800 years and is mentioned in the Tetrabiblos of Claudius Ptolemy in the section on calculating the length of life. It gained widespread popularity in medieval Europe and was thoroughly described by Jean-Baptiste Morin (a.k.a. Morinus) in the 22nd book of his Astrologia Gallica.
The method involves two sensitive points of the horoscope - the **promittor** and the **significator**. The significator indicates the area of life where the event will occur, while the promittor indicates what will cause this event.
## The method
The essence of the method is as follows:
* The significator remains fixed on the celestial sphere relative to the local horizon.
* The promittor moves along with the daily rotation of the celestial sphere until it approaches the significator.
The number of degrees the promittor passes to join the significator indicates the year of life when the event will occur.
Since the movement of the promittor towards the significator occurs due to the rotation of the celestial sphere, known as *primary* motion, this method is called *primary* directions.
## Interpretation
Let's consider an example to illustrate the essence of the method better. Suppose the promittor indicates disputes and conflicts with parents in the horoscope. And suppose, at 41 degrees, it meets with the significator of wealth due to primary motion. It means that around 41 years, the person will acquire wealth by winning a lawsuit against his parents.
Several directions occur in a person's life each year. However, not all of them bring results. Morinus claimed in section IV, chapter 1 of 22-nd book of "Astrologia Gallica" that direction brings an event if the significator and the promittor are bright creators or destroyers of things in certain areas of life. This indicator is based on the position of planets in the natal chart.
## The Key Features
### Promittor and Significator
According to Morinus, the promittor can be:
* Planets of the horoscope
* Aspects and antiscia of planets
* Fixed stars
The significator can be:
### Mundane conjunction
The key difference between primary directions and zodiacal aspects is that the promittor and significator are conjunct not on the zodiacal circle but on the celestial sphere. Therefore, knowledge of spherical geometry is required to calculate such a conjunction.
The mundane (basically spatial) conjunction of planets on the sphere is constructed as follows:
* A dividing line is passed through the significator. This line is drawn according to the algorithm dividing the celestial sphere into house sectors.
* The significator and dividing line remain stationary relative to the local horizon.
* When the moving promittor crosses this line, it spatially conjuncts with the significator at that moment.
### Mundane aspect
Astrologers have long debated in which plane to construct a planet's aspect to choose it as a promittor. Some used the plane of the zodiacal circle or a plane parallel to it. Others used the equator plane. These differences in opinion led to various types of primary directions - mundane, zodiacal, field plane, and so on.
In the 15th century, Professor of Mathematics Giovanni Bianchini proposed his model for calculating the aspect plane. However, in the 17th century, Morinus created his system for calculating the circle of aspects, allowing him to predict events with precision not to the year but several months. He brought many illustrative examples of how it works in the 22nd book of "Astrologia Gallica."
## Converse directions
In *reverse (or converse) directions*, the significator, with the separating line that passes through it, rotates along with the celestial sphere. All other points of the horoscope remain stationary relative to the horizon. Everything that crosses the separating line during such a movement became a promittor.
* Example of direct direction. Suppose a planet is directed towards a spatial conjunction with a fixed house cusp. Then the fixed cusp is the significator, and the planet is the promittor.
* Example of converse direction. Suppose the cusp of a house is directed towards a spatial conjunction with a fixed planet or the star. Then the moving cusp is the significator (the cusp cannot be the significator, as said above), and the fixed planet/star is the promittor.
Both types of directions produce events equally.
## Accuracy
Primary directions point not to exact but approximate event dates. The usual accuracy is up to several months. For more precise dates (with an accuracy of 1–2 days), astrologers use refining prediction methods such as planet revolutions, progressions, and transits.
## Modern usage
This method of predicting future events is practically unused nowadays due to the mathematical difficulty it presents. In addition, those who consider astrology to be a pseudoscience do not calculate predictions according to celestial movements (except when calculating astronomical events); instead they rely on statistical knowledge of past events and correlate them with probabilities of future events to make their predictions. |
# Magora Kennedy
**Magora Ernestine Molineaux** (September 22, 1938 – November 6, 2023) was an American minister and LGBT civil rights activist who participated in the Stonewall uprising. She was a former Black Panther and was involved in the civil rights and women’s rights movements. She was a self-proclaimed Black lesbian, crone goddess, and woman of God.
## Early life
Kennedy was born on September 22, 1938, in Albany, New York, and raised in Saratoga Springs, New York. Her father was White and Caribbean and her mother was Native American and Black. Kennedy knew that she was a lesbian from a young age. At age 14, she was outed and, in an attempt to “cure” her homosexuality, her mother offered her the choice of marrying a man, or be institutionalized at the Utica State Hospital. She ended up marrying a man 21 years her senior. The marriage was consummated, but later annulled because of her age. She later married a gay man, before divorcing him and publicly coming out as a lesbian. Kennedy's second husband was bisexual. On the LGBTQ&A podcast, she said, "He was in the army and he was a paratrooper. He was bisexual, so if he got discovered he was going to get kicked out of the army. I said, 'Not a problem. We can just get married.' They used to have the saying 'cover girl', 'cover boy'. And that was the way people that were gay...that's what they did."
## Career
Kennedy attended Boston University and worked as a comedian and singer (known for her platinum wig) before moving to New York to attend seminary. She returned to Boston, where in 1970, she served as minister of the Universal Life Church and secretary of the Boston Black Action Committee. She organized a children’s church choir called the “Little Wonders” at Way of the Cross Holy Church of God in Roxbury, but was asked to leave when her lesbianism was discovered.
Kennedy joined the Boston chapter of the Black Panther Party in 1968, spurred by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. On the LGBTQ&A podcast, she said, "They started throwing Black Panthers out, those that were gay...I told my commander, 'I'm leaving. I'm taking my sons and I'm going because I worked too hard and ain't nobody throwing me out of nothing.' So, we left. And they said, 'Well, we'll protect you.' I said, 'I don't need protection. I need to be open. And I am not going to subject myself to this.'"
Kennedy took part in the Stonewall uprising in New York in 1969. She was driving to Provincetown when she heard that LGBT people were fighting against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, so she turned her car around and joined the uprising. She was also a member of Boston’s pride committee during its first pride march of June 1971. At the first stop of the march at drag bar Jacques Cabaret, Kennedy stated a list of demands:
> Because we can’t go anywhere else, because as gay women we have been especially ghettoized here in Boston, and because the conditions at gay bars are by and large determined by the straight world, those in control know they can be as oppressive as they want. Jacques is terribly crowded and a fire hazard on weekends. Women entering the bar were subject to taunts by \[straight\] men, who not only \[took\] up badly needed room but also got their kicks leering and propositioning the women here. Sanitary conditions hardly exist at all. We are effectively ghettoized, since dancing between members of the same sex and other behavior, which the law deems to call lewd and lascivious, are illegal.
In 1971, she appeared on *The David Susskind Show* along with other LGBT activists, arguing against the American Psychiatric Association's designation of homosexuality as a mental disorder.
In 1975, she served on the Task Force on Racism of the Christian Social Action Commission of the Metropolitan Community Church.
## Legacy
Interest in Kennedy’s life has increased due to her participation in interviews and exhibits about the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising and her participation in the documentary *Cured*. She is the former Chaplain of the Stonewall Veterans Association and is involved with the National Action Network.
Magora Kennedy describes her philosophy on life in her book “This Goddess Has Landed: Does She Have a Message For YOU!”:
> 1. Mother Goddess/Father God loves you just the way you are.
> 2. So learn to Love Yourself for real, as the star that you are.
> 3. Love is the most powerful Force in the Universe.
> 4. Sisterhood is Powerful!
Her forthcoming book is called *Shades of Stonewall*.
Magora Kennedy died on November 7, 2023, at the age of 85.
## InfoBox
| Reverend GoddessMagora Elmira Kennedy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Magora Ernestine Molineaux<br>(1938-09-22)September 22, 1938<br>Albany, New York, U.S. |
| Died | November 6, 2023 (aged 85)<br>New York, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupations | |
| Known for | Gay liberation | |
# West Overton
**West Overton** is a village and civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of Marlborough. The river Kennet runs immediately north of the village, separating it from the A4 road. The parish includes the village of Lockeridge, also near the river, further east (downstream).
## History
The area has many prehistoric sites, and the Avebury section of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage site extends into the northwest of the parish. Within that area, on the southern slopes of Overton Down, are seven Bronze Age round barrows, forming a cemetery which extends south onto Overton Hill, overlooking the river. In modern archaeology, this it the type site for the Overton Period of 2000–1650 BC.
Also on Overton Hill, just over the parish boundary, is The Sanctuary, the site of a Neolithic monument which had two concentric circles of stones and four concentric circles of timber posts, and was linked to the stone circles at Avebury, 2.5km to the northwest, by two lines of stones known as West Kennet Avenue.
North of the village, on the slopes of Overton Down, are an oval Iron Age enclosure and three Roman burial mounds, a short length of Roman road and an Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery. In the far north of the parish are further Bronze Age, Roman and later settlements. In the south, within West Woods, is a Neolithic long barrow.
A manor is named as *Uferan Tune* in a charter dated 939. In 1086, the Domesday survey recorded 13 households at (West) *Ovretone*, and land held by Wilton Abbey. Another 13 were at Fyfield and two at East Overton, both on land held by St. Swithun's Priory, Winchester; there were smaller settlements at *Locherige* (Lockeridge) and at Shaw. It is likely that in the 12th and 13th centuries the entire parish lay within Savernake forest.
The earlier manors were reflected in the later composition of Overton parish, which had tithings of East Overton, West Overton, Lockeridge and Shaw, together with the chapelry of Fyfield. The western boundary of the parish was defined by an ancient trackway on the summits of the Marlborough Downs. The parish had a detached part to the southwest, namely the chapelry of Alton Priors (its name deriving from ownership by St Swithun's Priory). The settlements at East and West Overton were adjacent, and since the later 18th century the merged village has been called West Overton.
The village of Shaw, southwest of West Overton and straddling the Wansdyke earthwork, was apparently deserted in the 15th century. Alton Priors and Fyfield became separate civil parishes in the 19th century.
The Wiltshire Victoria County History has an account of the many owners of the manors of Overton, Lockeridge and Shaw. By 1870, when the Overton estate was sold to the trustees of London brewery owner Sir Henry Meux, it encompassed land at Fyfield, Lockeridge and Clatford, and the woodland at West Woods. After the death of his son in 1900, the estate was owned for a short time by Alec Taylor of Manton House. The Forestry Commission bought West Woods in 1931.
The London to Bath road was turnpiked in 1743. In the 1970s, the opening of the M4 motorway, about 9 miles (14 km) to the north, reduced the amount of traffic on what was by then the A4.
## Local government
West Overton parish elects a joint parish council with the adjacent parish of Fyfield, named Kennet Valley Parish Council (the name Fyfield and West Overton was used until 2022). The parish falls within the area of the Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority which is responsible for all significant local government functions.
## Religious sites
### Parish church
There was a church at Overton in the 12th century, and by the next century the churches at Fyfield and Alton Priors were dependent on it. St. Swithun's Priory, Winchester, appropriated Overton church and its chapels in 1291.
The parish church of St Michael and All Angels was built in 1877–8, in flint with squared sarsen banding, by C.E. Ponting, architect to the Meux estate. The tower – described by Pevsner as "just a little too thin to be genuine" was not completed until 1883. It replaced an earlier church which had become dilapidated, and the nave was built on the same foundations.
Construction was financed by Sir Henry Meux, and reused the chancel arch and three nave windows; oak beams from the nave roof were made into internal doors, a lectern and panels of the pulpit. A fragment of a Norman church survives: the head of a small 12th-century window was reset into a wall of the porch.
The church had three bells in 1553, one of which is still present. Another dates from 1606; in 1883 one old bell was recast and three made, bringing the peal to six. Ponting also designed the parish war memorial, a tall stone cross dedicated in 1921, which stands opposite the churchyard. The church was recorded as Grade II\* listed in 1958.
Alton Priors was anciently a chapelry of Overton, its church being some five miles south of Overton church by road. In 1913, Alton Priors was detached from Overton vicarage and attached to the adjacent rectory of Alton Barnes.
The benefice was united with those of Fyfield and East Kennett in 1929. Today the parish is part of the Upper Kennet Benefice, created in 1978, which covers eight churches in the area.
### Methodists
From 1901 to 1966 there was a Methodist chapel at West Overton.
## Amenities
A National School was built at Lockeridge in 1875 to serve the parishes of West Overton and Fyfield. The building (and extensions) continues in use as Kennet Valley C of E Voluntary Aided Primary School.
The parish has a village hall, Kennet Valley Village Hall, near Lockeridge.
## Landmarks
Overton manor house, close to the church, is from the 16th and 17th centuries with later improvements; the main wing has a tile-hung upper floor under a thatched roof, and at right angles a former barn is in red brick. West Overton House, in the northeast of the village, is a former rectory of the late 18th century with later extensions.
Shaw House, which replaced an earlier manor house 400m to the east, was built in brick in the early 19th century. Lockeridge House, standing on the other side of the river from Lockeridge village, was built in red brick around 1740 and is Grade II\* listed.
North of the A4, the parish extends onto the Marlborough Downs. On Overton Down is an earthwork built in 1960 as a long-term archaeology experiment. The Piggledene valley, with its sarsen stones, is a biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest managed by the National Trust.
Overton Hill, with prehistoric features including The Sanctuary, is to the west of the village and partly in Avebury parish. The ancient Ridgeway, now a national trail, begins here and follows the parish boundary northwards.
The medieval Wansdyke earthwork crosses the southernmost part of the parish.
Media related to West Overton at Wikimedia Commons
## InfoBox
| West Overton | |
| --- | --- |
| Cottage and church tower, West Overton | |
| West OvertonLocation within Wiltshire | |
| Population | 637 in (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SU132680 |
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Marlborough |
| Postcode district | SN8 |
| Dialling code | 01672 |
| | |
| Police | Wiltshire |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| | |
| UK Parliament | |
| Website | Parish Council |
| |
# Classical antiferromagnet on a hyperkagome lattice
## Abstract
Motivated by recent experiments on Na<sub>4</sub>Ir<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> \[Y. Okamoto, M. Nohara, H. Aruga-Katori, and H. Takagi, arXiv:0705.2821 (unpublished)\], we study the classical antiferromagnet on a frustrated three-dimensional lattice obtained by selectively removing one of four sites in each tetrahedron of the pyrochlore lattice. This “hyperkagome” lattice consists of corner-sharing triangles. We present the results of large-$`N`$ mean field theory and Monte Carlo computations on $`O(N)`$ classical spin models. It is found that the classical ground states are highly degenerate. Nonetheless a nematic order emerges at low temperatures in the Heisenberg model ($`N=3`$) via “order by disorder”, representing the dominance of coplanar spin configurations. Implications for ongoing experiments are discussed.
Antiferromagnets on geometrically frustrated lattices often possess macroscopically degenerate classical ground states that satisfy peculiar local constraints imposed by the underlying lattice structure moessner01 . Such highly degenerate systems are extremely sensitive to thermal and quantum fluctuations, and thereby intriguing classical and quantum ground states may emerge via “order by disorder” villain . On the other hand, systems may remain disordered even at zero temperature anderson . These paramagnetic states are called spin liquid phases and their classical and quantum varieties have been recent subjects of intensive theoretical and experimental research activities moessner01 . Excitement in such spin systems nigas has also led to developments in mesoscopics wang , optical lattices lowen , and quantum coherence and computing osborne .
Among several examples of two and three-dimensional frustrated magnets, the kagome and pyrochlore lattices have obtained particular attention because a relatively large number of materials with the magnetic ions sitting on these lattice structures are available moessner01 . Both of these lattices are corner-sharing structures of a basic unit; the triangle and tetrahedron respectively. Despite this similarity, the classical Heisenberg magnet orders on the kagome lattice chalker92 ; kagome while it remains disordered on the pyrochlore lattice moessner98 . The nature of the spin-1/2 quantum Heisenberg magnets on these lattices has not been settled and remains an important open problem sachdev ; henley . On the other hand, spin-1/2 systems are rare on these lattices and other degrees of freedom such as lattice distortions may play an important additional role. As a result, direct experimental tests on spin-1/2 quantum magnets have been difficult to realize.
In this context, the recent experiments on Na<sub>4</sub>Ir<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> takagi may provide an important clue on these issues, albeit in a different three-dimensional frustrated lattice. Here Ir<sup>4+</sup> carries spin-1/2 as the five $`d`$-electrons form a low spin state in the $`t_{2g}`$ level. The Ir and Na ions together occupy the sites of the pyrochlore lattice such that only three of the four sites of each tetrahedron are occupied by Ir. The resulting lattice of magnetic Ir is a network of corner-sharing triangles as shown in Fig. 1, where each triangle is derived from different faces of the tetrahedra. In analogy to the kagome lattice in two-dimensions, it is called the hyperkagome lattice. Even though the Curie-Weiss temperature is large, $`\theta _W=650K`$, the susceptibility and specific heat show no sign of magnetic ordering, nor lattice distortion, down to $`T|\theta _W|/200`$ takagi ; suggesting that it may be a spin liquid down to low temperatures.
In this paper, we study the classical antiferromagnet on the hyperkagome lattice. Such investigations not only reveal the behavior of the antiferromagnet in the classical regime, but also provide an important starting ground for the understanding of quantum fluctuation effects. We first study the large-$`N`$ limit of the $`O(N)`$ vector spin model at zero temperature and compute the spin-spin correlation function in the large-$`N`$ mean field theory garcan ; isakov04 . It is found that there exist macroscopically degenerate ground states.
Then we perform large-scale Monte Carlo computations on the Ising ($`N=1`$) and the Heisenberg ($`N=3`$) models. The Heisenberg model (with exchange coupling $`J`$) remains disordered down to quite low temperatures, exhibiting very similar spin-spin correlations to those of the large-$`N`$ model. These correlations show a characteristic dipolar structure in the reciprocal space, which can be explained by a mapping to a gauge theory isakov04 ; dipolar . On the other hand, the spin correlations in the Ising ($`N=1`$) model turn out to be quite different.
Most interestingly, a first order transition to a long range nematic order is observed in the Heisenberg model at a finite temperature. As explained below, this nematic order emerges via an “order by disorder” effect and represents the dominance of coplanar spin configurations. In the disordered phase no evidence of magnetic ordering is found while our numerical data cannot definitely confirm the presence/absence of magnetic order at temperatures below the onset of nematic order. We have also investigated the effect of an external magnetic field, $`h`$, and found that a collinear order is chosen when $`h=2J`$ in analogy to a similar study on the kagome lattice zhit .
The lattice and local constraints.—The hyperkagome lattice, relevant to Na<sub>4</sub>Ir<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, can be represented by the simple cubic lattice with a twelve-site basis, as shown in Fig. 1. This lattice is also a three-dimensional network of corner-sharing triangles. The model for the classical nearest-neighbor antiferromagnet on the hyperkagome lattice can be written as
$$H=J\underset{ij}{}𝐒_i𝐒_j=\frac{J}{2}\underset{\mathrm{\Delta }}{}(𝐒_\mathrm{\Delta })^2+\mathrm{constant},$$
(1)
where $`J>0`$, $`i,j`$ represents the sum over the nearest-neighbors, and $`𝐒_i=(S_i^1,\mathrm{},S_i^N)`$ are $`N`$-component spins of fixed length $`N`$. $`𝐒_\mathrm{\Delta }=_{iϵ\mathrm{\Delta }}𝐒_i`$ is the vectorial sum of the spins in each triangle and $`_\mathrm{\Delta }`$ represents the sum over all triangles. For $`N2`$, the classical ground state satisfies $`S_\mathrm{\Delta }=0`$ for every triangle while the constraint on the Ising model is $`S_\mathrm{\Delta }=\pm 1`$. Thus, from the outset, one may expect that the physics of the larger-$`N`$ models would be different from the Ising case. This is different from the antiferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice where the Ising and Heisenberg models satisfy the same constraint.
Large-N mean field theory.—Following Refs. garcan, ; isakov04, , we rewrite the Hamiltonian as $`H=\frac{T}{2}_{i,j}M_{ij}𝐒_i𝐒_j`$, where $`M_{ij}`$ is the interaction matrix that has the information about the nearest-neighbor interaction. The corresponding partition function is given by $`Z=𝒟\mathit{\varphi }𝒟\lambda e^{S(\mathit{\varphi },\lambda )}`$ with the action $`S(\mathit{\varphi },\lambda )=_{i,j}\left[\frac{1}{2}M_{ij}\mathit{\varphi }_i\mathit{\varphi }_j+\frac{\lambda _i}{2}\delta _{ij}(\mathit{\varphi }_i\mathit{\varphi }_iN)\right],`$ where $`\mathit{\varphi }_i`$ is an $`N`$-component real vector field and $`\lambda _i`$ the Lagrange multiplier for the constraint $`\mathit{\varphi }_i\mathit{\varphi }_i=N`$.
Now we take the $`N\mathrm{}`$ limit and set a uniform $`\lambda _i=\lambda _0`$. The locations $`i=(l,\mu )`$ of spins can be labeled by those of the cubic unit cell $`l=1,\mathrm{},n_c`$ and the lattice sites $`\mu =1,\mathrm{},12`$ within the unit cell ($`n_c`$ is the total number of the unit cells in the lattice). The Fourier transform with respect to the positions of the unit cells leads to $`S=_𝐪_{\mu ,\nu }\frac{1}{2}A_𝐪^{\mu \nu }\mathit{\varphi }_{𝐪,\mu }\mathit{\varphi }_{𝐪,\nu }`$ with $`A_𝐪^{\mu \nu }=M_𝐪^{\mu \nu }+\delta _{\mu \nu }\lambda _0`$. Here $`\lambda _0`$ and the eigenvalues, $`m_{𝐪,\rho }`$, of the $`12\times 12`$ interaction matrix $`M_𝐪^{\mu \nu }`$ are determined by the saddle point equation, $`12n_c=_𝐪_{\rho =1}^{12}\frac{1}{\lambda _0+m_{𝐪,\rho }}`$.
It is found that the lowest eigenvalue is four-fold degenerate and independent of the wavevector. The next lowest eigenvalue has a dispersion and becomes the same as the lowest eigenvalue only at $`q=0`$. These features are very similar to those in the kagome and pyrochlore lattices. These results imply that the spin structure of this system is indeed highly frustrated and that magnetic order is suppressed. The static spin-spin correlation function can be computed via garcan ; isakov04 $`𝐒_{𝐪,\mu }𝐒_{𝐪,\nu }=_{\rho =1}^{12}\frac{U_{𝐪,\mu \rho }U_{𝐪,\nu \rho }}{\lambda _0+m_{𝐪,\rho }}`$, where $`U_{𝐪,\mu \rho }`$ is a unitary transformation that diagonalizes the interaction matrix, $`M_𝐪^{\mu \nu }`$. At zero temperature, the four degenerate eigenvalues dominate the behavior of the spin-spin correlation function. The resulting zero temperature structure factor, $`S(𝐪)=_{\mu \nu }𝐒_{𝐪,\mu }𝐒_{𝐪,\nu }`$, in the \[$`hhl`$\] plane of the reciprocal space is shown in Fig. 2. The presence of high intensity along bow-tie structures is apparent and qualitatively similar to that found on the pyrochlore lattice. As discussed below, the structure factor in the large-$`N`$ limit is very similar to that found by Monte Carlo for the Heisenberg model ($`N=3`$) above the nematic ordering transition temperature, but quite different from the Ising ($`N=1`$) case.
Dipolar spin correlations.—We found that the real space spin-spin correlation function at long distances is well described by the following dipolar form.
$$S_i^\alpha S_j^\beta \delta _{\alpha \beta }\left[\frac{3(𝐞_i𝐫_{ij})(𝐞_j𝐫_{ij})}{|𝐫_{ij}|^5}\frac{𝐞_i𝐞_j}{|𝐫_{ij}|^3}\right],$$
(2)
where $`𝐫_{ij}`$ is a vector connecting sites $`i`$ and $`j`$, and $`\alpha ,\beta =x,y,z`$. The “dipolar vectors” $`𝐞_i`$ are shown in Fig. 3.
In analogy to the pyrochlore isakov04 , we may understand the spin correlations in this system by mapping to a pure Maxwellian action with a “Gauss law” constraint. We first consider a dual lattice of the hyperkagome lattice; the sites on the hyperkagome lattice should be placed on the bonds of the dual lattice. This dual lattice can be obtained by connecting centers of the tetrahedra of the underlying pyrochlore lattice, but only along the directions that would pass through the sites of the hyperkagome lattice. Then there exists a unique bond $`\kappa `$ (on the dual lattice) for a given site $`i`$. Let us define $`𝐞_{}^{}{}_{\kappa }{}^{}`$ as the unit vector along the bond $`\kappa `$ (see Fig. 3). We now define $`N`$ number of “magnetic” vector fields $`𝐛_\kappa ^\alpha `$ along the bond $`\kappa `$ via $`𝐛_\kappa ^\alpha =S_\kappa ^\alpha 𝐞_\kappa `$, where $`S_\kappa ^\alpha `$ and $`𝐞_\kappa `$ represent the spin and unit vector defined earlier on the hyperkagome lattice. Notice that the direction of these “magnetic” vector fields is not along $`𝐞_{}^{}{}_{\kappa }{}^{}`$. Nonetheless the “magnetic” vector fields satisfy $`\mathrm{Div}𝐛^\alpha =_\kappa 𝐞_{}^{}{}_{\kappa }{}^{}𝐛_\kappa ^\alpha =_\kappa 𝐞_{}^{}{}_{\kappa }{}^{}𝐞_\kappa S_\kappa ^\alpha =0`$ on the dual lattice. This is a direct consequence of the constraint $`_{iϵ\mathrm{\Delta }}S_i^\alpha =0`$ and $`𝐞_{}^{}{}_{\kappa }{}^{}𝐞_\kappa =\sqrt{2/3}`$ for all $`\kappa `$.
We now define coarse grained “magnetic” vector fields, $`B^\alpha `$, averaged over clusters of spins isakov04 ; dipolar . There exist many “flippable” spin configurations where local rearrangement of the spins in a cluster can be made without violating the constraints. The coarse-grained field over such “flippable” spin configurations will average out to a small value. Then the large entropic weight is related to the small values of $`B^\alpha `$. This feature can be represented by an entropic weight of the form $`\mathrm{exp}(\frac{K}{2}𝑑\mathrm{𝐫𝐁}^2)`$ isakov04 ; dipolar . This Maxwellian form of the “action” and the “Gauss law” constraint will lead to the dipolar form of $`B_i^\alpha (𝐫)B_j^\beta (0)\delta _{\alpha \beta }(3x_ix_jr^2\delta _{ij})/r^5`$, and hence the spin-spin correlation function in Eq. 2. The discovery of such spin correlations supports the entropic argument a posteriori.
Monte Carlo simulations.—Classical Monte Carlo simulations for the Heisenberg ($`N=3`$) and Ising ($`N=1`$) models are performed on $`L\times L\times L`$ clusters of unit cells. We mostly discuss the results of the Heisenberg model here and mention those of the Ising model only as necessary. In the first place, a first-order transition occurs in the Heisenberg model. This can be most clearly seen in the nematic correlation function defined as chalker92
$$g(𝐫_a𝐫_b)=\frac{3}{2}(𝐧_a𝐧_b)^2\frac{1}{2},$$
(3)
and $`𝐧_a=\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}(𝐒_1\times 𝐒_2+𝐒_2\times 𝐒_3+𝐒_3\times 𝐒_1),`$ where $`𝐒_1`$, $`𝐒_2`$, and $`𝐒_3`$ are three spins on the triangle $`a`$. $`g(𝐫)=1`$ in an ideal coplanar state and $`g(𝐫)=0`$ in a non-coplanar state. The nematic correlation function for the next-nearest neighbors is shown in Fig. 4 and it clearly shows a first order transition from a low temperature nematic ordered state to a disordered state. Hysteresis associated to this transition occurs in the temperature window $`(15)\times 10^3J`$; coplanar configurations are chosen below this window via “order by disorder”. Similar behavior is seen for the nearest-neighbor and all higher-neighbor correlations. The energy and specific heat data are also consistent with the first order transition to nematic order (see Fig. 5). Notice that the Monte Carlo data for the three largest system sizes $`L=6,8`$ and $`9`$ are almost identical. The zero temperature specific heat approaches 11/12 per spin which is consistent with the expectation that the low temperature phase is dominated by coplanar spin structures. Analysis about coplanar states tells us that there are 4 quartic and 20 quadratic modes per unit cell. Since each quartic (quadratic) mode contributes 1/4(1/2) to the specific heat chalker92 , the total specific heat becomes 11/12 per spin. Interestingly the same zero temperature specific heat was obtained in the Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice chalker92 . The crucial difference between two cases, however, is that the nematic order on the hyperkagome lattice is long-ranged at finite temperatures while it becomes long-ranged only in the $`T0`$ limit on the kagome lattice chalker92 .
On the other hand, no magnetic order is seen prior to nematic order as we do not find any elastic peaks in the spin structure factor. We cannot, however, reliably comment whether there is a magnetic ordering or not at still lower temperatures.
The spin correlations in the Heisenberg model in the disordered phase are very similar to those in the large-N mean field theory (see Fig. 2) and can be fitted to the dipolar form in Eq. 2. On the other hand, the results on the Ising model are markedly different; the spin-spin correlation function decays exponentially. We expect this is due to the different form of the local constraint in the Ising model.
Magnetization and susceptibility in an external field.—The magnetization as a function of an external magnetic field, $`h`$, is computed by the Monte Carlo simulations on the Heisenberg model. At finite temperatures, a weak plateau develops at $`h/J=2`$, which leads to a singular structure in the susceptibility (not shown). This can be explained by the occurrence of a collinear order (up-up-down spin structure) by disorder at $`h/J=2`$ in analogy to the kagome lattice case zhit .
Implications for experiments.—A Curie-Weiss fit to the Monte Carlo susceptibility data for $`TJ`$, leads to $`\theta _{CW}=2.303(5)J`$ (see Fig. 6). Comparing this with the experimental value $`\theta _{CW}=650K`$ takagi , one obtains $`J280K`$. This suggests that the nematic transition may occur around $`0.31.5K`$ if our results are taken seriously, and below this temperature coplanar spin configurations would be preferred. Even though our classical computations may not be directly applicable at such low temperatures, we suspect that coplanar spin configurations may still dominate at low temperatures even in the quantum regime comment .
Our results also suggest that the spin correlations at $`T>J/100`$ 2-3$`K`$ may be dominated by the physics of the classical spin liquid with dipolar spin correlations; this will be checked by neutron scattering experiments. Notice that there is no sign of magnetic ordering down to 2-3$`K`$ in the experiment takagi ; this may also be consistent with our Monte Carlo results that show no evidence of magnetic ordering above the nematic transition. It remains to be seen whether the system develops magnetic order at very low temperatures by “order by disorder” due to classical/quantum fluctuations or prefers a magnetically-disordered quantum spin liquid. Finally, in the current work, we have not considered the orbital degree of freedom which may play an important role in the real material. Studies of quantum spin models and the role of orbital degrees of freedom, therefore, are important subjects of future study.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Hide Takagi for showing us his unpublished experimental data. We thank A. Paramekanti, M. Lawler, and especially A. Vishwanath for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the NSERC, CRC, CIAR (JMH, SVI, HYK, YBK), the Sloan Fellowship (HYK), KRF-2005-070-C00044 and the Miller Institute of Basic Research in Science at UC Berkeley via the Visiting Miller Professorship (YBK). |
# Union Township, Perry County, Indiana
**Union Township** is one of seven townships in Perry County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 591 and it contained 287 housing units.
Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,616 | | |
| 1900 | 1,490 | | −7.8% |
| 1910 | 1,432 | | −3.9% |
| 1920 | 1,276 | | −10.9% |
| 1930 | 896 | | −29.8% |
| 1940 | 960 | | 7.1% |
| 1950 | 737 | | −23.2% |
| 1960 | 612 | | −17.0% |
| 1970 | 540 | | −11.8% |
| 1980 | 541 | | 0.2% |
| 1990 | 512 | | −5.4% |
| 2000 | 523 | | 2.1% |
| 2010 | 557 | | 6.5% |
| 2020 | 591 | | 6.1% |
| Source: US Decennial Census | | | |
## History
The Rockhouse Cliffs Rock Shelters was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
## Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 43.12 square miles (111.7 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 42.27 square miles (109.5 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 98.03%) is land and 0.85 square miles (2.2 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 1.97%) is water.
### Unincorporated towns
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
### Cemeteries
The township contains these seven cemeteries: Badger, Derby, Horton, Old Chapel, Phelps, Stephenson and Talley.
### Major highways
## School districts
* Perry Central Community School Corporation
## Political districts
* State House District 73
* State House District 74
* State Senate District 47
* "Union Township, Perry County, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
* United States Census Bureau 2009 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* IndianaMap
1. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
2. "Township Census Counts: STATS Indiana".
3. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
4. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
## InfoBox
| Union Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| The Phelps Cemetery in the township's southwest | |
| Location in Perry County | |
| Coordinates: 38°04′05″N 86°30′39″W / 38.06806°N 86.51083°W / 38.06806; -86.51083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Perry |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.12 sq mi (111.7 km<sup>2</sup>) |
| Land | 42.27 sq mi (109.5 km<sup>2</sup>) |
| Water | 0.85 sq mi (2.2 km<sup>2</sup>) 1.97% |
| Elevation | 381 ft (116 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 591 |
| Density | 14/sq mi (5.3/km<sup>2</sup>) |
| ZIP codes | 47520, 47525, 47551, 47586 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453929 | |
American Cancer Society Updates Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity
Lifestyle changes can lower cancer risk
Written By:Stacy Simon
The American Cancer Society has updated its guideline on diet and physical activity for cancer prevention. Staying at a healthy weight, staying active throughout life, following a healthy eating pattern, and avoiding or limiting alcohol may greatly reduce a person's lifetime risk of developing or dying from cancer. At least 18% of all cancer cases in the US are related to a combination of these factors. These lifestyle habits are the most important behaviors after not smoking that people can control and change to help lower their cancer risk.
The updated guideline reflects the latest evidence published since the last update in 2012. It appears in the American Cancer Society’s peer-reviewed journal, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
Diet and physical activity recommendations
Changes to the guideline include recommendations for getting more physical activity, eating less (or no) processed and red meat, and avoiding alcohol or drinking less. It says:
• Get to and stay at a healthy body weight throughout life. If you’re overweight or obese, losing even a few pounds can lower your risk for some types of cancer.
• Adults should get 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or a combination. Getting 300 minutes or even more will give you the most health benefits.
• Children and teens should get at least 1 hour of moderate or vigorous intensity activity each day.
• Spend less time sitting or lying down. This includes time looking at your phone, tablet, computer, or TV.
• Eat a colorful variety of vegetables and fruits, and plenty of whole grains and brown rice.
• Avoid or limit eating red meats such as beef, pork, and lamb and processed meats such as bacon, sausage, deli meats, and hot dogs.
• Avoid or limit sugar-sweetened beverages, highly processed foods, and refined grain products.
• It is best not to drink alcohol. But if you do, women should have no more than 1 drink per day and men should have no more than 2. A drink is 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits.
According to Laura Makaroff, DO, American Cancer Society senior vice president, Prevention and Early Detection, the guideline is based on current science that shows that how you eat, rather than specific foods or nutrients, is important in reducing the risk of cancer and boosting overall health.
“There is no one food or even food group that is adequate to achieve a significant reduction in cancer risk,” Makaroff said. People should eat whole foods, not individual nutrients, she said, because evidence continues to suggest that healthy dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk for cancer, especially colorectal and breast cancers.
Community action is key
Making healthy eating and exercise choices can be a challenge for many people. Social, economic, and cultural factors all play into the way people eat and get physical activity, and how easy or hard it is to make changes. Public, private, and community organizations should work together to increase access to affordable, healthy foods and provide safe, enjoyable and accessible opportunities for physical activity.
Any change you try to make for a healthier lifestyle is easier when you live, work, play, or go to school in a community that supports healthy behaviors. Look for ways to make your community a healthier place to live:
• Ask for healthier meal and snack choices at school or work.
• Support stores and restaurants that sell or serve healthy options.
• Speak up at city council and other community meetings about the need for sidewalks, bike lanes, parks, and playgrounds.
The updated guideline also includes answers to questions that commonly arise within the general public, including information on genetically modified crops, gluten-free diets, juicing/cleanses, and more.
• Genetically modified crops are made by adding genes to plants to give them desired qualities such as being resistant to pests or having a better flavor. There is no evidence at this time that foods made with these crops are harmful to health, or that they affect cancer risk.
• Gluten is a protein in wheat, rye, and barley that is safe for most people. People with celiac disease should not eat gluten. For people without celiac disease, there is no evidence linking a gluten-free diet with a lower risk of cancer. There are many studies linking whole grains, including those with gluten, with a lower risk of colon cancer.
• There is no scientific evidence to support claims that drinking only juices for one or more days (a “juice cleanse”) reduces cancer risk or provides other health benefits. A diet limited to juice may lack some important nutrients and in some cases may even lead to health problems.
The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team
American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention. Published June 9, 2020 in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. First author Cheryl L. Rock, PhD, RD, University of California at San Diego.
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# The Scenics
**The Scenics** are a band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, active from 1976 to 1982, and from 2008 to the present.
## History 1976-1982
The Scenics were among the first Toronto punk bands, started when Ken Badger answered Andy Meyers music store ad in July 1976. Their style incorporates punk rock, post-punk, and art punk and features compositions by both Meyers and Badger.
"The most creative, the most original, and the most daring band in that original Toronto scene" Colin Brunton, director, The Last Pogo.
"These underground icons merged Television's guitar work, Big Star's pop prowess, Pere Ubu's dementia, & the Ramones’ urgency.” Jonathon Cummins, Montreal Mirror
Their first two shows, with drummer Mike Cusheon, were in December 1976 and May 1977, both for audiences of young teens. When Cusheon left in spring 1977, Andy's High School friend Mark French agreed to play drums on a studio demo. French later went on to record and tour with Canadian Roots Music band Blue Rodeo.
The trio recorded 10 originals at Mushroom Sound, in Toronto's Annex, a four track studio run by Barry Steinburg. In 2016, five of these recordings were released on the LP “In The Summer: Studio recordings 1977/78”.
### First Lineup
After finishing this recording, an ad placed in a music store found them drummer Brad Cooper, who stayed in the band till 1980. They began practicing four nights a week, a habit that would continue throughout that time.
In the summer of 1977, Meyers dropped off a cassette for promoter Gary Topp at the New Yorker Theatre. The New Yorker was a rep cinema, and Gary and his partner Gary Cormier ("The Garys") had recently built a stage and begun to book bands, including the Ramones. Topp was excited by their recording and booked the Scenics to open for Talking Heads at The New Yorker on September 16, 1977.
The Scenics began to play shows around town in August- at the Beverly Tavern, David's Discotheque, and a private party for a film producer. After the Talking Heads show, the Scenics returned to Mushroom Sound to record 6 songs with drummer Cooper's more robust style. Three of these songs were later released on “In The Summer”.
The Scenics continued to play shows at Toronto Punk venues. They played with the Viletones, Simply Saucer, The Demics, The Government, Telephone (punk from France) among others. In the spring of 1978 a live set and interviews were filmed for “Mystery Train”, a 30 minute Cable TV show. In the summer of 1978 The Scenics opened for The Troggs. In the fall of 1978 they recorded six songs at Kincke Sound, an 8 track studio. Four of these surfaced on “In The Summer”.
#### The Last Pogo
In December 1978 The Scenics played “The Last Pogo”, two nights that marked the end of promoters “The Garys” run at the Horseshoe Tavern. The first night was filmed by Colin Brunton, and both nights were recorded by Toronto label Bomb Records. Brunton's 30 minute film “The Last Pogo”, featuring footage of seven bands from the concert (The Scenics perform Badger's “I Wanna Touch”) as well as interview footage, was premiered in September 1979 at a Toronto concert by The Gang of Four and the Buzzcocks. A live album of “The Last Pogo’, produced by Keith Elshaw, came out on Bomb Records in 1979. Two Scenics songs, “I Killed Marx”, and “In The Summer” are featured.
In March 1979 The Scenics went into Comfort Sound to record their first LP, produced by Elshaw. They recorded 10 originals and two covers. Seduced by hearing more fleshed-out arrangements recorded in an eight track studio, The Scenics decided to add a second guitarist. Mike Young, who they had played with once very early in their run, joins the band.
### Second Lineup
In January 1980 Brad Cooper leaves. Mark Perkell, who Meyers first played music with when they were 14, comes in on drums. Young switches to bass and Badger and Meyers become full-time guitarists.
#### First LP and 45
In the summer of 1980 the “Underneath the Door” LP comes out on Bomb Records. Young, dissatisfied with playing bass, quits. Ken Fox, later of Jason and the Scorchers and now longtime Fleshtones bassist, comes in. In September The Scenics take part in the “Bomb Tour 80”. Over a series of weekends 4 bands play one nighters at eight universities throughout southern Ontario. Many of these are the first “Punk” shows booked in these venues.
In October 1980 the Scenics go into Captain Audio studio and record 6 songs. Two of them, Meyers’ “Karen” and Badger's “See Me Smile”, are pressed onto a 45 on their own "Scenic Route" label. Most of the other songs recorded have been lost. The "Karen/See Me Smile" 45 comes out in early 1981. By then Ken and his wife are living three hours out of Toronto, where she is working as a teacher. The Scenics continue to write songs and play shows in Toronto, London Ontario, and Buffalo NY, but with the Badgers starting a family, the band breaks up in the fall of 1981. They get together and do one last set opening for Ken Fox's band The Raving Mojos in the spring of 1982.
With Ken Badger raising his family north of Toronto, and Andy Meyers soon married and with children of his own, Ken and Andy remain in very sporadic contact, especially when Andy and his family move to Canada's West Coast in 1988.
## History- 2007-Present
In 2007 Ken Badger mails a dozen Scenics cassettes recorded live and in rehearsal in the late 70s to Meyers in British Columbia. (The Scenics have 300 hours of live and basement recordings that had remained in Ken's possession.) Meyers hadn't heard the Scenics for years. He played through several of the tapes one weekend and was moved by what he heard. Badger and he started talking on the phone. In 2008, The Scenics released a CD of 1977-1981 live material called "How Does It Feel to Be Loved? The Scenics play the Velvet Underground". The album was distributed by Scratch and Sonic Unyon and made the top 30 in National Canadian Campus radio, and “Year's Best” lists in the Village Voice and Detroit Metro Times, among others. The group reformed with Mark Perkell on drums and Mike Young on bass and played their first show in 26 years at the Horseshoe Tavern, opening for Carla Bozulich in April 2008. They played another handful of shows around a NXNE festival show in June of that year. The NXNE film festival ended with double bill of “The Last Pogo” film (first screening since 1979) & Scenics’ “Waiting for my Man” video (by Quebecois filmmaker Chet Lebeaux).
In September 2008 "The Last Pogo" film (featuring Toronto bands the Scenics, Viletones, Teenage Head, the Ugly, Cardboard Brains, Mods and the Secrets) is released on DVD by the Scenics’ label Dream Tower Records. The “Special Feature” is 7 unreleased Scenics performances on video from the “Mystery Train” filming of 1978.
In December 2008 The Scenics played at the Last Pogo's 30th anniversary at the Horseshoe Tavern with several other bands. The event is filmed by Colin Brunton. As well, the band went into #9 Studio and recorded 14 songs.
In October 2009, the band released another compilation from their vaults, "Sunshine World (Studio Recordings 1977-78)" on CD. The CD had limited distribution, but to promote the release the band performed dates in Ontario and Quebec.\[4\] “Do The Wait” was pulled from the album to be featured in May 2010's Protopunk themed cover CD from the UK music mag UNCUT, along with music by the New York Dolls, MC5, The Flamin’ Groovies and the Stooges.
### Dead Man Walks Down Bayview
In 2012 the 2008 recordings from #9 Studio were finished and released on LP as Dead Man Walks Down Bayview on DreamTower Records. The album featured songs written over the last 20 years, including 5 that the Scenics had often played live in 1980 and 81.The band got together for shows in Southern Ontario and Quebec.
In 2013 directors Colin Brunton and Kire Papputts release “The Last Pogo Jumps Again” a full length doc on the Toronto punk scene then and now. Badgers’ song “O Boy” is featured, as well as interviews with Badger and Meyers.
In 2014 the CD “Talking Songs” is released by “Scattered Bodies” (Andy Meyers with composer/vocalist Susheela Dawne and celebrated poet, Brian Brett). Funded by a Canada Council for the Arts grant, the album sets Brett's texts to music. The musical beds were created by Meyers from a wide array of samples pulled from Scenics cassettes 1976-81. The album is recorded at Meyers' Allowed Sound Studio, which he opened in 1999.
### In The Summer
Dissatisfied with the sound of 2009's Sunshine World CD, The Scenics remaster that material with BC Producer Joby Baker, who had mixed “Dead Man” and mastered “How Does It Feel”. In 2016 the refurbished tracks are released as the “In The Summer: Studio Recordings 1977/78” LP by Rave Out in Europe, and DreamTower, distributed by Light In The Attic, in North America.
The Scenics reconvene in Toronto in July 2016 to celebrate this release with dates in Canada and the US. However, their Visa is delayed and they are unable to play half a dozen shows in the US. Instead, they go into Toronto's Baldwin Sound and record seven songs. The shows are re-booked for the fall. The Scenics decide to go out as a trio, revisiting their first, more open ended sound, and tour Buffalo, Beacon NY, New York City, Jersey City NJ, Boston, Montreal, Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland. Meyers then flies back to the west coast and does four solo shows in Seattle, Eugene, Ashland, and Portland.
In 2019 Meyers writes music included in the soundtrack for the documentary “Dosed”.
In Mar 2021 Meyers releases “Deeper Into the Forest”, an album that sets poet/publisher Diana Hayes' performances to his music, with wordless vocals by Susheela Dawne.
In Spring 2022 Meyers releases “Bones”, an album of post rock ambient music he creates with Simon Millerd, pianist/trumpeter from Montreal.
In 2023 “In The Summer” is picked up for distribution by Supreme Echo Records in Canada and Revolver/Midheaven in the USA.
## Members
Andy Meyers (guitar, bass, vocals, sax, keyboards, songwriter)
Ken Badger (guitar, bass vocals, songwriter)
Mark Perkell (drums from 1980 on.)
### Former members
Mike Young
Ken Fox
Brad Cooper
Mark French
Mike Cusheon
## Discography
### Albums
*Underneath the Door* (LP 1980, Bomb/Rio Records)
*How Does It Feel to Be Loved? The Scenics Play the Velvet Underground* (CD 2008, Dream Tower Records)
*Sunshine World - Studio Recordings 1977-78* (CD 2009, Dream Tower Records)
*Dead Man Walks Down Bayview* (LP/CD/Digital 2012, Dreamtower Records)
*In The Summer- Studio Recordings 1977-78* (LP/CD/Digital 2016, Dream Tower Records and Rave Up Records)
### Singles
*Karen b/w See Me Smile* (1981, Scenic Route Records)
### Compilations
*And Now Live from Toronto The Last Pogo* (LP 1979, Bomb Records)
#### Albums by Andy Meyers
*Talking Songs* (Scattered Bodies, CD/Digital 2014, Dream Tower Records)
*Deeper Into The Forest* (Diana Hayes/Andy Meyers, CD/Digital 2021, Dream Tower Records)
*Bones* (Millerd Meyers, CD/Digital 2022, Dream Tower Records)
## InfoBox
| The Scenics | |
| --- | --- |
| The Scenics on stage in Hamilton, Ontario<br>April 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | post punk, art rock |
| Years active | 1976–1982<br>2008–present |
| Labels | Dream Tower |
| | |
| Members | Andy Meyers<br>Ken Badger<br>Mark Perkell |
| | |
| Website | www.thescenics.bandcamp.com | |
# Pottuvil Electoral District
**Pottuvil electoral district** was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Pottuvil in Ampara District, Eastern Province. The district was a two-member constituency between July 1977 and February 1989. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Pottuvil electoral district was replaced by the Ampara (Amparai) multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Pottuvil continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.
## Members of Parliament
**Key**
Independent Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi UNP
| Election | | Member | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1947 | M. M. Ebrahim | Ind. | 1947-1956 |
| | 1952 | | | |
| | 1956 | M. M. Mustapha | ITAK | 1956-1960 |
| | 1960 (March) | M. A. Abdul Majeed | Ind. | 1960-1970 |
| | 1960 (July) | | | |
| | 1965 | | | |
| | 1970 | | UNP | 1970-1977 |
| | 1977 | | A. M. Mohamed Jalaldeen | 1977-1989 |
## Elections
### 1947 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 1st parliamentary election held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. M. Ebrahim | Independent | Pair of Scales | 7,407 | 55.92 |
| A. R. A. Razik | United National Party | Lamp | 5,508 | 41.59 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **12,915** | **97.51** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 330 | 2.49 |
| Total Polled | | | 13,245 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 18,164 | |
| Turnout | | | | 72.92 |
### 1952 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 2nd parliamentary election held between 24 May 1952 and 30 May 1952 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. M. Ebrahim | Independent | Pair of Scales | 8,093 | 51.21 |
| M. M. Mustapha | | Star | 7,534 | 47.67 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **15,627** | **98.88** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 177 | 1.12 |
| Total Polled | | | 15,804 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 21,187 | |
| Turnout | | | | 74.59 |
### 1956 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 3rd parliamentary election held between 5 April 1956 and 10 April 1956 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. M. Mustapha | Federal Party | House | 8,355 | 51.81 |
| M. I. M. Abdul Majeed | | Chair | 4,626 | 28.69 |
| M. F. Abdul Jawad | | Umbrella | 2,944 | 18.25 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **15,925** | **98.75** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 201 | 1.25 |
| Total Polled | | | 16,126 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 25,273 | |
| Turnout | | | | 63.81 |
### 1960 (March) Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 4th parliamentary election held on 19 March 1960 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. A. Abdul Majeed | Independent | Cockerel | 9,874 | 70.01 |
| M. F. Abdul Jawad | | Umbrella | 2,138 | 15.16 |
| V. Sandrasegara | | Ladder | 1,910 | 13.54 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **13,922** | **98.72** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 181 | 1.28 |
| Total Polled | | | 14,103 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 18,250 | |
| Turnout | | | | 77.28 |
### 1960 (July) Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 5th parliamentary election held on 20 July 1960 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. A. Abdul Majeed | Independent | Radio Set | 11,591 | 92.37 |
| M. Z. K. M. Kariapper | All Ceylon Islamic United Front | Sun | 837 | 6.67 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **12,428** | **99.04** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 121 | 0.96 |
| Total Polled | | | 12,549 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 18,250 | |
| Turnout | | | | 68.76 |
### 1965 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 6th parliamentary election held on 22 March 1965 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. A. Abdul Majeed | Independent | Radio Set | 6,768 | 34.89 |
| N. Tharmalingam | | Cockerel | 5,296 | 27.30 |
| Y. M. Mustapha | | Pair of Scales | 3,217 | 16.58 |
| U. M. Sulaimalebbe | | Elephant | 2,911 | 15.00 |
| M. S. Cader | Federal Party | House | 871 | 4.49 |
| B. A. Lal Wijewardhana | | Cart Wheel | 153 | 0.79 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **19,216** | **99.05** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 185 | 0.95 |
| Total Polled | | | 19,401 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 23,586 | |
| Turnout | | | | 82.26 |
### 1970 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 7th parliamentary election held on 27 May 1970 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M. A. Abdul Majeed | United National Party | Elephant | 10,610 | 41.92 |
| Tharumalingam Nadarajah | | Cockerel | 9,335 | 36.88 |
| M. I. Abdul Jabbar | | Hand | 5,209 | 20.58 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **25,154** | **99.39** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 155 | 0.61 |
| Total Polled | | | 25,309 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 28,282 | |
| Turnout | | | | 89.49 |
### 1977 Parliamentary General Election
Results of the 8th parliamentary election held on 21 July 1977 for the district:
| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. M. Mohamed Jalaldeen | United National Party | Elephant | 30,315 | 33.73 |
| M. Canagaratnam | Tamil United Liberation Front | Sun | 23,990 | 26.69 |
| M. M. Mustapha | Sri Lanka Freedom Party | Hand | 22,378 | 24.90 |
| Nadarajah Dharmalingam | | Clock | 7,644 | 8.51 |
| Seyed Ahamed Moulana | | Radio | 2,902 | 3.23 |
| P. M. S. Jananayake | | Lamp | 1,458 | 1.62 |
| S. L. Abdul Sathar | | Star | 272 | 0.30 |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **88,959** | **98.99** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 912 | 1.01 |
| Total Polled | | | 89,871 | 100.00 |
| Registered Electors | | | 49,691 | |
| Turnout | | | | 180.86 |
In December 1977 M. Canagaratnam defected to the United National Party.
6°52′24″N 81°49′57″E / 6.8733°N 81.8325°E / 6.8733; 81.8325 |
# Celtic Media Festival
The **Celtic Media Festival**, formerly known as the **Celtic Film and Television Festival**, aims to promote the languages and cultures of the Celtic nations in film, on television, radio and new media. The festival is an annual three-day celebration of broadcasting and film from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Isle of Man, Galicia, Cornwall and Brittany. The festival was founded in 1980.
## History
The festival was first held in 1980, on the Scottish islands of South Uist and Benbecula. The 30th festival was held in March 2009 in Caernarfon, Wales. The 40th festival was held in Aviemore, Scotland. The festival presents the Torc Awards to the winners of 28 different categories.
The festival also presents a Gold Torc to the winner of Spirit of the Festival Award - a film or television programme wholly or substantially in a Celtic language that encapsulates the spirit of the Celtic Media Festival.
## Chairs
The Celtic Media Festival has been chaired by representatives from the broadcasting industry:
**Irish Chairs:**
* Alan Esslemont , TG4
* Pádhraic Ó Ciardha, TG4
* Neasa Ní Chinnéide, RTÉ
* Bob Collins, RTÉ
* Con Bushe, RTÉ
* Muiris MacConghail, RTÉ
* Cathal Goan, RTÉ
**Scottish Chairs:**
**Welsh Chairs:**
## Festival Locations
## Categories
* **Documentary / Factual** : Factual Series - Factual Entertainment - Single Documentary - History - Sport - Arts - Current Affairs - Feature Documentary
* **Drama** : Short Drama - Single Drama - Drama Series
* **Further Screen Categories** : Comedy - Animation - Children - Entertainment - Short Form - Live Music Programme
* **Sound** : Radio Station of the Year - Documentary - History - Drama - Music Programme - Sports - Presenter of the Year - Comedy - Entertainment
## Further reading
* Caughie, John (1983), *From 'Scotch Reels' to the 'Highland Fling': The Fourth International Festival of Film and Television in the Celtic Countries*, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), *Cencrastus* No. 13, Summer 983, pp. 40 – 42, ISSN 0264-0856
* Russell, Michael W. (1980), *First International Festival of Celtic Film*, in *Cencrastus* No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 8 – 10, ISSN 0264-0856
## InfoBox
Celtic Media Festival
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Celtic nations |
| Founded | 1980 |
| Awards | Torc Awards for Excellence |
| Directors | Catriona Logan |
| Language | Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Welsh, Manx, Cornish and Breton |
| Website | www.celticmediafestival.co.uk | |
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I am desiging a file format and I want to do it right. Since it is a binary format, the very first byte (or bytes) of the file should not form valid textual characters (just like in the PNG file header1). This allows tools that do not recognize the format to still see that its not a text file by looking at the first few bytes.
Any codepoint above 0x7F is invalid US-ASCII, so that's easy. But for Unicode it's a whole different story. Apart from valid Unicode characters there are private-use characters, noncharacters and sentinels, as I found in the Unicode Private-Use Characters, Noncharacters & Sentinels FAQ.
What would be a sentinel sequence of bytes that I can use at the start of the file that would result in invalid US-ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16LE and UTF-16BE?
• Obviously the first byte cannot have a value below 0x80 as that would be a valid US-ASCII (control)character, so 0x00 cannot be used.
• Also, since private-use characters are valid Unicode characters, I can't use those codepoints either.
• Since it must work with both little-endian and big-endian UTF-16, a noncharacter such as 0xFFFE is also not possible as its reverse 0xFEFF is a valid Unicode character.
• The above mentioned FAQ suggests not using any of the noncharacters as that would still result in a valid Unicode sequence, so something like 0xFFFF is also out of the picture.
What would be the future-proof sentinel values that are left for me to use?
1) The PNG format has as its very first byte the non-ASCII 0x89 value, followed by the string PNG. A tool that read the first few bytes of a PNG may determine it is a binary file since it cannot interpret 0x89. A GIF file, on the other hand, starts directly with the valid and readable ASCII string GIF followed by three more valid ASCII characters. For GIF a tool might determine it is a readable text file. This is wrong and the idea of starting the file with a non-textural byte sequence came from Designing File Formats by Andy McFadden.
share|improve this question
Since it is a binary format, the first bytes of the file should not form valid textual characters - You should look at the magic file (/usr/share/magic, or /etc/magic on many unix systems) that shows how this application identifies file types. A PNG file starts out with \x89PNG\x0d\0a\x1a\x0a -- note the "PNG" in there, that's a raw string. The sequences \x89 and the like are non-printable bytes. – MichaelT Mar 13 '13 at 15:29
@MichaelT Yes, since PNG is a binary format, the first byte does not form a valid textual character. That's what I meant. I fail to see your point? – Virtlink Mar 13 '13 at 15:36
That was an example. A .gif starts out with GIF8. A SGI movi file starts out with MOVI. One style of zip archive file starts out with ZZ, the more popular pkzip format starts out with PK. The constraint that the first byte be an invalid text character does not seem to match what is found in the wild. I am curious why this is a requirement. – MichaelT Mar 13 '13 at 15:51
Do you really care how other programs behave when they see a unknown file? To me, a signature sequence (like PNG files) is much more useful than a sentinel sequence - when the content is sent through a simple stream protocol, the receiver can immediately decide how to handle the following bytes. A Omani-sentinel sequence is next to no-sequence once everyone starts using it to identify their own format. – Codism Mar 13 '13 at 16:51
@Virtlink, I dont particularly care what bytes you use in your file format. But you made an assertion that its 'wrong' to use ascii characters... yet I've not seen anything here that supports that claim, and there's plenty of empirical experience that shows it really doesn't matter (ie, the countless file formats that have been using ASCII characters without a problem for decades) – GrandmasterB Mar 13 '13 at 19:49
3 Answers 3
0xDC 0xDC
• Obviously invalid UTF-8 and ASCII
• Unpaired trail surrogate in lead position regardless of endianess in UTF-16. It doesn't get more invalid UTF-16 than that.
share|improve this answer
But perfectly reasonable ISO-8859-1, and probably reasonable in any other character set that uses an 8-bit encoding. – parsifal Mar 13 '13 at 23:06
+1 OP didn't ask for ISO 8859-1, just US-ASCII and UTF-*. – Ross Patterson Mar 14 '13 at 0:00
@RossPatterson - true, but I suspect that's mostly because the OP hasn't really thought through the problem. Without any statistics to back me up, I'm willing to bet that a random "is this text" algorithm is more likely to give preference to ISO-8859-1 than UTF-16, simply because there's an enormous amount of 8-bit text in the world. – parsifal Mar 14 '13 at 12:57
@parsifal Any binary is valid ISO-8859-1 so it doesn't need to be considered simply because it's impossible to make invalid ISO-8859-1. – Esailija Mar 14 '13 at 13:05
@Esailija - valid, yes, but "text" files don't usually contain control characters (outside of the limited set of whitespace characters). – parsifal Mar 14 '13 at 14:40
• In UTF-8, the bytes C0, C1, and F5 - FF are illegal. The first byte must either be ASCII or a byte in the range C2-F4, any other starting byte is not valid UTF-8.
• In UTF-16, the file normally starts with the Byte Order Mark (U+FEFF), otherwise applications have to guess at the byte order. Codepoints in the range D800-DBFF are lead bytes for a surrogate pair, and DC00-DFFF are the trailing bytes for a surrogate pair.
Thus, I'd use the byte combo F5DC. These two values are:
• Not ASCII
• Not valid UTF-8
• Either interpreted as a UTF-16 trailing byte in a surrogate pair (not legal), or the codepoint U+F5DC, which is a private use character, but only by applications that stubbornly try to interpret this as UTF-16 even without a BOM.
If you need more options, F5DD through to F5DF all have the same 3 properties, as do F6DC - F6DF, F7DC - F7DF and F8DC - F8DF, for a total of 16 different byte combos to pick from.
share|improve this answer
So, by Esailija's suggestion to use U+DCDC, 0xDC would be valid UTF-8? – Virtlink Mar 13 '13 at 16:38
@Virtlink 0xDC is a UTF-8 lead byte for a 2-byte sequence. It must be followed by a 10xxxxxx continuation byte for it to be valid. 0xDC is not a valid continuation byte, so 0xDC 0xDC is not valid UTF-8. – Esailija Mar 13 '13 at 16:40
@Virtlink: No, because the second byte is not valid, it would have to be in the range 80 - BF. – Martijn Pieters Mar 13 '13 at 16:45
If you're trying to use a non-printable character to indicate "not text," then you'll find it hard to beat 0x89:
• It's outside the US-ASCII range
• In ISO-8859-1 it's a non-printable character ("CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION "). Likewise with Shift-JIS, which I believe is still in common use. Other 8-bit encodings may, however treat this as a valid character.
• In UTF-8 it's an invalid first-byte for a multi-byte sequence (top bits are 10, which are reserved for characters 2..N of a multi-byte sequence)
Generally, when you form magic numbers, "non-text" is a minor point. I'll have to look up the reference, but one of the standard graphics formats (TIFF, I think) has something like six different pieces of useful information from its magic number.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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# Modugno Città railway station
**Modugno Città** is a railway station in Modugno, Italy. The station is located on the Bari–Taranto railway and Bari–Matera railway. The train services are operated by Trenitalia and Ferrovie Appulo Lucane.
## Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
* Local services (*Treno regionale*) Bari - Gioia del Colle - Taranto
* Local services (*Treno regionale*) Bari - Altamura - Gravina - Potenza
* Local services (*Treno regionale*) Bari - Altamura - Matera
| Preceding station | | Trenitalia | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bari Centrale*Terminus* | | Treno regionale | | Bitetto–Palo del Colle*toward Taranto* |
| Preceding station | | Ferrovie Appulo Lucane | | Following station |
| Palo del Colle*toward Potenza Inferiore Scalo* | | Treno regionale | | Bari Zona Industriale (FAL)*toward Bari Centrale* |
| Palo del Colle*toward Matera Centrale* | | Treno regionale | | Bari Zona Industriale (FAL)*toward Bari Centrale* |
*This article is based upon a translation of the Italian language version as at September 2014.*
## InfoBox
| Modugno Città | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Modugno, Province of Bari, Apulia<br>Italy |
| Coordinates | 41°05′10″N 16°46′44″E / 41.08611°N 16.77889°E / 41.08611; 16.77889 |
| Owned by | Rete Ferroviaria Italiana |
| Operated by | Trenitalia<br>Ferrovie Appulo Lucane |
| Line(s) | Bari–Taranto railway <br>Bari–Matera railway |
| Platforms | 3 |
| | |
| Services | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Location Modugno CittàLocation in ApuliaModugno CittàLocation in Italy | | |
From Cookipedia
(Redirected from Chinese cabbage)
Cabbage ready to harvest
Raw cabbage is usually sliced into thin strips or shredded for use in salads, such as coleslaw. It can also replace iceberg lettuce in sandwiches. Cabbage is an excellent source of Vitamin C.
Cabbage is often added to soups or stews. Cabbage soup is popular in central Europe and eastern Europe, and cabbage is an ingredient in some kinds of borscht. Cabbage is also used in many popular dishes in India. Boiling tenderises the leaves and releases sugars, which leads to the characteristic "cabbage" aroma. Boiled cabbage has become stigmatised in North America because of its strong cooking odour and the belief that it causes flatulence. Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of vitamins and dietary fibre. Stuffed cabbage is an East European and Middle Eastern delicacy. The leaves are softened by parboiling or placing the whole head of cabbage in the freezer, and then filled with chopped meat and/or rice.
Red cabbage
Red cabbage
The Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) is a sort of cabbage, also known as Red Kraut or Blue Kraut after preparation. Its leaves are coloured dark red/purple. However, the plant changes its colour according to the pH value of the soil, due to a pigment called anthocyanin. On acidic soils, the leaves grow more reddish while an alkaline soil will produce rather yellow coloured cabbages. This explains the fact that the very same plant is known by different colours in various regions. Furthermore, the juice of red cabbage can be used as a homemade pH indicator, turning red in acid and blue in basic solutions.
Red Cabbage needs well fertilised soil and sufficient humidity to grow. It is a seasonal plant which is seeded in spring and harvested in late fall. Red Cabbage is a better keeper than its "white" relatives and does not need to be converted to sauerkraut to last the winter.
We have a spicy pickled red cabbage recipe, as well as Mrs Beeton's origin recipe.
Red cabbage is often used for salads and cole slaw. This vegetable can be eaten raw or cooked.
Chinese cabbage
Fermented and preserved
Cabbage is the basis for the German sauerkraut and Korean kimchi. To pickle cabbage it is placed in a jar, covered with water and salt, and left in a warm place for several days to ferment. Sauerkraut was historically prepared at home in large batches, as a way of storing food for the winter. Cabbage can also be pickled in vinegar with various spices, alone or in combination with other vegetables. Korean baechu kimchi is usually sliced thicker than its European counterpart, and the addition of onions, chillies, minced garlic and gingers is common.
Chinese cabbage
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subspecies) is a Chinese leaf vegetable commonly used in Chinese cuisine. The vegetable is related to the Western cabbage and of the same species as the common turnip. Some of the many variations on its name and spelling are; choy sum, bok choy, bok choi, pak choi, pak choy.
Napa cabbage (or Chinese lettuce according to Morrisons
We have a nice recipe for Spicy Chinese cabbage.
Tatsoi (Brassica narinosa or Brassica rapa var. rosularis), also called spinach mustard, spoon mustard, or rosette bok choy, is an Asian variety of Brassica rapa grown for greens. This plant has become popular in North American cuisine as well, and is now grown throughout the world.
The plant has dark green spoon-shaped leaves which form a thick rosette. It has a soft creamy texture and has a subtle yet distinctive flavour.
It takes 45-50 days to harvest and can withstand temperatures down to -9.4 degrees C (15 degrees F). Tatsoi can be harvested even from under the snow.
Mizuna garnishing salmon and pasta
Mizuna (, also called Xiu Cai, Kyona, Japanese Mustard, Potherb Mustard, Japanese Greens, California Peppergrass, Spider Mustard, etc.) is a Japanese name used primarily for cultivated varieties of Brassica rapa nipposinica but also for Brassica juncea var. japonica and similar varieties of Japanese mustard greens with jagged or frilly dandelion-like leaves and a sweet, mild, earthy flavour.
Rapeseed is a heavy nectar producer, and honeybees produce a light coloured, but peppery honey from it. It must be extracted immediately after processing is finished, as it will quickly granulate in the honeycomb and will be impossible to extract. The honey is usually blended with milder honeys, if used for table use, or sold as bakery grade.
How much does one cup of cabbage weigh?
Estimated US cup to weight equivalents:
Ingredient US Cups Grams Ounces
Cabbage raw - shredded/sliced/chopped
100 grams 4 ounces
Cabbage cooked - grated/sliced/chopped
225 grams 8 ounces
Conversion notes:
Seasonal Information: Cabbages
Cabbages are at their best and in season during the following months: June, July, August, September & October.
5 a day; fruit and vegetable portion sizes
We have recently started to take delivery of a weekly organic fruit and vegetable box which has of course heightened our interest in the 5 a day fruit and vegetable regime. This simple app will show you what makes up one of your 5 a day portions of vegetables. You'll be surprised how small the quantities are in some instances. You'll be able to eat healthier and feel all the better for it.
Select a fruit or vegetable from the picker below to see what its daily portion consists of
What are you waiting for? Pick your fruit and veg now!
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned Ackee
2 Globe Artichoke hearts
7 spears of tinned asparagus
5 spears of fresh asparagus
One third of an Aubergine/Eggplant
3 heaped tablespoons of barlotti beans
3 heaped tablespoons of black-eyed beans
3 heaped tablespoons of broad beans
3 heaped tablespoons of butter beans
3 heaped tablespoons of cannellini beans
4 heaped tablespoons of French beans
3 heaped tablespoons of kidney beans
3 heaped tablespoons of pinto beans
4 heaped tablespoons of runner beans
3 heaped tablespoons of soya beans
2 handfuls of fresh bean sprouts
3 whole bottled beetroot
3 whole fresh baby beetroot
2 spears of broccoli
8 Brussels sprouts
3 heaped tablespoons of butternut squash
2 handfuls of sliced cabbage
3 heaped tablespoons of shredded cabbage
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned carrots
3 heaped tablespoons of fresh carrot slices
8 florets of cauliflower
3 sticks of celery
3 heaped tablespoons of chickpeas
One fifth of a head of Chinese leaves
Half a large courgette
5 cm (2 inch) piece of cucumber
4 heaped tablespoons of curly kale
Half a karela (bitter melon)
1 leek (white portion only)
3 tablespoons of lentils
1 cereal bowl of lettuce (mixed leaves)
1 handful of mange-tout
3 heaped tablespoons of marrow
3 tablespoons of frozen mixed vegetables
14 mushrooms
2 tablespoons of dried mushrooms
16 medium Okra
1 medium Onion
3 heaped tablespoons of pak choi (Chinese cabbage)
1 large Parsnip
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned peas
3 heaped tablespoons of fresh peas
3 heaped tablespoons of frozen peas
Half a tinned sweet pepper
Half a bottled sweet pepper
Half a fresh sweet pepper
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned pigeon peas
3 heaped tablespoons of pumpkin
10 Radishes
2 heaped tablespoons of cooked spinach
1 cereal bowl of fresh spinach leaves
4 heaped tablespoons of cooked spring greens
8 spring onions
1 handful of sugar snap peas
3 heaped tablespoons of swede
1 large sweet potato
6 baby sweetcorn
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned sweetcorn
1 whole sweetcorn cob
1 heaped tablespoon of tomato puree
2 whole tinned plum tomatoes
1 whole fresh tomato
7 fresh cherry tomatoes
3 heaped tablespoons of turnip
150ml glass of unsweetened vegetable juice
150ml glass of vegetable smoothie
1 cereal bowl of fresh watercress
1 fresh apple
2 heaped tablespoons of apple puree
6 halves of unsweetened tinned apricots
3 whole fresh apricots
Half an avocado
1 banana
10 blackberries
4 heaped tablespoons of blackcurrants
4 heaped tablespoons of blueberries
11 tinned cherries
14 fresh cherries
2 clementines
6 damsons
3 fresh dates
2 fresh figs
150ml glass of unsweetened fruit juice
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned fruit salad
3 heaped tablespoons of fresh fruit salad
150ml glass of fruit smoothie
1 handful of gooseberries
8 segments of tinned grapefruit
half a fresh grapefruit
1 handful of grapes
2 kiwi fruit
8 Kumquats
6 tinned lychees
6 fresh lychees
3 heaped tablespoons of tinned mandarin oranges
1 fresh mandarin orange
2 slices of fresh mango (5cm or 2 inch)
1 slice of melon (5cm or 2 inch)
1 nectarine
1 orange
6 passion fruits
1 slice of pawpaw (papaya)
2 halves of tinned peaches
1 fresh peach
2 halves of tinned pears
1 fresh pear
2 rings of tinned pineapple
3 tablespoons of crushed pineapple
1 large slice of fresh pineapple
2 plums
6 tinned prunes
3 prunes
20 tinned raspberries
2 handfuls of fresh raspberries
5 chunks of tinned rhubarb
2 heaped tablespoons of cooked rhubarb
2 satsumas
1 sharon fruit
9 tinned strawberries
7 fresh strawberries
1 heaped tablespoon of sultanas
2 tangerines
1 heaped tablespoon of tomato puree
2 tinned whole tinned plum tomatoes
1 large fresh tomato
7 fresh cherry tomatoes
4 dried apple rings
3 whole dried apricots
1 handful of dried banana chips
1 heaped tablespoon of dried cherries
1 heaped tablespoon of dried cranberries
1 heaped tablespoon of dried currants
2 dried figs
1 heaped tablespoon of dried mangoes
1 heaped tablespoon of dried mixed fruit
2 halves of dried peaches
2 halves of dried pear
1 heaped tablespoon of dried pineapple
3 dried prunes
1 tablespoon of raisins
4 sundried tomatoes |
# Sheikh Omar Faye
**Sheikh Omar Faye** (born 10 January 1960) is the Gambian ambassador to Mauritania. Prior to this position, he was Gambian Minister of Defence, as well as a former diplomat who served as the Gambian Ambassador to the United States from 2015 to 2016, and an athlete who represented the Gambia in the 1984 Olympic games.
## Early life and education
Faye was born on 10 January 1960 in Banjul, the Gambia, to Ajaratou Ramatoulie Tambedou and Alhagi Tijan Faye. His grandfather, also named Sheikh Omar Faye, was an Islamic scholar who was involved in Gambian politics in the early days of the country. The younger Faye attended Windley primary school in Half-Die, and Crab Island Junior Secondary School. He then attended St Augustine's High School on a sports scholarship, graduating in 1979. At St Augustine's, he competed in football, basketball, volleyball, rugby, and track.
## Career
### Athlete
Faye began his career as an athlete and held the Gambian records in the 100m and 200m sprint for some time. He represented the Gambia internationally, including at the 1984 Olympic Games where he was the team captain. At the Games, he competed in the 100m and 200m races, as well as the 4 × 100 metres relay. He also played rugby for the Gambian national team at this time. Concurrently, from 1981 to 1983, he worked as a tutor at the Muslim High School in Banjul.
### Military service
Faye joined the Gambian National Army in 1983 and became an officer cadet that year. In 1984, he was sent to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst to train for two years. Later in his army career, he also trained at the United States Army Command and General Staff College. Part of his service was spent as part of a peacekeeping force in Liberia. He left the army in 1994, and was in Atlanta, Georgia, at the time of Yahya Jammeh's coup. He worked as a security supervisor and utility line locator in the United States until 2005, when he returned to the Gambia.
### Politics and diplomacy
Upon returning to the Gambia, Faye was appointed as Director of Information in the office of President Jammeh. He was appointed as Minister of Youth, Sports and Religious Affairs in 2006, and remained in that post until 2007 when he was sent to Mauritania as the deputy chief of mission at the Gambian embassy there. He remained in Mauritania until 2014, when he was sent to the Gambian embassy in Washington, D.C. He formally became the chargé d'affaires on 1 April 2014, and officially became the ambassador after presenting his credentials to President Barack Obama on 3 August 2015. On 19 December, he was recalled to the Gambia. This came after calling for Jammeh to step down following Adama Barrow's victory in the 2016 presidential election.
Faye was later appointed by the Barrow administration as the Deputy Head of Mission at the Gambian Embassy in Dubai, and most recently as the Consul General of the Gambian Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the primary consulate in charge of serving Muslim citizens of The Gambia on pilgrimage to Mecca for the Hajj.
### Minister of Defence
While Faye was serving as Consul General in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, President Barrow appointed Faye as the Gambia's first Minister of Defence under his administration. The appointment was made as part of a broader cabinet reshuffling announced via press release from the Office of the President on August 22, 2019.
## International competitions
Representing the Gambia
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Result | Wind (m/s) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 5th (q) | 100 m | 10.76 | +1.8 | heat 2 |
## InfoBox
| Sheikh Omar Faye | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheikh Omar Faye | |
| | |
| Minister of Defence | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>22 August 2019 | |
| President | Adama Barrow |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Gambian Ambassador to the United States | |
| **In office**<br>3 August 2015 19 December 2016 | |
| President | Yahya Jammeh |
| Preceded by | Neneh Macdouall-Gaye |
| Succeeded by | Ebraima Manneh |
| Minister of Youth, Sports and Religious Affairs | |
| **In office**<br>June 2006 September 2007 | |
| President | Yahya Jammeh |
| Preceded by | Musa Mohammed |
| | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-01-10) 10 January 1960<br>Banjul, the Gambia |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | The Gambia |
| Branch/service | Gambian National Army |
| Years of service | 1983–1994 |
| Rank | Major |
| | | |
# PowerPC 5000
The **PowerPC 5000** family is a series of PowerPC and Power ISA microprocessors from Freescale (previously Motorola) and STMicroelectronics designed for automotive and industrial microcontroller and system on a chip (SoC) use. The MPC5000 family consists of two lines (51xx/52xx and 55xx/56xx) that really don't share a common heritage.
## Processors
### MPC51xx
* The **MGT5100** was introduced in 2002 and Motorola's first CPU for its mobileGT SoC-platform for telematic, information and entertainment applications in cars. Based on the e300 core that stems from the PowerPC 603e, it ran in speeds up to 230 MHz and includes a double precision FPU, 16/16 kB L1 data/instruction caches and a rich set of I/O peripherals like DDR SDRAM, USB, PCI, Ethernet, IrDA and ATA disk controllers.
* The **MPC5121e** was introduced in May 2007 and is based on the MPC5200B. It is a 400 MHz highly integrated SoC processor targeted for telematics applications and includes controllers for USB, PCI, networking, DDR RAM and disk storage. It also has an on-die PowerVR MBX Lite GPU supporting 3D acceleration and displays up to 1280×720 pixels and a fully programmable 200 MHz RISC co-processor designed for multimedia processing like real-time audio and speech recognition.
* The **MPC5123** was introduced in April 2008 and is essentially a MPC5121e without the PowerVR coprocessor. It's designed for telematics, point of sales systems, health care equipment, display kiosks and industrial automation.
### MPC52xx
The MPC5200 family is based on the e300 core MGT5100 processor and is also a part of Freescale's mobileGT platform.
* **MPC5200** – 266–400 MHz, on-chip controllers for DDR-RAM, PCI, Ethernet, USB, ATA, serial, DMA and other I/O. Introduced in 2003, replaced by the MPC5200B.
* **MPC5200B** – 266-466 MHz, enhanced MPC5200, introduced in 2005. Also used in the small EFIKA computer.
### MPC55xx
Based on the e200 core that stems from the MPC5xx core, it is upwards-compatible with the newer e500 core and the older PowerPC Book E specification. Focus is on automotive and industrial control systems, like robotics, power train and fuel injection. The cores are the basis for a multitude of SoC controllers ranging from 40 to 600 MHz with a variety of additional functionality, like Flash-ROM, Ethernet controllers, and custom I/O. All MPC55xx processors are compliant with the Power ISA v.2.03 specification.
The MPC55xx family have four slightly different cores from the really low end and to the high end.
* **MPC5510** – uses an e200z1 core, with an optional e200z0 core as co-processor.
* **MPC5533** and **MPC5534** – uses e200z3 cores.
* **MPC5553**, **MPC5554**, **MPC5561**, **MPC5565**, **MPC5566** and **MPC5567** – uses e200z6 cores.
### MPC56xx
The MPC56xx family are PowerPC e200 core based microcontrollers jointly developed by Freescale and STMicroelectronics. Built on a 90 nm fabrication process. These microcontrollers are tailor-made for automotive applications like power steering, fuel injection, display control, powertrain, active suspension, chassis control, anti-lock braking systems, and radar for adaptive cruise control. Freescale calls these processors *MPC56xx* and ST names them *SPC56x*.
* **MPC560xB/C** or **SPC560B/C** – Uses a single e200z0 core at up to 64 MHz, up to 512 kB Flash memory, 64 kB EEPROM, up to 48 kB RAM. Used for automotive body electronics applications.
* **MPC560xP** or **SPC560P** – Uses a single e200z0 core at up to 60 MHz, up to 512 kB Flash memory, up to 64 kB EEPROM, up to 40 kB RAM. Used for chassis and airbag control.
* **MPC560xS** or **SPC560S** – Uses a single e200z0 core at up to 64 MHz, up to 1 MB Flash memory, 64 kB EEPROM, up to 48 kB RAM, and an on-chip display controller with up to 160 kB VRAM. Used for TFT color display control.
* **MPC563xM** or **SPC563M** – Uses a single e200z3 core at up to 80 MHz, up to 1.5 MB Flash memory, up to 111 kB SRAM. Used for entry-level powertrain applications.
* **MPC564xL** or **SPC56EL** – Uses dual e200z4 cores at 120 MHz, 1 MB Flash memory, 128 kB SRAM.
* **MPC5668G** – Uses one e200z6 core and one e200z0 core at up to 128 MHz, up to 2 MB Flash memory, 592 kB SRAM, integrated Ethernet controller.
* **MPC5674F** – Uses an e200z7 core, up to 264 MHz, up to 4 MB Flash, 256 kB RAM. Used for powertrain, fuel and motor control. |
I know this is asking a lot! I just really want to convey my words as best as I can and I know I need imagery to do so, but I cannot draw or paint or do much of anything artistic :/
But I see people here on reddit are so freaking talented! Anyone who is willing to donate their time an talent to this project I would forever be grateful!
Perhaps even 10 separate artists who can each take a paragraph?? I don't know?? I think that would be really awesome as well!
If this happens I'm definitely going to throw it up on YouTube so everyone can see the final result.
Below is the actual poem, some of the wording might change a little, but the main foundation will remain the same. WARNING: Remember when I said I'm not an artist... that means I'm not a good writer either :/
Also for anyone interested, I can give more back story to any elements that seem vague, because there's definitely a lot more subtext here!
At a young age you entered my world
A bright blue eyed, yellow haired girl
Unimaginably close in the grand scheme of the stars
But miles away in that little world of ours
We grew up and drifted apart
Ending what might have been before it could start
Surely our moment, our chance to share life
was lost in the wind carrying the sands of time
Time moved on and so did we
Choosing a path like the roots of a tree
doing our best to hold to the ground
hoping a good life is what we had found
Feelings of hope, happiness and regret
all part of the plan to take the next step
sometimes in life we have to experience the bad
so that we may truly understand the good when we hold it in our hands
If this story sounds sad, you may have been misled
For only half the story has yet to be read
You see the yellow haired girl stolen from me by time
would come back into my life when her path somehow found mine
Call it fate, or luck, or whatever you may
but a second chance was given on a cold December day
I'll never forget what happened that night
Nothing in my life had ever felt this right
When my hand touched her skin I nearly stopped breathing
My heart froze in time trying to process the feeling
I sat motionless fearing the moment would pass by
but she just pulled closer, and we closed our eyes
There's no way of explaining no way to describe
How i've felt since that day she filled my insides
with nothing but peace, joy, and pure love
She is truly a gift from the heavens above
I may not know what the future will hold
but I know this and it needs to be told
I love this bright blue eyed, yellow haired girl
More than anything else in my entire world
I cannot say where this story will go
All I can say is I want her to know
I hope the theme of our story never ever changes
and that one day our book will be filled with infinite pages |
I mean seriously has anybody ever heard of a person being on a current No Fap Streak for more than a year and not being successfull or at least on the best way to succeed in life.
What I realized while I sipped on my cold White Beer was that it all somehow comes down to not fapping. Sure there are many people who succeed in life and still do the dirty deed. Hell, even Bill Gates does it.
Or does he?
Dale Carnegy says the secret to success is sexual transmutation, I read about some buddist monks preaching to only cum every 10th intercourse, hell even the catholics say you shall not masturbate.
In the end it all boils down to not masturbating.
I mean think of it. What would happen if you didn't fap for say a decade?
Sure a few weeks it would be hard as hell (pun intended) and you'd still be slacker from time to time and have your bad days. But wouldn't you still ultimatively succeed in the end.
What I'm trying to say is that even the shyest, most introverted, self-conscious ultra nerd would eventually end up hitting on girls, after say six months of not having an orgasm. And even if it took him another 6 months, if he continued to be in that mental state, he'd still get laid.
Sure Not fapping will not magically make you a superstar, rich and famous, loved by all the hot chicks.
But if you'd follow through the Not Fapping Route say 3 years, and you'd constantly be this ever motivated alpha dog all the time, constantly thinking about how to impress the girls, make more money, and son on, wouldn't your personality change with the years?
Even if your business failed due to economy, even if you failed for say 3 or 4 times, but still continued not fapping wouldn't you succeed at some point because the motivation never stopped?
Are we all just not following through?
Sure Not Fapping by itself won't do much for you and your life. Given you'd sit in your room for a decade, having no contact with the outside world.
But that's the point of it. If you really want to manage to not Masturbate for a decade, you HAVE to leave the room, in order to Not Masturbate. The one is the necessary condition for the other.
Not Masturbating will make you hit on girls, and hitting on girls ultimately having sex will allow you to not masturbate.
Doing good in school and working hard, succeeding in your job, making money, getting a life are ultimately the condition for Not Masturbating, and not masturbating is ultimately the condition for all those things.
So as my semi-drunken logic goes one conditions the other.
But think pracitical, start with the simplest step first. Simplest doesn't mean easiest. But Simplest. If one thing condititons the other things, why not start with the one thing that conditions the many things, instead the other way around.
Not Masturbating is a very simple thing. Do not masturbate. But it sure is hard as hell. But in the end it will pay off. One way or another. |
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Asian Bodywork Therapy - Dr Zhou’s Acupuncture, Pain Management and Natural Wellness Clinic - Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dr.Zhou's Acupuncture and Wellness Clinic Milwaukee
4601 N Oakland Avenue, Suite 101
Milwaukee, WI, 53211
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Acupuncture in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Home Asian Bodywork Therapy
What is Asian bodywork therapy? How is it related to traditional Chinese medicine?
Asian bodywork therapy,” also called ABT, is a term used to describe a wide range of manual (and sometimes mechanical) treatments to the human body. As with most forms of Asian healing, Asian bodywork therapy treats not just the body, but a person’s mind and spirit, and helps one achieve optimal health on a variety of levels.
Asian Bodywork TherapyAll forms of ABT involve touching to some degree. Some forms are more comprehensive than others. Some therapies involve only light touching on various pressure points or regions of the body; others may involve specific motions along specific parts of the body at specific times, and may include the use of herbs, applications of cold and heat, and stretching.
When performing Asian bodywork, a practitioner will first assess a patient’s condition before determining a proper form of care. Most assessments are based on traditional Chinese medicine principles. In addition to bodywork, many ABT practitioners may also recommend dietary and lifestyle changes, and specific exercises designed to promote health and enhance wellness.
Although Asian bodywork therapy has existed at least as long as – and perhaps longer than – acupuncture and herbal medicine, it has come to be a recognized form of traditional Chinese medicine only recently. In 1996, the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM) developed the first certification program in Asian bodywork therapy, due in large response to members of the Oriental medicine profession. The NCCAOM now offers a written comprehensive examination in Asian bodywork therapy, in addition to its existing exams on acupuncture and herbal medicine.
What are the most popular forms of Asian bodywork therapy? Are they all alike?
Asian bodywork therapyThere are more than a dozen recognized forms of Asian bodywork therapy currently practiced in the United States, the most popular of which is shiatsu (which is described in further detail on our “Shiatsu” page). In fact, there are at least five recognized versions of shiatsu, and many practitioners may incorporate one or more versions while treating patients. The most popular forms of ABT include:
Acupressure: Acupressure attempts to balance the body’s energy levels by applying pressure to specific acupuncture points, thus releasing tension and promoting circulation of blood and qi.
Amma: Amma is a specialized form of Korean touch therapy that combines deep tissue manipulation with pressure, friction massage and touch to specific acupuncture points, along with various muscles, ligaments, joints and tendinomuscular junctions. Translated literally, amma means “push-pull.” As with acupuncture, the goals of amma are to remove blockages, ease stress and promote the circulation of qi, which helps restore and maintain health. Most amma practitioners also receive extensive training in nutrition and dietary advice.
AMMA: Not to be confused with amma, AMMA therapy is an extensive form of ABT that includes not only bodywork, but dietary therapy, supplement use, and applying herbal remedies to the skin. AMMA promotes health by treating the body, along with a person’s biological energy and emotions, which are believed to be intertwined with a person’s neuromuscular system.
Chi Nei Tsang: Chi nei tsang is a system of Chinese deep healing that uses the flow of energy created by the body’s five major systems – the vascular system, the lymphatic system, the nervous system, the musculotendinous system, and the meridian system. According to the principles of chi nei tsang, massaging a series of points in the area of a person’s navel breaks up energy blockages and increases the flow of energy to specific organs elsewhere in the body.
Five-Element Shiatsu: Five-element shiatsu’s objective is to identify patterns of disharmony in the body, using the traditional Chinese medical methods of examination (observation, listening, asking and touching). Once a pattern is identified, the five-element shiatsu practitioner then implements a treatment plan to bring the pattern back into balance. Five-element shiatsu practitioners may palpate the back and/or stomach, examine the pulse, and take into account lifestyle, emotional and psychological issues to arrive at the correct diagnosis. In addition to shiatsu, five-element practitioners may also use heat and cold therapies to help bring patterns of disharmony back into balance.
Integrative Eclectic Shiatsu: Integrative eclectic shiatsu is one of the most comprehensive forms of ABT practiced in the United States. In addition to Japanese shiatsu, practitioners may utilize traditional Chinese medical therapies, Western styles of soft-tissue manipulation, herbal remedies and dietary modifications to achieve the desired result.
massageJapanese Shiatsu: The oldest and most commonly practiced form of shiatsu, Japanese shiatsu consists primarily of pressure (usually delivered with the thumbs or elbows) along acupuncture meridians. Manipulation of soft tissues, and active and passive stretching and exercise routines may also be involved in a Japanese shiatsu session. Occasionally, practitioners may apply pressure to specific acupuncture points instead of entire meridians, although treatment of an entire meridian is usually employed.
Jin Shin Do: Jin shin do combines traditional Japanese acupuncture with classic Chinese acupuncture practices, Taoism and specialized breathing methods. Whereas shiatsu is usually applied with the thumbs, jin shin do emphasizes finger pressure on specific acupuncture points. Jin shin do also utilizes body-mind exercises and mental techniques designed to release physical and emotional tension.
Macrobiotic Shiatsu: Macrobiotic shiatsu puts an emphasis on living a natural lifestyle and heightening one’s instincts in order to achieve optimal health and well-being. Treatments consist of non-invasive touch and pressure using the hands and feet, along with stretching exercises to increase the flow of qi and strengthen one’s body-mind connection. In addition to pressure and stretching, macrobiotic shiatsu also uses techniques and therapies such as dietary advice, functional foods, breathing exercises, postural control, qigong and self-performed shiatsu.
Nuad Bo Rarn: Nuad Bo Rarn is a form of traditional Thai manual medicine, which itself is based upon a combination of Indian Buddhist medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Nuad bo rarn emphasizes specific hand techniques, passive movement and stretching, which open up a patient’s venous system, thus allowing energy to pass through and releasing tension from the body. Some spiritual elements are also employed with nuad bo rarn. In addition, some scholars believe that nuad bo rarn derives more from ancient vedic and Buddhist practices, rather than Chinese medicine.
Tuina: Tuina is a method of ABT that combines manipulation of soft tissues, applying pressure at acupuncture points and realigning the spine and other structures to treat musculoskeletal and internal conditions. Click here for a more detailed description of tuina and its healing benefits.
Zen Shiatsu: Zen shiatsu is based on an extended meridian system that expands the size and location of traditional meridians, with specific emphasis placed on the abdomen. Unlike some forms of shiatsu, zen shiatsu does not stick to an ordered sequence or set of methods to deliver care. In addition, zen shiatsu focuses on the use of entire acupuncture meridian lines, rather than specific acupoints.
Does Asian bodywork therapy hurt? Is it safe?
shiatsu_massageFor the most part, ABT does not hurt. In the course of treatment, some Asian bodywork therapists may include therapies such as cupping and moxibustion, which may cause bruising and slight discomfort in especially sensitive individuals. For the most part, however, ABT does not hurt, and because it is an external application that does not involve puncturing the skin or any otherwise invasive procedure, it is considered extremely safe.
Where can I find someone licensed to practice Asian bodywork therapy?
The American Organization for Bodywork Therapies of Asia (AOBTA) includes a list of Asian bodywork therapists on its website. In addition, the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine maintains a list of ABT certified practitioners on its website. Information on each organization is listed below.
I would like to know more about Asian bodywork therapy.
The best place to learn about Asian bodywork therapy is the American Organization for Bodywork Therapies of Asia (AOBTA). The AOBTA is located in Voorhees, New Jersey; its website contains information on popular ABT techniques, educational seminars, links to ABT schools and other essential data. To contact the AOBTA, visit www.aobta.org or call (856) 782-1616.
The National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM) maintains a listing of certified ABT practitioners on its website, along with information on upcoming ABT examinations. You can visit the NCCAOM at www.nccaom.org. |
Microbiology - Basic bacteriology
omranalzobaidi's version from 2015-11-28 14:22
Bacterial structure
Question Answer
Cell wall/cell membrane (gram positives)Peptidoglycan for support. Lipoteichoic acid induces TNF and IL- l .
Outer membrane (gram negatives)Lipid A induces TNF and IL-l; 0 polysaccharide is the antigen.
Outer membrane (gram negatives)Site ofendotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]);
PeriplasmSpace between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria.
PeriplasmContains many hydrolytic enzymes, including b-lactamases.
Polysacharride capsuleProtects against phagocytosis.
D-glutamateBacillus anthracis protection against phagocytosis
Pilus/ fimbria - GlycoproteinMediate adherence ofbacteria to cell surface; sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation.
SporeResistant to dehydration, heat, and chemicals.
SporeKeratin-like coat; dipicolinic acid; peptidoglycan
GlycocalyxMediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (e.g., indwelling catheters)
PlasmidDNA. Contains a variety ofgenes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins.
Unique to gram-positive organismlipotechoic acid (combination of lipid and tecichoic acids)
Unique to gram-negative organismLPS/endotoxin (outer membrane)
pleomorphic2 or more distinct forms in life cycle
Branching filamentous bacteriaActinomyces, Nocardia
PleomorphicRickettsia and Chlamydiae (Giemsa stain) - H.inlfuenza
No cell wallmycoplasma (does not gram stain)
Why mycoplasma does not gram stain well?contain sterols, and have no cell wall
Why mycobacteria does not gram stain well?contain mycolic acid. High lipid content
Bacterial stain and culture
Question Answer
Bugs that do not Gram stain wellTreponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella pneumophilia, Chlamydia
Bugs with Giemsa stainChlamydia, Borrelia, Ricketsiae, Trypanosome, Plasmodium
Stain glycogen, mucopolysaccharidesPAS
Stain used to Dx Whipple's diseasePAS
Ziehl-Neelsen (carbofuchsin)Acid fast-organism (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)
Acid fast organismNorcadia (branching filamentous), Mycobacterium (gram positive rod)
India InkCryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red).
Silver stainFungi (e.g., Pneumocystis), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori.
Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)H. influenzae
N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidisThayer-Martin (or VPN) media
Thayer-Martin (or VPN) mediaVancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); "to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client"
B. pertussisBordet-Gengou (potato) agar (Bordet for Bordetella)
C. diphtheriaeTellurite plate, Loffler's media
M. tuberculosisLowenstein-Jensen agar
M. pneumoniaeEaton's agar
Lactose-fermenting entericsPink colonies on MacConkey's agar
E. colieosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar
LegionellaCharcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
FungiSabouraud's agar.
Specific bacteriology
Question Answer
Obligate aerobesNocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus.
Obligate anaerobesClostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.
Obligate intracellularRickettsia, Chlamydia.
Facultative intracellularSalmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
Encapsulated baderiaStreptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus infiuenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and group B Strep.SHiNE SKiS.
Catalase-positive organismsPseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, S. aureus, Serratia.
Urease-positive bugsCryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
yellow pigment.S. aureus
yellow "sulfur" granules, which are composed of filaments of bacteria.Actinomyces israelii
blue-green pigment.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
red pigment.Serratia marcescens
Protein A (Binds Fc region of Ig - Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis)S. aureus.
lgA protease (help invading mucosa)S. pnewnoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Neisseria (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa.
M protein (prevent phagocytosis) group A streptococci.
Seen in burn wounds, complications of DM, nosocomial pneumonia, pneumonias in CF patientsPseudomonas
Normal flora in GI tractanaerobes
Aminoglycoside are ineffective against these bacteriaanaerobes
Lack of catalase or superoxide dismutaseanaerobes
foul smelling, difficult to culture and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)anaerobes
Can't make own ATPobligated intracellular
positive quellung reaction (capsule swell)encapsulated bacteria
opsonized and cleared by spleenencapsulated bacteria
chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible tocatalase-positive bacteria
Different bt polysaccharide vaccine with and without conjugated proteinconjugated protein bind to polysacchardie antigen to promote T cell activation and class switching -> with conjugated protein IgG, without only IgM
Bugs with exotoxins
Question Answer
Inactivated EF-2Diptheria toxin, Exotoxin A
Inactivate 60S ribosome y removing adenine from rRNAShiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin
Overactivated cAMP, Cl and water secretion in gutHeat Labile toxin
overactivated cGMP, decrease resorption of NaCl and water in gutheat stable toxin
mimics cAMP, edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthraxB.anthracis (edema factor)
overactivate cAMP, activating Gs, Cl secretion in gut, "rice-water" diarrheacholera toxin
high cAMP, disabling Gi, impair phagocytosis to permit survival of microbepertussis toxin
Whooping coughpertussis toxin
cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter releasetetanospasmin, botulinum toxin
muscle rigidity and lock jaw, prevent release of GABA and lycine in spinal cordclostridium tetany
flaccid paralysis, floppy baby, prevent release of ACh at neuromuscular junctionbotulinum toxin
phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranesAlpha toxin (C.perfringens)
protein that degrades cell membranestreptolysin O (S.pyogenes)
bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside of antigen binding site to cause release of IFN-g and IL-2 -> shockS.aureus (TSST-1), S.pyogenes (exotoxin A)
Toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome (exfoliated toxin), food poisoning (enterotoxin)S.aureus
Toxic schock syndromeS.aureus or S.pyogenes
beta-hemolysis, host antibody against ASO can be used to Dx rheumatic fevers.pyogene (streptolysin O)
myonecrosis (gas gangrene), hemolysis (double zone on blood agar)C.perfringens (Alpha toxin)
Cause HUSShigella (ST) or EHEC O157:H7 (SLT)
Cause HUS, enhance cytokine release but do not invade host cellsO157:H7
cause HUS, dysentery, increase cytokine release, invade host cellShigella
cause host cell deathPseudomonas aeruginosa (Endotoxin A)
pharyngitis with pseudomembrane in throat and severe lymphadenopathyC.diptheriae (diptheria toxin)
Extremely heat stableendotoxin
O-antigen, lipid Aendotoxin
fever, hypotension, edema, neutrophil chemotaxis, DICendotoxin
Bacterial genetics
Question Answer
Transformation ' competence 'take naked DNA from environment
TransformationSHiN (S.pneumo, H.influenza, Nesseria)
Conjugationtransfer of plasmid dsDNA from F+ to F-, or F+ can incorporate into DNA, termed high-frequency recombination cell.
TranspositionDNA segment that jump from one location to another, can transfer gene from plasmid to chromosome.
Generalized transductionLytic phage, cleave bacteria DNA, package, part of DNA in viral capsid -> infect another bacteria
Specialized transductionLysogenic phage, viral DNA incorporate into bacteria chromosome, bacteria gene excise with phage DNA -> infect another bacteria
Lysogeny specialized transductionShiga-like toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diptheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin (s.pyogene) |
# Popular Conservatism
**Popular Conservatism** or **PopCon**, is a right-wing faction within the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. The director of the group is Mark Littlewood, who is an ally of the former prime minister Liz Truss.
## Ideology
The group is ideologically on the right wing of the Conservative Party, particularly on economic issues. It is right-libertarian and opposes what it sees as a left-wing establishment consensus, saying: "a majority in the House of Commons is no longer enough to turn us away from the path of Blairite declinism. The institutions of Britain – from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) to the Supreme Court to the Climate Change Committee – now stand in the way of meaningful reform".
## History
The inaugural public meeting of the movement was held at the Emmanuel Centre, London on 6 February 2024. Speakers included former minister Jacob Rees-Mogg, backbench MP Lee Anderson, and political strategist and lobbyist Matthew Elliott. In the audience were former Home Secretary Priti Patel, former minister and Brexit negotiator David Frost, former UKIP and Reform UK leader Nigel Farage, attending in his capacity as a journalist for GB News, and former actress and pop singer Holly Valance.
The group met again at the same venue on 9 July 2024, following Labour's landslide victory in the 2024 UK General Election. Liz Truss, who lost her seat in the election, was not present. Jacob Rees-Mogg, who had also lost his seat, was amongst the speakers. Suella Braverman contributed with a recorded message.
## InfoBox
Popular Conservatism
|
| |
| Formation | February 6, 2024 (2024-02-06) |
| Purpose | |
| Director | Mark Littlewood |
| Website | www.popularconservatism.com | |
**Update:**
So I just spoke to him. It went better than I ever could have imagined it! He said he felt the same way - that our relationship had turned into an incredible friendship. We agreed that we'd love to continue to spend time with one another; but of course, I'm going to give him space, and I feel like that's the right thing to do. After we had the conversation we went out to a bar for a bit, just as friends, so that was extremely assuring that everything is a-okay on his end.
I didn't mention the women thing. It didn't really come up, and I felt bringing it up could possibly ruin a really nice moment. He said the only concern he has now is that if we each find someone new, we might have to stop hanging out due to jealousy, etc - I said to him that I'd never date someone who would completely prohibit me from seeing my friends, period. (As opposed to "welp, the wang's not quite what I'm after atm, so no problems here.")
Just want to say thank you so much to everyone on here who reached out to me to give me a helping hand. Without you, I wouldn't have had the confidence to do what I did, and now I feel better than ever. And, on the off chance there's anyone who's in the same boat, hopefully this helps encourage you to do what you have to do.
**Original:**
Ahoy thar - first time poster. I've seen that you gals give solid advice, and since I can't talk to my friends about this, I'm hoping someone on here can lend some words of advice. TL;DR at end.
Brief back story: From age 13/14, I've identified as a bisexual (internally and to certain friends, not out). Around 18, I realised I was pretty much only attracted to women physically and emotionally (never had a crush on a guy before). Tried to talk to a friend who was bi, she didn't really believe what I was saying and encouraged me to date men. Since then, had two boyfriends. First one was for 6 months, very cool guy, was right to end the relationship when we did though (he's married now!)
So that brings us to now. I'm 21, my boyfriend is also 21. We've been together for over 2 1/2 years. We've had lots of problems as far as the sexy time goes. We've tried to fix these problems, but they don't seem to be getting any better. This is something that we've talked about quite a bit; I've brought the idea of breaking up into the conversation, but he's really insistant that we stay together.
(Sidenote: I had some similar problems with my first boyfriend, but they weren't anywhere near as plaguing I guess because we weren't together for very long.)
If I'm being completely honest: the truth is, I just don't think I can be with a man anymore. I've never "been" with a woman before, let alone had a relationship with one, but the thought of me in that situation just feels right in my mind. It's all I can think about these days. I think it's just been continuing to swell inside of me, and now it's reached a boiling point. I can't run away from it anymore.
My boyfriend is the sweetest guy on earth. He's turned from being my boyfriend into being my best friend. Out of respect for him, and out of respect for who I believe I truly may be, I need to break up with him ASAP.
FINALLY, the question/s I'm asking:
How can I approach this really awkward situation delicately with him? What reaction can I expect? I'm his first... well, everything, so I feel like if I do this wrong it could be really traumatic for him. ("The first girl I was with likes girls now!") Will the potential for a remaining friendship completely disappear? Has anyone else out there been in my position?
**TL;DR - I'm 21. I've had very strong feelings towards women most of my adolescent life, but was encouraged to try men. Been with my current boyfriend for 2 1/2 years. Great guy, but the relationship is feeling more like a friendship to me. We need to break up and both need to find us some ladyfriends. How can I explain this to him without offending him or causing damage to his self esteem? Is there a way I can preserve the friendship at all?** |
Discrimination Victims: Show Me The Pudding!
October 26, 2009
Randy A. Fleischer, Esq.
There is no question that discriminatory acts occur every day. Bias based on race, national origin, religion, sex or gender, pregnancy, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity, continues to be a problem in employment, in housing and in public accommodations. This is true even when such discriminatory acts violate the law. While Florida does not have any law that protects people from discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identify, Broward County, Miami Dade County and Palm Beach County have ordinances that provide such protection. The U.S. Congress is reviewing legislation that will add those classifications to federal law.
If you have been a victim of discrimination, the issue is not whether discrimination exists, the question is “how do you prove it”? Discrimination is difficult to prove. Judges think narrowly as to what is relevant to your allegation. If you allege you were fired because of your race, you will need to prove that the person who made the decision was substantially motivated to terminate you because of your race. Some judges would demand nothing less than for you to bring the person or persons responsible for making the decision and get them to testify that the reason they fired you was because of your race. How often is that going to happen?
In the summer of 2009 the U.S. Supreme Court determined that in order to prove age discrimination you had to show “but, for” causation. Meaning that “but, for” your age, you would not have been terminated. Attorneys representing employers would argue that means if the company had any other reason for the termination, or if you had some other reason for the termination, you could not prove age discrimination. If the company has financial issues (who doesn’t); or claims you were making too much money (after 20 years of promotions and salary increases); or claims you had a bad attitude (because younger people with less experience you trained were promoted over you); or claims you had performance issues (because you were never properly trained on the new computer programs); or claims you had absentee issues (because of doctor appointments or caring for a loved one); or because you claim that it was not only age discrimination but also for discrimination based on gender, religion or race: then that would be enough to lose an age discrimination case based on a narrow interpretation of the Gross v FBL Investments majority opinion.
Even if the 2009 Congress reverses that decision (see bill entitled “Protecting Older Workers Against Discrimination Act” H.R. 3721/S. 1756 and contact your Congressional Representatives to support it) proving discrimination is the substantial motivating factor in the decision is still difficult. In most discrimination cases the employee has the burden of proof. You must prove by a preponderance of the evidence (the greater weight, more than 50%) that you were terminated, demoted, not promoted, not hired or otherwise negatively affected in the terms and conditions of employment because of your protected category (race, religion, national origin, age, disability, gender, sex, orientation or gender identity). If there is no direct evidence of discrimination, i.e. “I am firing you because of your race!”, then you need to prove discrimination through circumstantial evidence.
Most courts recognize what’s known as a shifting burden of proof in discrimination cases using circumstantial evidence. The employee has the initial burden of proving four elements of a prima facie case by the preponderance of the evidence. Generally, the employee has to prove:
1. Membership in a protected class
2. Qualified for the position
3. People outside the protected class were treated differently
4. Replacement by person outside the protected class.
While some courts use slight variations based on the facts and issues, the employee generally has to prove those four elements by the greater weight of the evidence. If the employee meets that burden, then the employer merely has to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for making the decision you are complaining about. They just have to say: financial issues; you were making too much money; you had a bad attitude; performance issues, etc. Then the burden falls back on the employee to prove that what the employer said was not true, and that really, ultimately, you were mistreated because of your protected status.
Proving retaliation cases is easier, you just have to prove: 1) protected conduct; 2) adverse employment action; 3) causal relationship between 1 and 2. Protected conduct is complaining about illegal discrimination. If you complain about harassment but don’t mention its based on race, sex, religion, national origin or some other protected status, you will not be protected from retaliation. If you complain to human resources but don’t say the complaint is based on race, religion, sex, etc., than they will most likely bury your complaint and take no action. If you specifically complain that you are being treated differently based on a protected category, human resources is required to investigate in good faith and take prompt remedial action.
If instead of investigating your complaint, the company investigates you, puts you under the microscope, scrutinizes your work, demotes you, finds reasons to discipline and terminate you, then you should be able to prove retaliation. Be aware that this often happens. The company will often make you a target because you complained, rather than investigate and take action against a manager who is biased or sexually harassing subordinates. That is why it is so important to file a formal complaint specifically alleging why you feel you are a victim of illegal discrimination. But remember, filing a complaint and proving illegal discrimination is very different.
If the proof is in the pudding, you need to be able to show what is in the pudding, who put it there and who witnessed it. Proving discrimination is not like tasting pudding. You can look at a bowl filled with what looks like a chocolate dessert worthy of Bill Cosby, but you need to taste it to know how it feels in your stomach. If you are a victim of discrimination, you have that queasy feeling in your gut that tells you that you are being treated differently because of your race, religion, gender, etc. But a Judge does not taste that pudding. A judge cannot feel the slap of discrimination, all they get are people bowing down to them and waiting for them to rule from on high. That is another reason proving discrimination is so difficult./
If you need some help determining whether you have a case and how to pursue it, contact Randy Fleischer in Davie Florida at 954 472-8401. |
Havana (Photo:Diego Grandi/Shutterstock)
4.5 / 5.0
Cruise Critic Editor Rating
Cruise Critic Staff
Port of Havana
Cuba's capital city truly must have been one of the finest cities in the Americas in its day. Compared with many Caribbean ports of call, whose historic structures are limited to a handful of churches and musty museums, Havana and its nod to culture and history are breathtaking. It still boasts thousands of architectural treasures, dozens of top-notch museums, gracious avenues and promenades, wonderful music, friendly people, breathtaking vistas and more.
But Havana is in terrible decay. Some areas, particularly in Old Havana, have been restored, but there are numerous areas that are crumbling. These once-graceful buildings have taken a pounding from hurricanes, sea air and neglect for nearly 50 years, without the commitment or materials to preserve and maintain them. Many buildings are missing roofs; on some, you can see doorways leading to missing balconies, and on others, walls are crumbling. The most fascinating thing is seeing these dilapidated buildings in the evening. Once darkness descends, it becomes obvious that, despite the desperate state of these dwellings, people continue to live in them.
However, the city is rich with rewards for visitors. The core of "Old Havana" or "La Habana Vieja" is a treasure trove of architectural gems. Across Havana Bay, the iconic 16th-century Castillo del Morro (Morro Castle) guards the city and the harbor and provides panoramic views. The graceful and elegant avenues and mansions of "El Vedado" offer a glimpse of a wealthy past. Today, it's also the center of the modern government at the symbolic Plaza de la Revolucion.
Cuba was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and was key in colonial times for its strategic location and rich agricultural base, which developed into the world's foremost sugar industry. (Today, it's almost extinct.) Havana itself was founded by Diego Velazquez in 1514, and, with its sheltered harbor, it prospered for centuries as a key center for trade.
Spain ruled Cuba for four centuries until the island gained its independence in 1899. In the 1900s, Cuba was mostly run by a series of leaders, who were greatly influenced by the United States. In 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolution to overthrow leader Fulgencio Batista, and a year later, Castro announced his allegiance to the Soviet Union and Communist principles. Thus, he alienated Cuba from the United States and, in the process, thousands of U.S. tourists that regularly visited the island.
The United States' embargo on Cuba, which began in the 1960s and has been modified several times, once prohibited U.S. citizens and U.S. companies from conducting business with Cuban interests. In 1999, U.S. President Bill Clinton modified the embargo to prohibit subsidiaries of U.S. companies from doing business in Cuba, and he also authorized the sale of certain specific products to Cuba. More recently, President Barack Obama eased travel restrictions to Cuba, starting with those of Cuban descent and eventually allowing all citizens to visit with the ability to self-certify the cultural requirements to do so. Under the Trump administration, the certification required by U.S. citizens in order to visit is back to a group tour mandate -- but the regulations are a moving target.
The island remained politically aligned and economically dependent on the Soviet Union until the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Following difficult economic times in the early 1990s (known as the "Periodo Especial"), Castro's regime began encouraging foreign investment, resulting in increased tourism -- predominantly from Canada and Europe. This marked the beginning of capitalism and renewed opportunity for the Cuban people. Cuba now attracts more than two million visitors each year.
In 2008, because of Castro's failing health, his brother Raul Castro was named president. Raul Castro has introduced changes to the island, such as allowing ownership of cellphones, buying and selling property and private enterprise, most notably in the form of paladars, or private restaurants. Fidel Castro died eight years later, in 2016.
With its convenient location, just 90 miles from South Florida, Cuba is an ideal port of call for lines sailing Caribbean itineraries. Now, due to a slow thaw, U.S. citizens are able to cruise to Cuba contingent upon taking a tour that falls under the cultural outreach visa category of people-to-people travel. These approved tours are offered through the cruise lines, and since restrictions loosened in 2016, they are heading to the once-forbidden island in droves. U.S.-based lines that now regularly call on Cuba include Carnival, Norwegian, Royal Caribbean, Oceania, Azamara, Holland America and Viking.
Shore Excursions
Havana features shore excursions that cover an array of landmarks, activities and experience.
About Havana
Classic cars, picturesque architecture, local music, Hemingway history -- Havana IS Cuba
U.S. currency exchange carries a premium
Bottom Line
Cuba's capital is a must-see for visual splendor and cultural catharsis; allow several days
Find a Cruise to Cuba
Easily compare prices from multiple sites with one click
Compare and book excursions for your next cruise
Port Facilities
Cruise ships dock at Terminal Sierra Maestra, and it's surprisingly modern inside. Since the cruise terminal is so centrally located (opposite Plaza de San Francisco in the old town), there's no reason to hang around the facility. The small souvenir shop on the first floor -- once selling only Cuban music CDs and postcards -- has upgraded to cigars and rum, if you need to grab something before your ship leaves. The terminal is also the best place to exchange your currency over to the CUC; just be sure to change any unwanted pesos back to dollars before the counter closes -- typically around 8 p.m.
Good to Know
Havana is a peaceful and safe city. That being said, take precautions against pickpockets and petty crimes: Do not wear lots of jewelry; avoid handling cash in plain view; keep valuables safe or, better yet, on the ship.
There are no beggars as such, but you might encounter hassles from so-called jiniteros, who are young men who will follow tourists and offer them anything from taxis to girls to a ubiquitous "cigar sale" (depending on your inclination). The best advice is a firm no, and they will move away to hassle someone else.
In many plaza and tourist areas, men and women dress in local costumes and ask for change in exchange for having their photos taken. In addition, be careful of those trying to sell cigars and rum on the streets. Often, the products are fake or of an inferior quality.
In addition, because of restrictions on locals changing currency, be wary of those asking to exchange money. The currency they try to exchange with you may be counterfeit.
Prostitution is rampant in Havana and completely in your face, but it is illegal. And, be warned that the government is not tolerant of any guns or drugs, so buying even a tiny bit of marijuana can lead to significant trouble with the law.
Getting Around
On Foot: Traffic has picked up in Havana in recent years, but there are several pedestrian zones: La Plaza Vieja, La Calle Obispo and La Plaza de Armas, among others. In addition, the 4-mile seafront malecon and the central marble promenade of Calle de Prado will entice and delight walkers. (Note that many of the streets in Havana are cobblestoned and/or lack conveniences for wheelchairs and scooters.)
By Taxi: Official taxis are metered and widely available at a number of taxi stands throughout the city. Official taxi services feature newer vehicles with official taxi logos on the side, uniformed drivers and, usually, air-conditioning. An hourly price of about 10 to 15 CUC can be negotiated with drivers. Numerous unofficial taxis are not metered or insured. Be sure to negotiate a price in advance. Also note that similar to Uber Pool in the States, some of these older taxis can fit a surprising amount of people inside; it reduces the rate and might spark a new friendship, but is maybe not the most comfortable way to travel.
By Classic Car: In addition to taxis (and a lot more fun), you can hail one of the vintage cars, which in recent years have become official taxis. The rate is the same, and if you can put up with the split leather seats and heat (many are open-air), they are a much more interesting way to see the city. This is a must-do while in Havana -- the range of these classic American vehicles is staggering, and owners treat the cars -- passed down from generation to generation -- as a family member. After all, this is a primary source of income for many in the city.
By CocoTaxi: These bright yellow, three-wheeled, open-air vehicles carry two passengers and the driver. They are a fun alternative for short trips, but they aren't metered, so be sure to establish a price in advance. You'll also find more standard pedi-cabs if you're not interested in riding inside what appears to be a lemon.
Currency & Best Way to Get Money
Two currencies circulate in Cuba.
The peso nacional, or peso Cubano (CUP), is used by locals and is virtually worthless to tourists (except for use in public phones, local buses and some cinemas).
The peso convertible (CUC) is currency used by tourists, and you can buy just about everything with it. It is pegged to the U.S. dollar, but note when you exchange it at the official exchange bureau, they will take a 10 percent commission. U.S. dollars are the only currency subject to the commission, and so you are better off bringing euros, British pounds or Canadian dollars. Also important to note that you can't buy Cuban currency before you leave the States, and it can't be exchanged back once you return.
Credit and debit cards and traveler's checks issued by U.S. banks are not accepted in Cuba, and other credit cards incur transaction fees of between 7 and 11 percent. Some establishments will accept Canadian dollars or euros.
Money can be exchanged at official Casa de Cambio (CADECA) locations throughout the city and at the airport. Check online before your visit for current exchange rates.
Spanish is the official language, although many in the tourist industry speak some English.
Food and Drink
Until fairly recently, eating in Havana could be a bit of a challenge, because of the lack of quality and inconsistency of ingredients. Most restaurants were state run (and were generally pretty awful both in terms of food and service). The few privately run restaurants (known as paladars) were subject to a slew of red tape that made them almost as bad as the state-run ones.
All of this changed in January 2011, when President Raul Castro's new privatization laws allowed paladars to seat up to 50 people (previously it was 12), and, more crucially, serve entrees beyond the traditional Cuban food of roast pork, black beans, rice and plantains.
Today, there are paladars popping up all over the city offering cuisine and service to match any restaurant in the Caribbean. The older ones are often quirky in terms of hours and service (they are often family run, with older members cooking and waiting tables). The post-2011 paladars are modern, hip and funky.
La Guarida: The most famous paladar in Havana , was featured in the popular Cuban film "Fresa y Chocolate," and much of its reputation rests on this. Half the fun is getting there: It must be reached via three flights up a poorly lit, steep staircase in a building that anywhere else in the world would have been condemned by now. Signature dishes include ahi with sugar cane glaze, mutton braised in papaya juice, seafood risotto and more. (Concordia 418 e/ Gervasio y Escobar; open noon to 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. to midnight daily)
El Templete: A few blocks from the cruise terminal, just off the Malecon, is El Templete, one of the oldest restaurants in the city. This eatery offers fine views over the bay. It's known for the freshest seafood and shellfish in the city and offers an impressive array of appetizers, as well as a wide variety of main dishes, but it's not cheap. (Avenida del Puerto, no. 12-14, esq. Narcisco Lopez; open noon to 10:30 p.m.)
Dona Eutimia: One of the best-known restaurants in Havana is this paladar that serves up reasonably priced, generously portioned traditional Cuban dishes, with great service (and very attractive staff) in a prime spot opposite the Cathedral. (Callejon del Chorro, Plaza de la Catedral)
Azucar: This swanky snack bar and lounge (punctuated with three explanation points in its official name) offers a stellar view to the plaza below and proves that Havana eateries have gotten trendy. Nosh on Cuban charcuterie plates while a bartender with a drink trolley makes you a custom gin and tonic -- in perhaps the largest individual drink glasses we've ever seen. It's a tad pricy, but worth it for the location, the ambiance -- and did we mention the G&Ts? (Mercaderes 315 Teniente Rey and Vieja, Muralla)
Waoo: If you fancy venturing further afield to the Vedado area, then you'll be spoiled for choice when it comes to places to eat. One of the standouts is Waoo, which offers fresh, simple food from just 2 CUCs, including empanadas as well as larger dishes. The venue is lovely: a wooden house with shuttered windows and a large L-shaped bar. It's located right in the heart of hip, happening Vedado. (Calle L, no. 414, cnr. Calle 25; open noon to midnight)
As for the best cocktail in Havana, it's a toss-up between three of Cuba's famous rum concoctions: the Cuba Libre, the daiquiri and the mojito. The Cuba Libre is basically rum and cola and is rumored to have been created by U.S. Soldiers during the war of independence in 1898. Note that, although Coca-Cola products are not common in Cuba, there is a local "Kola" that is available both in regular and diet versions. The daiquiri is a frozen drink that's made with rum, lime, sugar and maraschino cherries. It was invented by miners in the Cuban port town of Daiquiri. The mojito combines rum with sugar, muddled lime and mint and is served over ice with sparkling water.
The most popular local beers are the relatively light Cristal and the stronger Bucanero.
Hemingway, who made Cuba his home for a time, has created mystique around numerous island bars. At one end of La Calle Obispo is El Floridita (Avenida de Belgica esq. Obispo 557; open 11 a.m. to midnight), one of his legendary haunts; he developed quite the taste for daiquiris there, and there is an oft-photographed statue of the American author at one end of the bar. (El Floridita claims to have perfected the recipe and calls itself the "cradle of the daiquiri.")
Near the cathedral in Old Havana, La Bodeguita del Medio (Calle Empedrado 207; open 11 a.m. to midnight daily), another Hemingway haunt, is regarded as a temple to the mojito and is probably Havana's most famous restaurant. Its walls are covered with photographs, graffiti, drawings and people's signatures (you can add yours if you find space). It's usually crowded and touristy, but it's great fun and definitely worth a visit.
While serving up a perfectly tasty drink, these popular Old Havana bars are generally overpriced when it comes to offering fairly average food and mediocre service; El Floridita's entrees range from 35 to45 CUC. La Bodeguita del Medio is more moderately priced, but also serves simple meals.
The most popular souvenirs are rum, cigars and coffee, as well as arts and crafts. The most widely available rum is Havana Club, which comes in several varieties. It is recommended that cigars be purchased in reputable shops, as many street vendors try to sell knock-off, low-quality or fake cigars. U.S. citizens are allowed 100 cigars and 1 liter of rum per person to bring back home.
Wood carvings, papier mache, musical instruments, items made from shells, paintings and other arts and crafts are available at a number of street markets and shops.
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Ill start this by being honest, up until a few days ago I was hoping Redknapp would get his dream England job and fuck off with his merry band of under-achievers and go out in the quarter finals of the Euro's. I'm and England fan... but come on lol.
However these past two days I've started to change my stance on Redknapp. I don't think he is ready for England, and I don't think it is time for him to leave spurs just yet. However next season he really needs to get his act together and cut the crap or face heading out the door.
He gave us a great start to the season, and despite getting stomped by Manchester in the opening games, we immediately picked ourselves up and stomped people for weeks afterwards. Then came February, and I don't need to tell people what happened there.
Now I know a lot of people are on about getting Redknapp out the door, and I was there a few days ago knives sharpened and ready for blood. But we haven't given Redknapp a fair chance at all, sure he is an experienced manager, but he is just as new at this level as a lot of our squad, a year more, without a load of shit happening in the middle and he might be able to get a grip of dealing with football at this level.
He does however need to deal with the following:
1. Squad rotation, I'm not sure if he feels the subs bench is not strong enough, although at this point the dealings in January have done absolutely nothing at all to remedy this. At the end of the year the players are tired and everything goes to shit. He can blame what he want's but a better squad rotation will fix this. Case in point: I played my strongest team in every possible game in football manager (various editions) and every time my results died around early march till I tried squad rotation.
2. He needs to do an Alex Ferguson and hit someone in the fact with a football boot. This is something I would value in a manager like Mourinho. If Bale cries that he wants to play in the middle because it "suits him better" despite the fact it isn't working at the moment, then Redknapp should have the balls to slot him in the middle of the bench instead, making the left wing much more attractive. As for Modric asking about Chelsea, Redknapp should take him to a bar there and glass his pretty little face.
3. Stop the mind games... Some people might say "but I have never seen Redknapp put pressure on another manager, or there has never been anything like Ferguson vs Wenger."
The simple reason is Redknapp plays mindgames with himself. "Potential title winners, potential top 3, top 4 is exceeding expectations, I'm surprised this team can even compete in the Premier League, I think they 1st Division at best.. and so on"
4. Finally he needs to take ownership, and this kinda follows from point 3. He needs to buy this summer, he needs to sell the dead-wood and the criers. When the new season starts he needs to have bought a squad capable of getting champions league football or better. He needs to be able to go "We should achieve *aim* or we have failed." If we are not on course for his goals he needs to deal with it admit that things are not going well, instead of trying to plaster over it by lowering expectations.
We would be happy to sit and let a squad or part of a squad gain the experience they need to compete, why not allow a manager to do the same. Redknapp needs time to become a top manager. Ferguson had some really shit years at United (read 1989) and they stuck with him and he's turned out to be one of the greatest managers ever. There were a lot of people here (like myself) who were on about taking on Villas-Boas a managers sacked from Chelsea for essentially doing a comparable job to Redknapp. Chelsea had a shitty run of form and they turned on a very good manager because they got too caught up in baying for blood, and thats a manager many would take to replace Redknapp.
Anyway, that is my long winded opinion on the matter and now I want to hear yours! It's all opinion, there is no right or wrong answer. What is your actual stance on this and why! |
# Punjab Archives
The **Punjab Archives** (Punjabi pronunciation: \[pə̞ɲˈdʒäːb aːɾkaːiːʋz\]) is a repository of the non-current historical and cultural records of South Asia, located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 1924 under British Punjab and is currently under the jurisdiction of the Government of Punjab, Pakistan.
The records date back to the 17th century and cover the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence era in the Punjab region. The archival holdings number more than seven million files of unique documents and rare books. These records officially belong to the Government of Punjab, dating back to the year 1629. Its mission is to drive openness, cultivate public participation and make them available to Government officials. The access to the record will be expanded to general public through a system of nation-wide digitization.
It was established in 1924 by Lt. Colonel H. L. O. Garret under the British administration of Punjab and then inherited by the Government of Punjab, following Pakistan's independence.
## Collection
The Punjab Archives’ collection comprises over seven million documents and more than 70,000 rare books. This collection exists in a varying state of order and organization. Most of the collection is in great public demand so it was decided that the documents should be digitized through collaboration between PITB and Archives & Libraries Wing, S&GAD. A project of this scope has not yet been conducted in Pakistan. Thus it is important to operate on a low-risk level with a zero-tolerance policy of damage to documents.
The project is designed in phases. In the first phase five hundred thousand (500,000) documents, which are to be preserved, catalogued and digitized, are selected from the following collections:
* Mughal documents, 1629–1857. This collection contains 82 files.
* Records from the Delhi, Ludhiana, Karnal, Ambala, Lahore and North West Frontier Agencies and Residencies 1804–1849. These records are available in 247 bounded volumes, containing handwritten correspondence. Each volume is of an average 300 pages, bringing the size of the collection to 73,000 pages.
* Records from the Lahore Residency (1846–1849) and Punjab Province administration after annexation of 1849, covering the Home, Political, Revenue, Judicial, General and Military Departments 1849–1969. These records amount to roughly 34,045 files and each file is of an average of 14 pages. Thus this collection contains roughly 490,000 pages, which are to be catalogued and digitized.
* The record of the War of Independence, 1857. This collection contains 2100 files.
The above-mentioned records are either hand written or in manuscript form. Many of the documents and manuscripts are the only available copies in the world.
In the second phase, rest of the Archives documents are to be digitized. The project has been initiated with this conviction that all the documents within the possession of Archives will be digitized and available online to the scholars and general public of the world. It is also anticipated that this is going to be an important addition to the existing body of knowledge.
## Persian Record of Mughal and Sikh Period
The oldest official record kept in the Punjab Government Archives is related to the Mughal and Sikh era mostly in Persian language. The Mughal record dates back to 1629 while the Sikh record is available from 1799 to 1849. These original records are kept in files, bounded book volumes and loose sheets.
## Akhbar Darbar-I-Lahore (Persian)
The very rare official newspaper of Sikh period containing daily proceedings of the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his successors from 1835 to 1849, are available in Punjab Archives.
## Persian Record of Colonial Period
These papers are tied in bundles of cotton cloth, and are known as the bastas. These bastas are 300 in number and contain official documents in Persian. They are related to important historical junctures, including:
* Trade with Central Asia (1846–1875)
* Papers relating to Nepal (1815–1877)
* Papers relating to the Lahore Darbar (1839–1845)
* The Ludhiana Agency Papers (1809–1840)
* Papers relating to Mulraj and the Uprising of Multan (1848)
* Papers relating to the Second Sikh War, the Uprising of the Hazara under Sardar Chattar Singh and the rebellion of Bhai Maharaj Singh
* Papers relating to the First Afghan War (1827–1842)
## Old Persian newspapers
* Newspaper Lahore, Kashmir, Multan, Bahawalpur, Kabul and Kandhar, Peshawar and Tribal Areas, Hazara (1843–1844)
* Newspapers Kabul, Kandhar, Peshawar, Sindh, Natives States, Lahore, Kashmir, Awadh, Jesore, and Bahawalpur (1842–1844)
* Government Gazette, Calcutta (Persian) (1840–1844)
* Sadique-ul-Akhbar, Shahjahan Abad (1844)
* Akhbar-i-Bahawalpur (1843–1845)
* Akhbar-i-Kashmir & Kabul (1843–1844)
## English record
The Punjab Archives also has an extensive collection of official documents of British Raj in various areas of South Asia, including records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, which were transferred to Lahore after the War of Independence in 1857. Present-day KPK was then a part of Punjab, and all the record relating to the Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan Divisions and the Tribal Agencies, before the creation of a separate province in 1902, are also preserved here. The province of Sindh was annexed by Sir Charles Napier in 1843. Papers relating to Sindh, until it became a part of the Bombay Presidency, are also kept in the Punjab Archives. Besides, the Punjab Archives contain papers relating to the occupation of the tribal areas in Baluchistan. Records relating to the political relations of Jammu and Kashmir State, Afghanistan and Persia with certain Middle East Principalities in the nineteenth century, are preserved here as well. Therefore this record office is a rich repository of historical documents relating to the North Western part of the South Asian Sub-continent from 1809 onwards. The archives of Administrative Departments, from the time Punjab was annexed in 1849 to the present, is also stored at the Punjab Archives. In addition, these archives also house gazetteers, budget books, commission reports, inquiry reports, committee reports and census reports containing important historical data.
## Colonial Agencies record 1804 to 1849
* Revenue Records of the Delhi Residency from 1807 to 1831.
* Political and miscellaneous Record of the Delhi Residency and Agency 1806–1857.
* Four Bundles of correspondence relating to the affairs in Afghanistan (i.e. 1st Afghan War) 1841–1842.
* Delhi Ludhiana and Karnal Agencies 1804–1816 Book No. 1-15.
* Ambala Agency from 1809 to 1815 Books Nos. 16–91.
* Ludhiana Agency from 1816 to 1840 Books Nos. 82–125.
* North-West Frontier Agency, letters received in from 1840 to 1845 Books Nos. 126–136.
* Ludhiana Agency-Letters Dispatched from 1831 to 1829 Books Nos. 137–147.
* North-West Frontier Agency Letters dispatched from 1840 to 1845 Books Nos. 148–167.
* Lahore Residency from 1846 to1847 Books Nos. 168 to 197.
* Miscellaneous Books Nos. 198–210.
## Record after Annexation, 1849
After annexation in 1849, Punjab was given under the charge of a Board of Administration, constituted for the purpose. The 1st regular English record is related to the Board of Administration. With the settlement of affair and political peace, the regular offices were set up and the government work started under the proper departments as elsewhere in India. The Board of Administration was abolished in 1853 and Punjab was given the status of Chief Commissioner Province. After the War of Independence in 1857, Delhi and Hassar divisions were transferred to Punjab, which was given the status of Lieutenant Governor’s Province in 1858. In 1921, it was placed under a Governor’s Province.
Following table will indicate the regular English Records under different departmental heads preserved in the Punjab Archives:
| SR. No | Name of department | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Political Department | 1849-1947 |
| 2 | Revenue Department | 1849 to 1947 |
| 3 | Finance Department | 1869 to 1946 |
| 4 | Public Health Department | 1928 to 1945 |
| 5 | Commerce and Industry | 1905 to 1921 |
| 6 | Local-Self Government | 1921 to 1947 |
| 7 | Education Department | 1849 to 1868 |
| 8 | Financial Department | 1862 to 1900 |
| 9 | Chief Commissioner Cis. and Trans-Sutlej Territory | March 1848 to April 1849 |
| 10 | Forest Department | 1860 to 1900, 1872 to 1920 |
| 11 | Board and Committee Department | 1878 to 1888, 1888 to 1921 |
| 12 | * Home Department * Home General, Police, etc. * Home Gazette * Home Judicial * Home Medical, Jail and Sanitary | * 1849 to 1900 * 1869 to 1887, 1888 to 1943 * 1888 to 1917 * 1882 to 1950 * 1882 to 1942 |
| 13 | Record after 1947 to 1990 | H-Block |
| 14 | Record after 1990 to 2005 | Old IG Block |
## Record of Princely/Native States in Punjab
There were 44 Princely/Native States subordinate to the Punjab Government and prominent amongst them were Kashmir, Bahawalpur, Jind, Nabha, Patiala, Hunza, Chitral, Kalat, Maler Kotla, Patodi and Simla Hill States. The record pertaining to these states, from 1849 to 1947, is kept in Punjab Archives.
## Libraries under archives wing
There are approximately 70,000 rare books available in the following very old libraries of Punjab:
* Archives Library
* Secretariat Library
* Chief Secretary Library
* Board of Revenue Library.
## Record after Annexation, 1849
To give in brief or specify the names of the departments, the records of which are available in our repository it would be appropriate to state that after annexation in 1849 the Punjab was given under the charge of a Board of Administration constituted for the purpose. The 1st regular English record relates to that of the Board of Administration. With the settlement of affair and political peace the regular offices were set up and the government work started under the proper departments as elsewhere in India. The Board of Administration was abolished in 1853 and Punjab was given the status of Chief Commissioner Province. After the War of Independence in 1857, the Delhi and Hassar divisions were transferred to the Punjab which was given the status of Lieutenant-Governor’s Province in 1858. In 1921, it was placed under a Governor’s Province.
The following table will indicate the regular English Records under different departmental heads preserved in the Punjab Archives:
In addition to these records, the Punjab Archives also has an extensive collection of official documents from the British Raj from various areas of South Asia, including records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, which were transferred to Lahore after the War of Independence in 1857. Present-day KPK was then a part of Punjab, and all the records relating to the Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan Divisions and the Tribal Agencies before the creation of a separate province for this area are also preserved here. The province of Sindh was annexed by Sir Charles Napier in 1843 and all papers relating to Sindh until it became a part of the Bombay Presidency are also kept in the Punjab Archives. Besides, the Punjab Archives contain all the papers relating to the occupation of the tribal areas in the Baluchistan. All records relating to the political relations of the Jammu and Kashmir State, Afghanistan and Persia commercial relations with certain Middle East Principalities in the nineteenth century are preserved here as well. The record office is, therefore, a rich repository of historical documents relating to the North Western portion of the South Asian sub-continent from 1809 onwards. The archives of all Administrative Departments from the time Punjab was annexed in 1849 are also stored at the Punjab Archives. In addition to this, the archive also houses gazettes and census reports containing important historical data. In total, it is estimated that the Punjab Archives house over 80,000 books and 700,000 official files.
Official website
## InfoBox
Punjab Archives
| پنجاب آرکائیوز | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1924 (1924) |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Punjab |
| Headquarters | Punjab Secretariat, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan<br>31°34′03″N 74°18′10″E / 31.5675649°N 74.3028609°E / 31.5675649; 74.3028609 |
| Employees | 50–100 |
| Agency executives | * Saqib Manan, Secretary * Dr. Kanwal Khalid, Director * Junaid Atta, Head Translator * Kashir Adeel, Admin Officer & Editor Urdu Nama * Amjad Rouf Almaroof Imran, Translator |
| Parent department | Services and General Administration Department (Archives & Libraries Wing) |
| Website | alw.punjab.gov.pk | |
# Fraudulent conveyance
A **fraudulent conveyance** or **fraudulent transfer** is the transfer of property to another party to prevent, hinder, or delay the collection of a debt owed by or incumbent on the party making the transfer, sometimes by rendering the transferring party insolvent. It is generally treated as a civil cause of action that arises in debtor/creditor relations, typically brought by creditors or by bankruptcy trustees against insolvent debtors, but in some jurisdictions there is potential for criminal prosecution.
## Overview
A transfer will be fraudulent if made with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor. Thus, if a transfer is made with the specific intent to avoid satisfying a specific liability, then actual intent is present. However, when a debtor prefers to pay one creditor instead of another, that is not a fraudulent transfer.
There are two types of fraudulent transfer—*actual fraud* and *constructive fraud*. *Actual fraud* typically involves a debtor who as part of an asset protection scheme donates his assets, usually to an "insider", and leaves himself nothing to pay his creditors. *Constructive fraud* does not relate to fraudulent intent, but rather to the underlying economics of the transaction, if it took place for less than reasonably equivalent value at a time when the debtor was in a distressed financial condition. It is important to note that the actual distinction between the two different types of fraud is what the intentions of the debtor were. For example, where the debtor has simply been more generous than they should have or, in business transactions, the business should have ceased trading earlier to preserve capital (see generally, *wrongful trading*). In a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the property transferred or its value from the transferee who has received a gift of the debtor's assets. Subsequent transferees may also be targeted, although they generally have stronger defenses than immediate transferees.
Although fraudulent transfer law originally evolved in the context of a relatively simple agrarian economy, it is now widely used to challenge complex modern financial transactions such as leveraged buyouts.
Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. Courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to make this analysis simpler, more consistent across cases, and more predictable.
### Badges of fraud
Evidence of actual intent is rarely available to a creditor for it would require proof of someone’s inner thoughts. Because of that, creditors often have to rely on circumstantial evidence of fraud. To prove actual intent, the courts have developed "badges of fraud", which, while not conclusive, are considered by the courts as circumstantial evidence of fraud:
* becoming insolvent because of the transfer;
* lack or inadequacy of consideration;
* family or insider relationship among parties;
* the retention of possession, benefits or use of property in question;
* the existence of the threat of litigation;
* the financial situation of the debtor at the time of transfer or after transfer;
* the existence or a cumulative effect of a series of transactions after the onset of debtor’s financial difficulties;
* the general chronology of events;
* secrecy of the transaction in question; and
* deviation from the usual method or course of business.
## Individual jurisdictions
### Australia
Under Australian law, if a transaction is entered into by a company which subsequently goes into liquidation, and the transaction was entered into by the company for the purpose of defeating, delaying or interfering with the rights of creditors during the 10 years prior to the relation back day, the courts may set it aside. The relation-back day is defined as either the day upon which the application for the company's winding-up was filed, or the date of the commencement of liquidation.
### Canada
Canadian provinces have jurisdiction over property and civil rights, which includes conveyances of property. Many provinces have statutes prohibiting fraudulent conveyances. They also prohibit the granting of fraudulent preferences, which purport to give certain creditors priority over other creditors in bankruptcy. However, bona fide purchasers for value without notice are generally not liable for the actions of the fraudulent conveyer.
### United Kingdom
### United States
In Anglo-American law, the doctrine of Fraudulent Conveyance traces its origins back to *Twyne's Case*, in which an English farmer attempted to defraud his creditors by selling his sheep to a man named Twyne, while remaining in possession of the sheep, marking and shearing them. In the United States, fraudulent conveyances or transfers are governed by two sets of laws that are generally consistent. The first is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act ("UFTA") that has been adopted by all but a handful of the states. The second is found in the Federal Bankruptcy Code.
The UFTA and the Bankruptcy Code both provide that a transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor if the debtor made the transfer with the "actual intention to hinder, delay or defraud" any creditor of the debtor.
There are two kinds of fraudulent transfer. The archetypal example is the intentional fraudulent transfer. This is a transfer of property made by a debtor with intent to defraud, hinder, or delay his or her creditors. The second is a constructive fraudulent transfer. Generally, this occurs when a debtor transfers property without receiving "reasonably equivalent value" in exchange for the transfer if the debtor is insolvent at the time of the transfer or becomes insolvent or is left with unreasonably small capital to continue in business as a result of the transfer. Unlike the intentional fraudulent transfer, no intention to defraud is necessary.
The Bankruptcy Code authorizes a bankruptcy trustee to recover the property transferred fraudulently for the benefit of all of the creditors of the debtor if the transfer took place within the relevant time frame. The transfer may also be recovered by a bankruptcy trustee under the UFTA too, if the state in which the transfer took place has adopted it and the transfer took place within its relevant time period. Creditors may also pursue remedies under the UFTA without the necessity of a bankruptcy.
Because this second type of transfer does not necessarily involve any actual wrongdoing, it is a common trap into which honest, but unwary debtors fall when filing a bankruptcy petition without an attorney. Particularly devastating and not uncommon is the situation in which an adult child takes title to the parents' home as a self-help probate measure (in order to avoid any confusion about who owns the home when the parents die and to avoid losing the home to a perceived threat from the state). Later, when the parents file a bankruptcy petition without recognizing the problem, they are unable to exempt the home from administration by the trustee. Unless they are able to pay the trustee an amount equal to the greater of the equity in the home or the sum of their debts (either directly to the Chapter 7 trustee or in payments to a Chapter 13 trustee), the trustee will sell their home to pay the creditors. In many cases, the parents would have been able to exempt the home and carry it safely through a bankruptcy if they had retained title or had recovered title before filing.
Even *good faith purchasers* of property who are the recipients of fraudulent transfers are only partially protected by the law in the U.S. Under the Bankruptcy Code, they get to keep the transfer to the extent of the value they gave for it, which means that they may lose much of the benefit of their bargain, even though they have no knowledge that the transfer to them is fraudulent.
Often fraudulent transfers occur in connection with leveraged buyouts (LBOs), where the management/owners of a failing corporation will cause the corporation to borrow on its assets and use the loan proceeds to purchase the management/owner's stock at highly inflated prices. The creditors of the corporation will then often have little or no unencumbered assets left upon which to collect their debts. LBOs can be either intentional or constructive fraudulent transfers, or both, depending on how obviously the corporation is financially impaired when the transaction is completed.
Although not all LBOs are fraudulent transfers, a red flag is raised when, after an LBO, the company then cannot pay its creditors.
Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. U.S. courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to streamline the analysis of constructive fraud, and judges are increasingly focusing on these market based measures.
### Switzerland
Under Swiss law, creditors who hold a certificate of unpaid debts against the debtor, or creditors in a bankruptcy, may file suit against third parties that have benefited from unfair preferences or fraudulent transfers by the debtor prior to a seizure of assets or a bankruptcy.
### South Korea
Fraudulent conveyance or also known as action revocatoire or Pauline action (채권자취소권) is a right to preserve the debtor's property for all creditors by canceling an action by the debtor which reduces the debtor's property with a knowledge that the action harms the rights of the creditor. To exercise this right, the creditor must have a right against the debtor that is monetary and not unique and personal in nature. For instance, the right to demand to clear of the land of the building or the right to delivery the land involves land and unique and therefore not subject to Pauline action (Supreme Court of South Korea, February 10, 1995, 94da2534). |
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MACDONALD, ANDREW ARCHIBALD, merchant, politician, and office holder; b. 14 Feb. 1829 at Brudenell Point, P.E.I., eldest child of Hugh Macdonald and Catharine Macdonald; m. 25 Nov. 1863 Elizabeth Lee Owen* in Georgetown, P.E.I., and they had four sons; d. 21 March 1912 in Ottawa.
Andrew A. Macdonald is best seen as part of a family dynasty that dominated the political and economic life of central Kings County for over a century. His paternal grandfather, Andrew, a Highland tacksman and merchant, had emigrated to Prince Edward Island with about 40 kinsmen in 1806. He purchased 10,000 acres in lots 8 and 52, as well as Panmure Island, where he and his family settled. In partnership with his sons Angus and Hugh he established a mercantile and shipbuilding enterprise. By the time Andrew A. was born in 1829, his grandfather had retired and Hugh and Angus were carrying on the business. Leading Roman Catholics, they were among the first Catholic members elected to the Island’s House of Assembly in 1830.
Something of the Macdonalds’ Old World standing survived the passage to Prince Edward Island. Along with a handful of families, such as their cousins the MacDonalds of Tracadie [see John MacDonald* of Glenaladale], they formed a kind of Scots Catholic aristocracy in the little colony. Their relative affluence and proud bloodlines commanded deference – if not obedience – from other Catholic Highlanders; respect – if not deference – from a local church hierarchy that was itself dominated by Highland Scots; and entry into – though not always acceptance from – “respectable” Protestant society.
Macdonald’s early childhood was spent in a fine brick house, surrounded by servants. He was tutored privately, besides attending a rough-and-ready school in Georgetown, but a series of financial reverses for the family curtailed his formal education. In 1844, at age 15, he was sent to work at a store in Georgetown owned by a cousin. On his kinsman’s death in 1851 he succeeded to the business, and he soon took his two brothers, Archibald John and Augustine Colin, into partnership with him as A. A. Macdonald and Brothers. The firm developed an extensive and diverse business. Between 1850 and 1870 Andrew had a hand in the ownership of 20 vessels, some built for export, but the majority employed in the carrying trade. His company shipped grain, potatoes, and lumber to New England, Newfoundland, and Great Britain, and imported manufactured goods for sale in its stores at Georgetown and Montague Bridge (Montagu). During the 1860s and 1870s the firm also exploited the mackerel fishery in the Gulf of St Lawrence.
Trade – and family precedents – proved springboards into politics for Macdonald. In 1854 he captured a seat in the assembly for Georgetown and Royalty. His family’s landholding background had given it conservative leanings, but Macdonald followed traditional Island Catholic practice by supporting the liberals, who were returned to power under George Coles*. Although he spoke infrequently in the house, his concise style, reasoned arguments, and self-professed adherence to the desires of his constituents established patterns that would characterize his parliamentary career.
Macdonald was re-elected in 1858, and again the following year. His election in 1859 was protested by one of the defeated candidates, and after a controversial scrutiny in the conservative-dominated house, he was unseated. Defeated in the bitterly contested “no popery” election 1863 [see William Henry Pope*], he won a seat a few weeks later in the newly elective Legislative Council, only to be unseated once again. In the ensuing by-election, he was returned unopposed. This trial by fire seems to have toughened Macdonald, and in the legislative session of 1864 he emerged as opposition leader in the Legislative Council. When the liberals under Coles regained office in 1867, Macdonald was named to the Executive Council on 2 April 1867, and became government leader in the Legislative Council.
Macdonald’s political career spanned one of the most partisan eras in the Island’s history. During the critical decade between 1863 and 1873 its politics was dominated by four great questions: land, confederation, railways, and education. Taken separately, each would have challenged the most stable of governments. Tangled together as they were, they made a shambles of the colony’s fledgling party system.
As a merchant who stood to profit from the prosperity of small landholders, Macdonald was a natural supporter of land reform that would eliminate the colony’s leasehold system, but as a man of property he rejected the violent defiance of the Tenant League movement of the mid 1860s [see Edward Whelan*]. Macdonald favoured voluntary sale of proprietorial estates to the government. When a compulsory Land Purchase Act was passed in 1875 by the government of his brother-in-law Lemuel Cambridge Owen, he was appointed a public trustee to oversee the liquidation of the last of these estates.
No such moderation was possible with respect to the education question. All through the 1860s Peter McIntyre*, the Roman Catholic bishop of Charlottetown, had waged a campaign to win public support for sectarian schools. Macdonald managed to skirt the issue for a time but in the end his party allegiance crumbled beneath the pressures of his religious loyalties. In 1870, when the liberal caucus refused to support government endowment for Roman Catholic St Dunstan’s College, he and George William Howlan* led its Catholic members into an uneasy alliance with James Colledge Pope*’s conservatives, causing the resignation of Robert Poore Haythorne*’s government. The glue that held the new coalition together was a remarkable pledge not to tamper with either the confederation or the education question until the next general election. Although no longer government leader in the Legislative Council, Macdonald played a prominent role in the Pope administration. He was an enthusiastic supporter of its decision to construct a railway to span the colony, and his reputation weathered the storm of accusations about bribes and corruption in connection with the line that brought down the government in March 1872.
As nasty as the railway question became, it caused Macdonald far less trouble than the festering issue of denominational schools. By the early 1870s McIntyre was calling for a full-fledged separate school system funded from the public purse. The polarization of opinion left Macdonald in a difficult position. Although a devout Roman Catholic, he did not regard himself primarily as a “Catholic” politician. When he tried to maintain his political integrity while doing his duty as a Roman Catholic, he fell foul of the redoubtable bishop.
Having fallen on the railway-question, J. C. Pope’s supporters were freed from their pledge to shun the education question. In the summer of 1872 their caucus attempted to seduce the four Catholics in Haythorne’s new government by passing a resolution in favour of grants to denominational schools. Macdonald was part of the unofficial delegation that took the opposition’s offer to the bishop. When negotiations failed, the caucus withdrew its explicit proposal, but not the carrot of possible concessions.
As confederation with Canada neared, McIntyre increased the pressure on Roman Catholic politicians somehow to ram through legislation on separate schools. Macdonald and others offered in April 1873 to form an independent Catholic bloc in the legislature. Confident that he could still wring legislation out of the conservatives, the bishop urged them instead to help Pope, who was trying to form a government following his victory in the recent election held on the terms of union with Canada. They did, Macdonald, G. W. Howlan, and William Wilfred Sullivan joining the Executive Council. But when the “better terms” promised by Pope failed to include separate schools, McIntyre angrily demanded that all Catholic members turn on Pope’s government. Macdonald – and other Catholic tories – refused. He had already pledged himself to confederation and was not about to precipitate another political crisis. Enraged, the bishop allegedly accused Macdonald of “treachery and deception.” Stung by repeated attacks in the bishop’s organ, the Charlottetown Herald, Macdonald made a rare and somewhat reluctant defence of his conduct in a long letter to its editor.
Although it was the education question that gained Macdonald the greatest notoriety at the time, it is for his role in Prince Edward Island’s entry into confederation that he is today remembered. As opposition leader in the Legislative Council, he was named one of the five Island delegates to the Charlottetown conference in September 1864. When the talks resumed in Quebec City the following month, he was among the seven representatives sent from the Island, and his rough notes of the meeting constitute one of the major sources for reconstructing the give and take of the discussions. Besides his novel suggestion that each province should have equal representation in the proposed federal upper house, he played a relatively minor role.
At Charlottetown, Macdonald had flatly opposed the concept of legislative union. By the time the Quebec conference adjourned, he had made up his mind about federal union as well. Even were it accompanied by moneys to buy out the Island’s remaining leasehold estates, he argued, the doubly taxed little province would have little real power and few resources. In the years that followed he remained an avowed anti-confederate, convinced that the Island stood to gain nothing from union and that the vast majority of the inhabitants opposed it. Only the impending bankruptcy threatened in 1873 by the colony’s enormous railway debt converted Macdonald (as it did most other Islanders). Even then, he held out for terms that would allow the provincial government to carry on “without resorting to local taxation.” It was Haythorne’s liberal government that sought terms from Canada, but it was Pope’s conservative administration that led the Island into confederation. And it was Macdonald who moved the adoption of the final terms of union in the Legislative Council on 26 May 1873. Even before the colony’s official entry into confederation on 1 July 1873, Macdonald had left politics. In an effort to placate Catholics angered by his ambivalent educational policy, Pope appointed him postmaster general, a position that was converted at confederation into the federal postmastership of Charlottetown.
Around 1871 Macdonald had moved from Georgetown to Charlottetown. Withdrawing from A. A. Macdonald and Brothers, he opened a wholesale grocery business in Charlottetown in partnership with his brother-in-law A. Wallace Owen. But by 1878 Macdonald and Owen had failed, dealing Macdonald a heavy financial set-back. For the remainder of his life he would support himself largely through the salaries attached to his government appointments. He added honour to emolument when, on 1 Aug. 1884, he became lieutenant governor of the Island. His uneventful five-year term was distinguished chiefly by his imposition of strict temperance on Government House. On 11 May 1891 he was appointed to the Canadian Senate. His last years marred by ill health, he would die in Ottawa in 1912.
“What peculiar claims or wonderful service any member of that family ever did for the province or the Liberal Conservative party is hard to say,” wrote one of Macdonald’s rivals for public office in 1889, “but they are best known in King’s County as men who look to the interests of themselves.” The disparaging comment does Macdonald a disservice. For ten critical years he had been at the centre of Prince Edward Island affairs. If he attended to his self-interest, he always seemed to weigh it against his sense of honour and public duty, and in a bitterly partisan era he was widely respected for both his integrity and his ability. In later life he was regarded as something of a curiosity, the last but one (Sir Charles Tupper) of the Fathers of Confederation. The one-time anti-confederate died proud of his role as a founder of modern Canada.
G. Edward MacDonald
As one of the last surviving Fathers of Confederation, Macdonald was in demand for his first-hand memories. His publications on the subject include “The confederation movement in Prince Edward Island,” in Canada, an encyclopædia (Hopkins), 5: 431–34; “Confederation by one of its makers,” Canadian Collier’s (Toronto), 43 (1909), no.15: 20–21; and, most important, “Notes on the Quebec conference, 1864,” ed. A. G. Doughty, CHR, 1 (1920): 26–47.
Macdonald’s diary for January–April 1870 was transcribed. by George Leard and published as “Ships and weather, by a Father of Confederation,” in Guardian of the Gulf (Charlottetown), 28–30 Jan. 1952.
NA, RG 42, 1352–71 (mfm. at PARO). PARO, Acc. 2323/6; Acc. 2654/224a; RG 5, minutes, 1867–73; Supreme Court, estates div. records, liber 19: f.60 (mfm.). Private arch., G. E. MacDonald (Charlottetown), A. J. Macdonald, untitled memoir, 1909 (photocopy). PRO, CO 226/106: 225–26 (mfm. at PARO). Examiner (Charlottetown), 16 Nov. 1857; 26 Jan., 9 Feb., 13 July 1863; 4 March 1872; 1 Aug. 1884. Haszard’s Gazette (Charlottetown), 24 June 1854. Herald (Charlottetown), 24 May 1871, 17 July 1901. Islander (Charlottetown), 11 Jan. 1856, continued as Prince Edward Islander, 28 Nov. 1873. Patriot (Charlottetown), 27 March 1869, 22 March 1912. Prince Edward Island Register (Charlottetown), 23 May 1826. Vindicator (Charlottetown), 2 Dec. 1863. J. M. Bumsted, “Parliamentary privilege and electoral disputes on colonial Prince Edward Island, part two,” Island Magazine (Charlottetown), no.27 (spring/summer 1990): 15–21. Canada’s smallest province: a history of P.E.I. ed. F. W. P. Bolger ([Charlottetown], 1973). CPG, 1891. [Archibald Irwin], “Our prominent men – xii: Hon. A. A. Macdonald,” Prince Edward Island Magazine and Educational Outlook (Charlottetown), 6 (1904): 25–30. Past and present of Prince Edward Island . . . , ed. D. A. MacKinnon and A. B. Warburton (Charlottetown, [1906]), 570–72. P.E.I., House of Assembly, Debates and proc., 1856–59; Journal, 1859, app.A; Legislative Council, Debates and proc., 1863–73; Journal, 1863–73. I. R. Robertson, “Religion, politics, and education in Prince Edward Island from 1856 to 1877” (ma thesis, McGill Univ., Montreal, 1968).
General Bibliography
Cite This Article
G. Edward MacDonald, “MACDONALD, ANDREW ARCHIBALD,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 14, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed May 1, 2016, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_andrew_archibald_14E.html.
Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_andrew_archibald_14E.html
Author of Article: G. Edward MacDonald
Publication Name: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 14
Publisher: University of Toronto/Université Laval
Year of publication: 1998
Year of revision: 2015
Access Date: May 1, 2016 |
Why Study the Humanities
I can tell you in three words: because culture matters. More particularly: because the ideas, images, and stories with which we fill our imaginations shape our souls as well as our actions in the world.
I know, I know. This is not the argument that we are supposed to make. We are supposed to talk about "tools" and "critical thinking" and the skills that we can gain in writing and making arguments. But this is like praising a hammer without having any understanding of what you might use it for. You could use it to kill just as easily as you could use it to make something. For the last fifty or so years, we have been using the tools which we develop by studying the liberal arts as much to destroy our culture as to craft it. We need to recover the craft, but to do so, we have to have materials to work with, not just skills or tools that we might apply willy-nilly to anything.
Herrad of Landsberg, Hortus deliciarum (1185):
The Seven Liberal Arts
Reading, writing, counting, measuring, analyzing, arguing: all of these are extremely valuable skills, skills which every free person ought to be able to wield. This is why we call them the "liberal" arts--grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music in the list of medieval seven--because these are the skills, as the ancients had it, appropriate to free men (and, we moderns would insist, women), but they are skills, not answers. Knowing English grammar is important if you want to be able to express yourself so that others can understand you clearly. Knowing the structures of arguments and how to make your case is important if you want to be able to persuade others to listen to you. Knowing how to construct clear lines of reasoning and test for fallacies is indispensable if you are to make arguments at all, never mind ones that change the way in which your readers or listeners see the world. Likewise, the skills that we gain by studying the way numbers work and the kinds of understanding we can gain about our world through counting and measuring things: we cannot make sense of our world without them.
And yet, having the tools with which to think and learn is not enough. I know you don't want to hear this, but content matters. It matters not just how we learn, but what we learn. The Sciences half of our Arts & Sciences faculties know this. They don't talk about learning biology or chemistry or physics as something you do in order to gain particular critical skills. They talk about how you need to know things like anatomy, cell structure, and DNA sequencing, the properties of energy and matter, and the ways in which physical objects interact. They assume that you have certain skills in order to study these subjects, but they don't teach skills as such. They teach stuff. And they don't apologize for it. The mathematicians do--apologize, that is, at least sometimes, when they can be distracted from meditating on the beauty of numbers and proofs for long enough (because numbers and proofs are beautiful), but this is because they, too, are often under attack for teaching particular content, witness the current argument against requiring Algebra II. Why are subjects like history, philosophy, art history, music, languages, literatures, and, yes, mathematics insofar as they want students to learn algebra II, constantly under attack from our politicians and legislatures? Because nobody is buying the argument that we make about skills.
As why should they? If what we really want to teach is skills, then we should teach them. Dorothy Sayers would be over the moon. Let's teach grammar so that students know the difference between there, they're, and their, how to punctuate a compound sentence, and avoid dangling modifiers. Let's teach rhetoric so that students know how to construct a persuasive narrative backed up with appropriate support. Let's teach logic so that they can spot when someone is making an ad hominem attack and recognize the difference between a valid and an invalid syllogism. Then we could justifiably claim to be teaching students, as Sayers puts it, "the lost tools of learning" which they need in order to do all the things we claim they will learn by studying the humanities but often don't: how to evaluate an argument, how to distinguish between different kinds of evidence, how to think about ways in which to improve communication with one's colleagues or customers, how to write and speak in an appropriate style, how to rouse an audience to a particular course of action, how to be effective in business, politics, medicine, or law. None of these are skills that require any particular content, and none requires study of the humanities as opposed to the liberal arts.
So let's ditch the humanities. Who needs to know about Augustine's Confessions or "The Wife of Bath's Tale"? What difference does it make if anyone has read Hamlet or Don Quixote or Paradise Lost? Who cares whether one thinks the Sistine Chapel worth looking at or Beethoven's Ninth Symphony worth listening to? What is gained by knowing about the reign of this or that English king, the life of nuns in medieval convents, or the thought behind the founding of the United States of America? Why should anybody who is not the same age, gender, race, sex, sexual orientation, level of physical or mental ability, religion, ethnicity, social class, ancestry, nationality, or political tradition care two whits about the art, music, literature, history, philosophy, or theology of any other time or place than the one in which they live now? More to the point, why care about art, music, literature, history, philosophy, or theology at all? They can't put food on the table or save lives. They are useless in solving problems of transportation or construction. Nobody (at least, nobody I can think of) ever came up with a novel industrial practice by reading Shakespeare or went to the moon based on what he had read in Chaucer. It's just as the proponents of STEM insist (although actually that should probably be STEm, as they don't really want the kind of mathematics my son does, all abstract proofs about topology and set theory): studying the humanities is a waste of time that could be better spent actually learning something useful. You can learn all the history that you need watching Game of Thrones or the History Channel, and who needs philosophy anyway?
Right. You don't buy that argument any more than I do. And yet, we make it all the time. Every time someone, say an administrator or fellow faculty member or member of our state legislature, asks us to justify our existence as humanities faculties, the abstractions come out and we start defending skills instead of the subjects we teach. Our staff in EuroCiv started making it just this week when the director of our teaching program came to talk with us about how to prepare our graduate students for questions in job interviews about their teaching. "I don't care whether my students learn European history as such," everyone started saying. "I just want them to learn to think historically." Which is fine, as far as it goes. Thinking historically is a good skill to have, just like being able to construct a grammatically correct sentence or sway an audience with an appropriate metaphor. But you don't need to study the history of European civilization or, indeed, the history of any civilization at all in order to learn to think historically. All you need to do is learn to read a text or any other artifact as a product of human making. You can "do" history off the back of a cereal box; you hardly need to learn about the canons of the Council of Lateran IV or what Martin Luther thought about liberty.
"But," you will say, "there is nothing in the history of European civilization or American civilization or Islamic civilization or Latin American civilization or East Asian civilization or South Asian civilization or Russian civilization or African civilization (just to name some of our many options for satisfying the College Core requirement in "Civilization Studies") that students actually need to know. Surely it is better to let them choose whichever interests them most as a subject; we don't want to force them all to learn any particular thing when the skills are all the same." By which point, however, I suspect--or at least hope--that you are starting to feel a little embarrassed. Really? There is nothing in your subject that you think actually matters that people learn? You are really content to say that you don't teach content, only skills? I hear it all the time: "I don't teach dates. It doesn't really matter if students know all the details. I know they don't need to know about this-incredibly-specialized-thing-I-have-spent-my-life-studying because what matters is that they learn to think historically."
Excuse me, I think I just gave myself a concussion, my eyes rolled back in my head so fast, but why? Why doesn't it matter that they know about Magna Carta or the development of Parliament or the arguments that the Federalists made in defending the adoption of the Constitution? Why doesn't it matter that they know why the Fathers of the early Church cared so much about definitions of doctrine or why the Puritan colonists of New England read the Scriptures in English or who was first responsible for the argument that "private vice" yields "public benefit"? Why doesn't it matter that they know where the first arguments for the abolition of slavery arose or who fought on which side in the French Revolution or where the Industrial Revolution began? Why doesn't it matter that they know where the image of Satan as a tortured genius comes from or why all church music sounds the same? Why doesn't it matter if they tell themselves this or that story about what caused the Crusades or what King Leopold thought he was doing in the Congo Free State? Why doesn't it matter whether they know about why Cortes was able to capture the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan or what caused the fall of the Roman Empire? Why doesn't it matter if they don't know why conservatives insist on the traditions of the common law while progressives want to reform the country through the intervention of the State? Why doesn't it matter if they have no idea why so many of our movies are about resistance to authority and/or the workings of the law? Why doesn't it matter if they don't know why Americans have a problem with stoning women for adultery or think women should be educated just like men? Why doesn't it matter if they have no sense whatsoever of the history of their own country and culture, never mind the history of the countries and cultures in other parts of the world?
Basically, we're cowards. Not, although this is part of the problem, because those who would insist that our culture--the culture of thinking historically and critically about the choices that human beings have made which we used to call "moral philosophy" when we didn't call it "history"--is so hopelessly corrupt that the only thing to do is bury it along with every other invention of the oh-so-hated bourgeoisie (although it really wasn't always the bourgeoisie's doing, they were busy building businesses and cities and making the world a more comfortable place to live, damn them) have so successfully bullied us that we daren't speak the word "white" without spitting and throwing salt over our shoulder first. After all, quite a few of us spend our lives studying countries and cultures other than those inhabited by the people of paler complexions whose ancestors were responsible for so many of the innovations which we now detest, like the use of fossil fuels to drive engines to make things and move them around. No, it's because we don't want to make the choice which of these cultures we will make our own, even as the institutions in which we study and teach them make the choice for us. Which is to say, we are Westerners all, but we don't want to admit it, because that would be recognizing the one thing that we have taught ourselves never to say: culture matters.
To be continued...
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