44 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 Local names: Balioko (Bis); barani (Ilk); paja de mesa (Sp) ; tang-lad (Tag, Bik, Bis) ; salai (Tag) ; sai (Mbo, Mand, Sul) ; salai (Tag). ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1045; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 38, ed. 2 (1845) 26, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 49; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 338, Fl. Manila (1912) 83, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 61. Heteropogon contortus Beauv. ex R. & S. Syst. 2 (1817) 836; Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 493; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Heteropogon polystachyus F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315, non Schultes. Heteropogon roxburghii Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99, haud Arn. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Union, Lepanto, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales), Mindoro, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Misamis). In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, often very abundant. Certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. Pantropic. Local name: Sibat-sibatan (Tag). The Philippine form is mostly referable to the var. hispidissimus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 587. ANDROPOGON FASTIGIATUS Sw. Prodr. (1788) 26; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 393, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 267; Merr. op. cit. 335. Luzon (Lepanto, Bontoc, Pangasinan), Merrill 4-461, B. S. 30055 Ramos. On dry open grassy slopes at low and medium altitudes. Pantropic. ANDROPOGON FESTUCOIDES Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 340; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 500; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 489; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316; Merr. Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 61. Andropogon anias Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 29; F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 20; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Andropogon muricatus Retz. var. aristatus Biise in De Vriese PL Ind. Bat. Orient. (1856) 104. Andropogon nigritanus Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. (1849) 573. Andropogon squarrosus Linn. f. var. nigritanus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 544. Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf var. nigritana Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25 (1919) 674. Luzon (Pampanga, Nueva Ecija), Merrill 4231, 4240, Phil. PL 389, B. S. 22238 Santos. In open level lands, rice-paddy banks, etc, at low altitudes. Tropical Africa, Java. Local name: Anias (Pamp). The roots are entirely odorless in striking contrast to those of Andropogon zizanioides Urban to which it has been erroneously reduced. ANDROPOGON FILIPENDULUS Hochst. in Flora 29 (1846) 115, var. LACHNATHERUS (Benth) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 635, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 267; Merr. op. cit. 339. Andropogon lachnatherus Benth. Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 534.


48 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 192? ANDROPOGON SERICEUS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 201; Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 575; Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 216; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1888) 291; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 338, Fl. Manila (1912) 82. Andropogon tenuiculus Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 371. Heteropogon tenuiculus Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 494; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315. Luzon (Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal), Cuming 1398, Merrill 266, Phil. PI. 163, B. S. 4824 Ramos. In open grasslands at low altitudes. New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia. ANDROPOGON SERRATUS Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 41; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 520; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 337, Fl. Manila (1912) 84. Sorghum fulvum Beauv. Agrost. (1812) 164; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Luzon (Bontoc, Benguet, Rizal), Mindanao (Lanao, Davao, Bukidnon), Merrill 4297, Phil. PI. 593, Elmer 5958, Clemens 597, Piper 471, B. S. 5764 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Japan and China through Malaya to Australia. Local names: Girun (Bag); taal (Bon); tiga (Mag). ANDROPOGON SORGHUM (Linn) Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1 (1804) 88; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 336, Fl. Manila (1912) 84, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 63 (var. vulgaris Hack) ; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140 (var. sativus Hack) ; Usteri Beitr. Ken. Philip. Veg. (1905) 132 (var. niger Kunth). Holcus sorghum Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1047. Holcus saccharatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 1047; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 47, ed. 2 (1845) 32, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 58, t. 436. Sorghum saccharatum Pers. Syn. 1 (1804) 101; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. 1 (1804) 101; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 502. Andropogon sorghum Brot. subsp. sativus Hack. var. saccharatus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 505. Several forms or varieties of sorghum are cultivated in the Philippines, but none are established. A native of Asia or Africa, now cultivated in all warm countries. Sorghum. Local names: Bakau (Ibn) ; batan (Tag, Bik, Bis); batan (Tag); bukakau (Ilk); gau (If); layagan (Sul). ANDROPOGON TRITICEUS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 201; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 588; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 338. Andropogon ischyranthus Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 367. Heteropogon ischyranthus Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 493; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315. Heteropogon insignis Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. (1859-64) 437; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315.


i VOL GRAMINEAE 49 Luzon (Abra, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan), Busuanga, Cuming 1003, B. S. 7216, 1+900, U269 Ramos, F. B. 121+77 Merritt & Darling. In open grasslands at low or medium altitudes. Ceylon and Bruma to tropical Australia. ANDROPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (Linn) Urban Symb. Antil. 4 (1903) 79; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 228, Fl. Manila (1912) 83, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 62. Phalaris zizanioides Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 183. Andropogon squarrosus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 542; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 337, non Linn. f. (cf. Stapf in Kew Bull. (1906) 348. Andropogon muricatus Retz. Obs. 3 (1783) 43, 5 (1789) 20; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Andropogon nardus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 39, ed. 2 (1845) 27, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 51, non Linn. Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf in Kew Bull. (1906) 346; Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25 (1919) 673. Batan Islands, Luzon (Amburayan, Rizal, Cavite) Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 355, Phil. PI. 118, Loher 7213. Planted about rice-paddy banks, often abundant; certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. A native of tropical Asia, now pantropic. Vetiver. Local names: Amoora (C. Bis) ; amoras (Ilk) ; anias de moras (Pamp) ; giron (P. Bis) ; ilib (Pamp) ; mora (Bik, Bis) ; moras (Tag, Bis, Bik) ; moro (Tag); narawastu (Sul) ; raiz de moras (Sp) ; rimodas (P. Bis); rimora (Sbl) ; rimoras (Bik); tres-moras (Bis). EXCLUDED SPECIES Andropogon eriostachys Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 339; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 496; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 487; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. "Hab. in insulis Philippinis" Presl. This is the tropical American Andropogon ternatus Nees var. eriostachys (Presl) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 425. The type was one of the numerous Malaspina Expedition plants collected by Presl but erroneously localized as Philippine. Heteropogon tenellus Schultes; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 315. 18. ASTHENOCHLOA Biise ASTHENOCHLOA TEN ERA Biise in Miq. PI. Jungh. (February, 1854) 367. Andropogon leptos Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 397; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 268, 337, 4 (1909) Bot. 250. t Garnotiella philippinensis Stapf in Hook. Ic. IV 5 (1896) t. 2U91; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 374. Garnotiella leptos Stapf in Kew Bull. (1910) 302. Luzon (Benguet), Panay, Merrill 1+322, Phil. PI. 15U, B. S. 5318 Ramos. On steep open slopes up to an altitude of 1,400 m. Originally described from "Andor" a locality I have not been able to locate; perhaps "Ind. or" intended. Java. A monotypic genus. The alliance of the genus is with Andropogon, not with Garnotia. 183036 4


52 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 22. ARUNDINELLA Raddi ARUNDINELLA AGROSTOIDES Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. (1836) 23, t. 265; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 318; Merr. Fl. Manila (1912) 85. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Rizal), Merrill 7399, Phil. PI. 594, Loher 7217, F. B. 124-82 Merritt & Darling. In open grasslands and on ledges along small streams at low altitude's. India to Burma. Var. CI LI ATA (Roxb) Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 1897) 71; Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 268; Merr. op. cit. 243. Holcus ciliatus Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 321. Arundinella ciliata Nees in Wall. Cat. (1829) No. 1668. Luzon (Ilocos Sur, Bontoc, Benguet), Merrill 4328, Williams 1961, F. B. 15940 Bacani, 15671 Merritt & Darling. On open slopes, about cliffs, etc, altitude 800 to 1,600 m. Range of the species. ARUNDINELLA M I LI ACE A Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158. Arundinella nepalensis F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 318; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 289; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 343, non Trin. Arundinella hispida Hack, subsp. humilior Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 4 (1904) 527, Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 12 (1906) 179. Arundinella filiformis Jan. ex Mez in Fedde Repert. 17 (1921) 85. Arundinella caespitosa Jan. 1. c. Luzon (Apayao, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna), Panay, Merrill 2262, Phil. PI. 161, Cuming 667, B. S. 30966 Ramos & Edano, 6700 Robinson, 35453 Martelino & Edano, 19286 Reillo, 28251 Fenix, 2101 Ramos, 30 Foxworthy, F. B. 7173 Curran, Kneucker Gram. Exsic. 606. On ledges and banks along swift-running streams at low altitudes. Formosa. The more-recent collections have been distributed as A. hispida (HBK) O. Kuntze, following Hackel's identification. ARUNDINELLA PUBESCENS Merr. & Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 419. Palawan, B. S. 856 Foxworthy. On river banks at low altitudes. Endemic. ARUNDINELLA SETOSA Trin. Diss. 2 (1824) 63, Gram. Pan. (1826) 245; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 318; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 342, 5 (1910) Bot. 326. Arundinella stricta Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102; Walp. Ann. 3 (1853) 804, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 520. Danthonia luzonensis Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 245; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 427; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 319; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 292. Arundinella setosa Trin. var. stricta Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140. Luzon (Cagayan, Isabela, Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Rizal), Mindoro, Mindanao (Bukidnon). In open grasslands, on cliffs, etc, at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 2,000 m. India to China through Malaya to New Guinea. Local name: Salai-sakai (Sbl).


306 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1924 MALAXIS RIZALENSIS Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 46, Orch. 5 (1915) 72. Luzon (Rizal), B. S. 4-561 Ramos. Bosoboso, in thickets. MALAXIS TAYLORI Ames Orch. 6 (1920) 290. Mindanao (Agusan), Elmer 13495, Taylor s. n. MALAXIS UNCATA Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 46, Orch. 5 (1915) 72. Luzon (Laguna), F. B. 9552 Curran. Paete-piapi. MALAXIS WENZELII Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 412, Orch. 5 (1915) 72. Panay (Capiz), Leyte, B. S. 31141 Ramos, Wenzel 034, 0130, 0144, 0211, 0239, 0503a. Terrestrial, in forest at 60 to 500 m altitude. MALAXIS WILLIAMSII Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 131, text cut, 5 (1915) 72. Luzon (Benguet), R. S. Williams 1109. Baguio. EXCLUDED OR SYNONYMOUS SPECIES Malaxis anceps Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 214 Oberonia anceps Lindl. Malaxis angustifolia Blume Bijdr. (1825) 393 Liparis caespitosa (Thou) Lindl. Malaxis aporophylla Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 214 Oberonia aporophylla Reichb. f Malaxis biloba Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 122, 5 (1915) 69 Malaxis acu minata D. Don var. biloba Ames. Malaxis caespitosa Thou. Orch. Isles Afr. (1822) t. 89 Liparis caespitosa (Thou) Lindl. Malaxis compressa Blume Bijdr. (1825) 390, fig. 54 Liparis compressa (Blume) Lindl. Malaxis cylindrica Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 208 Oberonia cylindrica Lindl. Malaxis disticha Thou. Orch. Isles Afr. (1822) t. 88 Liparis disticha (Thou) Lindl. Malaxis flavescens Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 127, 5 (1915) 70 (excl. syn) Malaxis bataanensis Ames. Malaxis iridifolia Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 208 Oberonia iridifolia (Roxb) Lindl. Malaxis latifolia Blume Bijdr. (1825) 393 Liparis latifolia (Blume) Lindl. Malaxis longipedunculata Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 411, Orch. 5 (1915) 70 Malaxis macgregorii Ames. Malaxis miniata Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1861) 215 Oberonia miniata Lindl.


Vol. 1 ORCHIDACEAE 457 Sarcopodium cymbidioides Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50, II. B. 21 (1910) 325, quoad Philip. Dendrobium acuminatum Rolfe. Sarcopodium lyonii Rolfe in Orch. Rev. 18 (1910) 240; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 53, in Addisonia 8 (1923) 17, t. 265 Dendrobium lyonii Ames. Sarcopodium stella-silvae Loher & Kranzl. in Fedde Repert. 7 (1909) 40; Rolfe in Orch. Rev. 18 (August, 1910) 240; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 21 (November, 1910) 326, fig. 31 A-C; Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8 (1913) Bot. 426 Dendrobium stella-silvae (Loher & Kranzl) Ames. Schizmoceras Presl Dendrobium Swartz. Schizmoceras disticha Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 96, t. 13, fig. 2 Dendrobium distichum (Presl) Reichb. f. Selenipedium laevigatum May in Rev. Hort. 57 (1885) 301 Cordula philippinensis (Reichb. f) Rolfe. Stauroglottis equestris Schauer in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1 (1843) 432 Phalaenopsis equestris (Schauer) Reichb. f. Stauropsis batemanii Nichols. Diet. Gard. 3 (1886) 493 (as batemanni) z Vandopsis lissochiloides (Gaudich) Pfitz. Stauropsis pallens Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 16 (1860) 117, Xen. Orch. 2 (1862) 7; Naves Novis. App. (1882) 243 Phalaenopsis pallens (Lindl) Reichb. f, spec. excl. Stauropsis philippinensis Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 16 (1860) 117, Xen. Orch. 2 (1862) 8, in Walp. Ann. 6 (1864) 882; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 270; Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 223, 5 (1915) 224 Trichoglottis philippinensis Lindl. Stauropsis violacea Reichb. f. apud Naves Novis. App. (1882) 243. Stenorhynchus vaginatus Spreng. apud Llanos ex F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 99. Synptera subviolacea Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 98; F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 75. Tainia elmeri Ames in Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1912) 1570 Ascotainia elmeri Ames. Tainia inamoena Kranzl. in Fedde Repert. 17 (1921) 387 Ascotainia elmeri Ames. Trichotosia Blume Eria Lindley. Trichotosia binabayensis Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 21 2 (1911) 141 — Eria binabayensis Ames. Trichotosia fastigiatifolia Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 21 (1911) 162 Eria fastigatifolia Ames. Trichotosia halconensis Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 21 9 (1911) 149 Eria halconensis Ames.


146 GRAKLE. Mina, or Hill Moina. It probably is a native of China, as we frequently see it in Chinese Paintings, and is there called Lefkoa, yet we cannot be certain of this, as we were informed by a Friend, that those kept in cages, at Canton, were said to have been purchased at Java, and that they are there sold for five shillings each. M. Temminck forms a Genus of this under the name of Gracula, or Mainate, and of which the Minor Grakle is the only Species. A— Mainatus major, J5m. ii. 308. Id. Svoi. 243. Cornicula, seu Monedula Indica orientalis, Klein. Av. 60. 12. Le grand Mainate, Buf. in. 419. Gerin. t. 319. Greater Minor, Gen. Syn. ii. 457. A. Edw. pi. 17. lower fig. This differs from the other only in size, being much bigger, and equal to that of a Jackdaw. Inhabits the Isle of Hainan, in Asia, and probably varies from the other only in sex or age. 2 BALD GRAKLE. Gracula calva, Ind. Orn. 189. Lin. 164. Gm. Lini. 396. Daiidu. 284. Nat. Misc. pi. 689. Shaw's Zool. vii. 461. t. 56. Merula calva Philippensis, Bris. ii. 280. t. 26. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 236. Pastor Martin, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Iv. Merle cliauve des Philippines, Goulin, Bii. iii. 420. PI. enl, 200. Iting, Tabaduru, Gulin, Palalacse Species, Phil. Trans, xxiii. 1397. 43. Bald Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 457. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length ten inches, breadth fourteen and a quarter. Bill brown ; head and cheeks bare, and flesh-coloured, but down the middle, from the base of the bill to the hindhead, is a narrow list of short brown feathers ; general colour of the plumage, on the upper parts of the body, is silvery ash, beneath grey brown ;


284 cuckow. behind, back, scapulars, rump, and upper wing and tail coverts, greenish black, spotted and marked with white, appearing gilded brown in some lights ; the under parts, from the chin, marbled with dusky, on a white ground, most conspicuous on the chin and throat ; the tail half the length of the bird, and cuneiform ; the two middle feathers, and outer webs of the others, marked with ten or twelve pale, rufous, curved bands ; legs yellow brown. The young bird is a trifle smaller, and though much the same as to general colour, wants the rufous tinge on the crown of the head ; many young birds are light rufous, where the adult is marked with white, and the ground colour dull greenish brown. M. Levaillant met with this bird near Swartedooren, and Kausssi, which are rapid rivers in the little Namaqua's Country; but it being at a season after they had bred, he can give no account of the eggs, or of the note; it is, however, certain, that in the five specimens which were obtained, no signs whatever appeared of their having sit on the eggs in a nest ; said to feed on insects, especially grasshoppers, caterpillars, and pupae of butterflies. According to M. Brisson, it is found at Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands ; at first sight might be taken for a young European Cuckow. The Eastern Black Cuckow, and the Mindanao Species, are found to be the two sexes of one and the same bird, of which the former is the male these are not uncommon in Java, where the male is called Tuhu, and the female Chule ; are also found in New-holland, as a pair of them from thence are in the Museum of the Linnaean Society.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 17 Myotis macrotarsus (Waterhouse). 1845. Vespertilio macrotarsus Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. (1345), 3, April. 1904. Myotis macrotarsus Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14, pt. 6, 385. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Luzon (Thomas) ; Mindoro (Elera). Genus PIPISTRELLUS Kaup. 1829. Pipistrellus Kaup, Sklzzirte Entwick-gesch. u. Natural. Syst. d. Europ. Thierw, 1, 98. Type. — Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber. Externally much as in Myotis; ear usually shorter and broader, and tragus less acutely pointed; teeth, 34 (38 in Myotis). Size small; head and body, 40 to 45 millimeters. Pipistrellus imbricatus (Horsfield). 1824. Vespertilio imbricatus Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java (pages not numbered). 1898. Pipistrellus imbricatus Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14, pt. 6, 385. Type locality. — Java. Luzon (Thomas). Pipistrellus irretitus (Cantor). 1842. Vespertilio irretitus Cantor, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 9, 481. 1845. Vespertilio vieyeni Waterhouse, Proc. Zool Soc. London, Jan. 14, (1845), 3, April (Philippine Islands) Type locality. — Chusan Island, China. Luzon (Elera). Pipistrellus tenuis (Temminck). 1841. Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, Monog. des Mamm, 2, 229. Type locality. — Java and Sumatra. () Mindanao (Hoffman). Genus TYLONYCTERIS Peters. 1872. Tylonycteris Peters, Monatsb. Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss, 703. Type. — Vespertilio pachypus Temminck. Very small bats (head and body about 40 millimeters; tail about 25) with head greatly flattened (depth of brain case barely one-half of mastoid width); ears normal, with small tragus; color golden-brown. Tylonycteris pachypus (Temminck). 1841. Vespertilio pachypus Temminck, Monog. de Mamm, 2, 217. 1872. Tylonycteris pachypus Peters, Monatsb. Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss, 704. Type locality. — Java and Sumatra. Cebu (Elera) ; Luzon (Dobson) ; Mindanao (Hoffman) ; Negros (Elera).


18 HOLLISTER. Genus SCOTOPHILUS Leach. 1821. Scotophilus Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13, 69. Type. — Scotophilus kuhlii Leach. Medium-sized bats (single Philippine species with head and body about 75 millimeters; tail about 50) varying in color from olive-brown. to rich chestnut. Ears rather small with long, sharply-pointed tragus. Wing membrane attached to side of foot near base, of toes. Wing and interfemoral membrane entirely naked above, Scotophilus temminckii (Horsfield). 1824. Vespertilio temminckii Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java (pages not numbered). 1838. Scotophihis temminckii GRAY, Mag. Zool. and Bot, 2, 497. Type locality. — Java. Luzon (Peters) ; Negros (Elera) ; Panay (Elliot). Genus MINIOPTERUS Bonaparte. 1837. Miniopterus Bonaparte, Iconogr. della Fauna Italica, 1, fasc. XX. Type. — Vespertilio ursinii BONAPARTE. schreibersii KIHL. Tail as long as head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane; ears small; tragus high, slender, slightly curved forward at tip; nostrils simple. Color variable. Head and body 45 to 60 millimeters. Miniopterus australis Tomes. 1858. Miniopterus australis Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), 125. Type locality. — Australia. Luzon (Peters). Iminlopterus pusillus Dobson. 1876. Miniopterus pusillus DOBSON, Monog. Asiatic Chiropt, 162. Type locality. — India or Philippine Islands. Luzon (Thomas) ; Mindanao (Hoffman). Iviinlopterus schreibersii (Kuhl). 1819. Vespertilio schreibersii Kuhl, Neue Ann. der Gesell. Wetterau, 1, pt. 2, 185. 1840. Miniopterus schreibersii, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Europ, 45. 1845. Vespertilio eschscholtzii Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Jan 14, (1845), 3, April. (Philippine Islands) Type locality. — Hungary. Luzon (Peters) ; Samar (Sanchez). Miniopterus tibialis (Tomes). 1858. Vespertilio tibialis Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), 126. 1878. Miniopterus tibialis Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus, 348, in synonymy. Type locality. — Amboyna. Luzon (Matschie).


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 23 Genus ARCTICTIS Temminck. 1824. Arctictis Temminck, Prop. de Monog. des Mamm. Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm. (1904), 117] Type. — Viverra () binturong Raffles. The binturong. Size large, with tail about as long as head and body. Ears with long tufts of hair. General color black, more or less washed with fulvous. Head and body of Palawan form, 700 millimeters ; tail, 710. Arctictis whitei Allen. 1910. Actitis (sic) whitei Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 28, 15, January 29. Type locality. — Iwahig, Palawan. Palawan (Allen). Genus IV1UNG0S Geoff roy and Cuvier. 1795. Mungos Geoffroy and Cuvier, Mag. Encycl, 2, 184. Type. — Viverra mungos Gmelin. Mongooses. The Philippine species, above yellowish-red, marked with black ; head paler and greater than body ; under parts reddish-brown. Head and body, 395 millimeters ; tail, 190. Iviungos palawanus Allen. 1910. Mungos palawanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 28, 17, January 29. Type locality. — Iwahig, Palawan. Palawan (Allen). Mungos parvus (Jentink). 1895. Herpestes parvus Jentink, Notes from Leyden Mus, 1 7, No. 9, 48, August. Type locality. — Calamianes Islands. Calamianes (Jentink). Family FELID. Genus FELIS Linnaeus. 1758. Felis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 41. Type. — Felts catus LLNNUS. Cats. Hind feet with only four toes; claws completely retractile. Two species wild in Philippines, one native species and the feral domestic cat. The single known native species is about the size of a well-grown domestic cat, but with relatively longer legs. Markings variable; yellowish-gray to yellow, with dark brown markings. Tail long and spotted.


24 HOLLISTER. Pel is catus Linnseus. 1758. Felis catus LINNUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 42" Type locality. — Sweden. Luzon, feral (Thomas). Felis minuta Temminck. 1827. Felis minuta Temminck, Monogr. des Mamm, 1, 130. Type locality. — Java. Calamianes (Sanchez) ; Cebu (Thomas) ; Negros (Thomas) ; Palawan (Allen) ; Panay (Thomas). Order RODENTIA. Family SCIURID. Genus NANNOSCIURUS Trouessart. 1880. Nannosciurus TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, 2, No. 37, 292, October 1. Type. — Sciurus melanotis Muller and Schlegel. Very small squirrels; not much larger than mice. Head and body about 115 millimeters, tail vertebrae about 72. General color brownish. Nannosciurus concinnus (Thomas). 1888. Sciurus concinnus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 2, 407. 1893. Nannosciurus concinnus Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1893), 189. Type locality. — Isabela, Basilan. Basilan (Thomas) ; Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester). Nannosciurus samaricus Thomas. 1897. Nannosciurus samaricus Thomas, Minutes Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for June 15, 1897, June 19. Type locality. — Samar. Samar (Thomas). Genus SCIURUS Linnaeus. 1758. Sciurus LINNFEUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 63. Type. — Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus. Squirrels. Philippine species all relatively small. Coloration variable, some plain brownish-gray, not conspicuously marked, others with brilliant tails and bellies. Sciurus albicauda Matschie. 1898. Sciurus albicauda Matschie, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin (1898), No. 5, 42, May. Type locality. — Culion. Culion (Matschie). For use of the name Felis catus for the domestic cat see Pocock, Proc. Zool Soc. London (1907), 149.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 27 Genus CHROTOMYS Thomas. 1895. Chrotomys Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 161. Type— Chrotomys whiteheadi Thomas. About the size of the common rat, with much shorter tail. Back prominently marked with one buff and two blackish stripes, extending from between eyes to rump. Head and body, 196 millimeters; tail, 111; hind foot, 35. Chrotomys whitehead! Thomas. 1895. Chrotomys whiteheadi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 161. Tyve locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Genus RHYNCHOMYS Thomas. 1895. Rhynchomys Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 160. Type. — Rhynchomys soricoides Thomas. Size of common rat; fur thick, close, and velvety; muzzle greatly elongated; tail shorter than head and body, rat-like, scaly and thinly-haired; general color dark olivaceous-gray, extreme tip of tail usually white. Teeth very small; molars 22. Rhynchomys soricoides Thomas. 1895. Rhynchomys soricoides Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 160. Type locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Genus PHLCEOMYS Waterhouse. 1839. Phlaomys Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 7, 108. Type. — Mus cumingi Waterhouse. Size large (head and body about 440 millimeters; tail about 350). Muzzle blunt; ears hairy externally; tail thickly haired. Incisor teeth very broad. Colors black, or black and white. Phlosomys cumingi (Waterhouse). 1839. Mus (Phloeomys) cumingi Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 7, 108. 1843. Phloeomys cumingi GRAY, List. Mamm. British Mus, 115. 1895. Phloeomys albayensis Elera, Cat. Sist. Fauna Filip, 1, 21. (Nomen nudum) Type locality. — Luzon. Luzon (Waterhouse) ; Marinduque (Steere) ; Mindoro (Trouessart) Phloeomys pallidus Nehring. 1890. Phloeomys pallidus Nehring, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, No. 6, 106, June 17. Type locality. — Luzon. Luzon (Thomas) ; Marinduque (Thomas).


28 HOLLISTER. Genus EPIMYS Trouessart. 1881. Epimys Trouessart, Bull. Soc. etudes Sci. dangers, 10, 117. Type. — Mus rattus Linnaeus. True rats. Size and appearance variable, from small soft-haired mouse-like species to large coarse-furred rats, larger than the Norway rat. Several species have spines, mixed with the fur of the back, in certain pelages. Tail usually little furred, scaly and relatively long. Molars 33, slightly graduated in size from first to third. Epimys albigularis (Mearns). 1905. Mus albigularis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 440. Type locality. — Mount Apo, Mindanao; 2,316 meters. Mindanao (Mearns). Epimys calcis Hollister. 1911. Epimys calcis Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 24, 89, May 15, 1911. Type locality. — Limestone Hills, near Lime Kiln, Baguio, Benguet, Luzon. Luzon (Hollister). Epimys datae (Meyer). 1899. Mus datae Meyer, Abhandl. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden, (1898-99), 7, No. 7, p. 25. Type locality. — Mount Data, northern Luzon. Luzon (Meyer). Epimys ephippium (Jentink). 1880. Mus ephippium JENTINK, Notes from Leyden Mus, 2, 15. 1911. Epimys ephippium LYON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 40, 98, April 25. Type locality. — Sumatra. Palawan (Trouessart). Epimys everetti (Giinther). 1879. Mus everetti Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 75. 1910. Epimys everetti MILLER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 398, August 19. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Luzon (Trouessart) ; Mindanao (Elera). Epimys gala Miller. 1910. Epimys gala Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 398, August 19. Type locality. — Alag River, Mindoro. Mindoro (Miller). Epimys kelleri (Mearns). 1905. Mus kelleri MEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 444. Type locality. — Davao, Mindanao. Mindanao (Mearns).


32 HOLLISTER' Mus castaneus Waterhouse. 1843. Mus castaneus Waterhouse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 1 2, 134. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Cebu (Elera) ; Luzon (Elera). Mus commissarius Mearns. 1905. Mus commissarius Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 449. Type locality. — Davao, Mindanao. Luzon (Miller) ; Mindanao (Mearns). Elera's record of Mus musculus doubtless belongs here. It seems strange that Mus musculus should not occur in the Philippine Islands; but all the specimens of true Mus from the Islands, in the collection of the United States National Museum, prove to be Mus commissarius Mearns. Possibly M. commissariusm. castaneus Waterhouse. Genus TARSOMYS Mearns. 1905. Tarsomys Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 28, 453. Type. — Tarsomys apoensis Mearns. Resembling Epimys. Pelage long and rather coarse, sometimes slightly spiny. Tail concolor, quite thickly haired; toes tufted at base of claws. General color rich brownish-slate, more yellowish-brown below. Head and body, 135 millimeters; tail, 120; hind foot, 32. Tarsomys apoensis Mearns. 1905. Tarsomys apoensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 453. Type locality. — Mount Apo, Mindanao; 2,057 meters. Mindanao (Mearns). Genus BATOMYS Thomas. 1895. Batomys Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 162. Type. — Batomys grantii Thomas. Large, very heavily furred rats. Ears broad and rounded; tail slightly shorter than head and body. Upper parts dark, rich fulvous brown, below paler. Head and body about 200 millimeters ; tail about 185 ; hind foot, 36. Batomys dentatus Miller. 1910. Batomys dentatus MILLER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 400, August 19. Type locality. — Haights-in-the-oaks, Benguet, Luzon, 2,134 meters. Luzon (Miller). Batomys grantii Thomas. 1895. Batomys grantii Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 162. Type locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas).


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 35 Order PHOLIDOTA. Family MAND. Genus MAN IS Linnaeus. 1758. Manis LINNJEUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1 36. Type. — Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus. Pangolins or scaly anteaters. Upper parts of body, and tail above and below, covered with some scales. Three middle claws long and curved. No teeth. Manis javanica Desmarest. 1822. Manis javanica Desmarest, Mammalogie 2, 377. Type locality. — Java. Culion (Elera) ; Palawan (Bourns & Worcester) Order PRIMATES. Family LEMURIDAE. Genus NYCTICEBUS Geoffroy. 1812. Nycticebus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat, Paris, 19, 163. Type. — Nycticebus bengalensis Geoffroy= Tardigradus coucang BODDAERT. Slow lemurs. Small nocturnal lorises with no external tail. A white streak between eyes and a dark stripe from head down back. Head and body about 285 millimeters ; hind foot, 66. Nycticebus menagensis (Lydekker). 1893. Lemur menagensis Lydekker, Zool. Rec. (1892), 29, 25. 1908. Nycticebus philippinus Cabrera, Bol. REAL Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 8, io. 3, p. 137, March. (Mindanao ) 1908. Nycticebus menagensis Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VIII, 1, 469, June. Type locality. — Bongao and Tawi Tawi. Bongao (Bourns & Worcester) ; Bohol (Elera) ; Mindanao (Cabrera) ; Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester) Should the slow lemur prove to inhabit Mindanao, and the specimens agree with Cabrera's type of N. philippinus, and differ from the form found in Bongao and Tawi Tawi, both names will stand, though philippinus was proposed chiefly to replace menagensis, which Cabrera supposed to be without standing in nomenclature.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 37 Pithecus mindanensis mindanensis (Mearns). 1905. Cynomolgus mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas, 28, 428. Type locality. — Pantar, Mindanao; 579 meters. Basilan (Mearns); Mindanao (Mearns). Pithecus mindanensis apoensis (Mearns). 1905. Cynomolgus mindanensis apoensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 429. Type locality. — Mount Apo, Mindanao; 1,829 meters. Mindanao (Mearns). Pithecus suluensis (Mearns). 1905. Cynomolgus suluensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 430. Type locality. — Crater Lake Mountain, Sulu. Sulu (Mearns) Pithecus syrichta (Linnaeus). 1758. Simia syrichta LINN^US, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 29. 1843. Macacus philippinensis I. Geoffroy, Archive du Mus. hist Nat, 2, 568, pi. XXXIII, 1841 (1843). (Manila, Luzon) 1851. Macacus palpebrosus I. Geoffroy, Cat. des Primates, 93. (Manila, Luzon) 1867. Macacus fur Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 19, 36, pi. 1. (Luzon) 1870. Macacus cynomolgus var. cumingii Gray, Cat. Monk, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats, 30. (Philippine Islands) Type locality. — Luzon. Leyte (Steere) ; Luzon (Mearns) ; Mindoro (Thomas) ; Negros (Steere) ; Palawan (Steere) ; Samar (Steere). Genus CYNOPITHECUS L Geoffroy. 1835. Cynopithecus I. Geoffroy, in Gervais' Resume Lemons de Mammalogie au Museum, 16. Fide Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm, (1904), 212] Type. — Cynopithecus niger (Desmarest). The black ape of Celebes. Size larger than Pithecus, tail very short; color black. Cynopithecus niger (Desmarest). 1822. Cynocephalus niger Desmarest, Mammalogie, pt. 2, Suppl, 584. 1840. Cynopithecus niger Lesson, Spec, des Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrumanes, 101. Type locality. — "Indian Archipelago" probably Celebes. Negros (Elera) ; Sulu (Elera). Probably introduced. Regarded by Sanchez as occurring only as a captive or escaped animal, and not admitted in his list.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 39 Sus inconstans Heude. 1892. Sus inconstans Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 2, 67. Type locality. — Mindanao. Mindanao (Heude). Sus mindanensis Major. 1897. Sus verrucosus mindanensis Major, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 19, 524. Type locality. — Ayala, Mindanao. Mindanao (Major) Sus minutus Heude. 1892. Sus minutus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 114, pi. XXB, fig. 1. Type locality. — La Laguna to Tarlac, Luzon see Heude, 1. c, (1899), 4, 127. Luzon (Heude). Sus philippensis Nehring. 1886. Sus philippensis Nehring, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, No. 5, 83, May. 1888. Sus marchei HUET, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 20, 6, January. (Laguna Province, Luzon) 1892. Sus arietinus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 114, pi. XX, fig. 1. (Manila () "Je dis une tete monte du sujet dont le crane a ete define a M. de la Guardia, de Manille" 1. c, p. 114) 1892. Sus effrenus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 114, pi. XXB, fig. 2. (Jala Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. — Heude, 1. c, p. 215) 1892. Sus microtis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 115, pi. 20B, fig. 6. (Jala Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. — Heude, 1. c, p. 216) 1892. Sus frenatus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 114, pi. 27, fig. 1, 2, 3, and 7. (Jala Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. — Heude, 1. c, p. 216) Type locality. — Luzon. Basilan (Steere) ; Luzon (Nehring) ; Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindoro (Steere) ; Negros (Bourns & Worcester) ; Panay (Bourns & Worcester) ; Samar (Bourns & Worcester) ; Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester) ; Sulu (Bourns & Worcester) ; Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Family TRAGULID. Genus TRAGULUS Brisson. 1762. Tragulus Brisson, Regn. Anim, 2 ed, 12. Type. — Tragulus indicus BRISSON. Mouse-deer. Pygmy deer-lile ruminants without horns; toes provided with hoofs ; no upper incisors ; upper canines especially developed. Head and body about 575 millimeters. Tragulus nigricans Thomas. 1892. Tragulus nigricans Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 9, 250, March. Type locality. — Balabac. Balabac (Thomas).


40 HOLLLSTER. Family CERVID. Genus RUSA Smith. 1827. Rusa H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier, 5, 309. Type. — Cervus equinus CUVIER. Deer of varying size, from small to large, with rounded antlers, only slightly curved, with brown-tine, and beam simple forked at extremity. Females without horns. Rusa alfredi (Sclater). 1870. Cervus alfredi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 381. Type locality. — Philippines (received from Manila). Cebu (Elera) ; Guimaras (Sanchez) ; Leyte (Lydekker) ; Masbate (Sanchez) ; Negros (Elera) ; Panay (Elera) ; Samar (Lydekker) Rusa culionensis (Elliot). 1897. Cervus culionensis Elliot, Field Mus. Pub. Zool, 1, No. 7 (not paged), June. Type locality. — Culion Island. Cuhon (Elliot). Rusa nigricans (Brooke). 1877. Cervus nigricans Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1877), part 1, 57, June 1. Type locality. — Philippines. Basilan (Lydekker). Rusa pliiiippinus (Smith). 1827. Cervus philippinus SMITH, Griffith's Anim. Kingd, 4, 147. 1850. Rusa philippinus Gray, Knowsley Menag, 63. Type locality. — Philippine Islands, probably Luzon. Luzon (Lydekker). Believed by Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, 158, to be the same as Cerv7is mariannus Desmarest, 1820, described from Ladrone Islands. Rusa steerii (Elliot). 1896. Cervus steerii Elliot, Field Col. Mus. Pub. Zool, 1, No. 3, 72, May. Type locality. — Basilan Island. Basilan (Elliot). Rusa tavlstoctcl (Lydekker). 1900. Cerv2is Rusa) tavistocki Lydekkee, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VII, 6, 205. Type locality. — Unknown; "probably Philippines" Probably synonym of one of the following species described by Heude] The following forty-one species of deer from the Philippine Islands have been named by P. M. Heude in the Memoires concemant Histoire Naturelle de Empire Chinois.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 43 USSA GUEVARANUS Heude. 1888. Ussa guevaranus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 40. Type locality. — Mariquina, Luzon. Ussa guidoteanus Heude. 1888. Ussa guidoteanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 29. Type locality. — Batangas, Luzon. Ussa hipolitianus Heude. 1888. Ussa hipolitianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 39. Type locality. — La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa longicuspis Heude. 1888. Ussa longicuspis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1,34. Type locality. — Philippines, probably Luzon. Ussa macarianus Heude. 1888. Ussa macarianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 28. Type locality. — Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa maraisianus Heude. 1888. Ussa maraisianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 31. Type locality. — Jala-jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. Ussa marzaninus Heude. 1888. Ussa marzaninus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 33. Type locality. — Nueva Ecija and La Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis masbatensis Heude. 1888. Melanaxis masbatensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 47. Type locality. — Masbate Island. Ussa michaelinus Heude. 1899. Ussa michaelinus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 3, 135. Type locality. — San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. Ussa microdontus Heude. 1888. Ussa microdontus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 34. Type locality. — Batangas, Luzon. Ussa nublanus Heude. 1888. Ussa nublanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 24. Type locality. — La Laguna, Luzon.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 45 Family BOVIS. Genus BUBALUS Smith. 1827. Bubalus H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier, 5, 371. Type. — Bos bubalis SWITHBOS bubalis Linnaeus. Large buffaloes (carabao and tamarao) ; both sexes with hollow horns. Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus). 1758. Bos bubalis Linnaeus, Syst. nat, 10 ed, 1, 72. 1894. Bubalus kerabau ferns Nehring, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, No. 8, 187, October 16. (Luzon) Type locality. — Rome, Italy (introduced from southern Asia). Luzon (Worcester) ; Masbate (Worcester) ; Mindoro (Worcester) ; Negros (Worcester) Bubalus mainitensis Heude. 1888. Bubalus mainitensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 205. Type locality. — Lake Mainit, Mindanao (domesticated). Mindanao (Heude). Bubalus mindorensis Heude. 1888. Bubalus mindorensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, 50, August. 1888. Anoa mindorensis Steere, in Sclater, Nature, 38, 364, August, 16. 1888. Probubalus mindorensis Steere, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 415, November 20. Type locality. — Mindoro. Mindoro (Heude). Bubalus moellendorffi Nehring. 1894. Bubalus moellendorffi Nehring, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde zu Berlin, No. 8, 185, October 16. Type locality. — Busuanga Island, Calamianes. Busuanga (Nehring) ; Culion (Trouessart). Order SIRENIA. Family DUGONGID. Genus DUGONG Lacepede. 1799. Dugong Lacepede, Tabl. Mamm, 17. Type. — Dugong indicus Trichecus dugon MTJLLEE. Large marine mammals (adults about 25 meters long) ; no posterior limbs; no nails on fore limbs; tail flattened and horizontally expanded.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 49 Malanipa. Fruit bat; Pteropus speciosus. Hasbate. Pig; Sus cebifrons (Masbate or Cebu). Deer; Melanaxis breviceps and M. mashatensisrusa (). Mindanao. Fruit bat; Acerodon jubatus mindanensis. Squirrels; Sciurus mindanensis and S. philippensis. Slow lemur; Nycticebus philippinus. menagensis. Tarsier; Tarsius philippensis (Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar). Pigs; Sus inconstans. Alaya. Pig; Sus mindanensis. Davao. Palm civet; Paradoxurus minax. Squirrel; Sciurus cassis. mindanensis. Rats and mice; Epimys kelleri and Mus commissarius. Tarsier; Tarsius carbonarius. Grand Malindang Mountain. Shrew; Crocidura grandis. Lake Mainit. Buffalo; Bubalus mainitensis. Bat; Hipposideros coronatus. Mati. Deer; Ussa francianusrusa. Mercedes. Bat; Taphozous pluto. Mount Apo. Woodshrew; Podogymnura truei. Tree shrew; Urogale cylindrura. Bat; Rhinolophus inops. Rats, etc; Crunomys fallax, Epimys albigularis, E. mindanensis, E. todayensis, E. vulcani, E. v. apicis, Bullimus bagobus, Limnomys sibuanus, Tarsomys apoensis, Apomys hylocoetes, A. insignis, and A. petrssus. Monkey; Pithecus mindanensis apoensis. Mount Bliss. Shrew; Crocidura beatus. Rat; Apomys bardus. Pantar. Fruit bat; Pteropus vampyrus lanensis. Rat; Epimys pantarensis. Monkey; Pithecus mindanensis. Tagulaya. Rat; Epimys tagulayensis. Zamboanga. Tree shrew; Urogale everetti. Bat; Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus. Rats; Epimys magnirostris and E. zamboangse. Mindoro. Bat; Harpyionycteris whiteheadi. Deer; Ussa barandanusrusa. Buffalo; Bubalus mindorensis. AXJLG RIVER. Bat; Chilophylla hirsuta. Rat; Epimys gala. Mount Dulangan. Rat; Epimys mindorensis. Mount Halcon. Shrews; Crocidura halconus and C. mindorus. 104911 — 4


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 59 Mearns, Edgar A. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Mammals from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1905), 28, 425-460. Original descriptions of Pithecus mindanensis, P. m. apoensis, P. suluensis, P. cagayanus, Pteropus lanensis, Pt. cagayanus, Urogale cylindrura, Podogymnura truei, Epimys tagulayensis, E. albigularis, E. magnirostris, E. mindanensis, E. zamboangae, E. kelleri, E. todayensis, E. vulcani, E. v. apicis, E. pantarensis, Mus commissar ius, Bullimus bagobus, Limnomys sibuanus, Tarsomys apoensis, Apomys hylocoetes, A. petrels, and A. insignis. Meyer, A. B. Description of a New Squirrel from the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1890), 579-601. Original description of Sciurus cagsi. Idem. Eine Neue Tarsius-art. Abhandl. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1894-95), No. 1, 1-2, 1895. Original description of Tarsius philippensis. Idem. Eine Neue Phloeomys-art. Abhandl. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1894-95), No. 6, 1-2, 1895. Original description of Crateromys schadenbergi. Idem. Der Stinkdachs der Philippinen Mydaus marchei Huet). Abhand. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1894-95), No. 13, 1-4, August 25, 1895. Mydaus schadenbergii Jentink said tom. marchei Huet. Idem. Saugethiere von Celebes und Philippinen-archipel. I. Abhand. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1896-97), No. 6, 1896. General account of Philippine mammals with colored plates. Idem. Saugethiere von Celebes und Philippinen-Archipel. II. Abhand. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1898-99), No. 7, 1899. Original description of Epimys datae. Miller, Gerrit S, Jr. A Second Specimen of Odontonycteris meyeri Jentink. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington (1905), 18, 253, December 9. Records a specimen from Cagayan Sulu; in the U. S. N. M, collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns, 1904. Idem. The Families and Genera of Bats. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1907), No. 57, I-XVII; 1-282, pi. 1-14. History and classification of bats. Idem. Descriptions of Two New Genera and Sixteen New Species of Mammals from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1910), 38, 391-404, pis. 18-20, August 19. Original descriptions of Crocidura halconus, C. beatus, C. mindorus, C. grandis, Tupaia cuyonis, Pteropus pumilus, Chilophylla hirsuta, Taphozous pluto, Epimys tyrannus, E. gala, Tryphomys adustus, Batomys dentatus, Apomys bardus, A. major, A. musculus, and Tarsius fraterculus. Idem. Note on the Mus commissarius of Mearns. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington (1911), 24, 38, February 24. Records additional specimens, two from Luzon.


62 HOLLISTER. Idem. A List of the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines, with Localities, and with Brief Preliminary Descriptions of Supposed New Species, Ann. Arbor, July 14, (1890), 1-30. Original descriptions of Sciurus mindanensis and S. samarensis. Temminck, C. J. Monographies de Mammalogie. Tome premier, Paris (1827), I-XXXII, 1-268. Original description of Felis minuta. Idem. Monographies de Mammalogie, ou Description de quelques genres de mammiferes, dont les especes ont ete observees dans les differents musee de Europe. (1841), 2, 1-392, pis. 28-70. Leiden, (18351841). Original descriptions of Vespertilio abravius, Tylonycteris pachypus, Pipistrellus tenuis, Hipposideros bicolor, and Rhinolophus luctus. Idem. Over de Geslachten Taphozous, Emballonura, Urocryptus en Diclidurus. Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Gesch. en Physiol. (1838), 5, 1-34. Original description of Emballonura monticola. Thomas, Oldfield. Diagnoses of four New Mammals from the Malayan Region. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1888), VI, 2, 407. Original description of Nannosciurus concinnus. Idem. Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the Different Species of Otter. Proc. Zool. Sac. London (1889), 190-200. Specific name cinerea luiger revived for the Oriental clawless otter. Idem. On some New Mammalia from the East Indian Archipelago. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1892), VI, 9, 250-254, March. Original description of Urogale everetti, and Tragulus nigricans. Idem. Description of a New Sciuropterus from the Philippines. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1893), VI, 12, 30, July. Original descriptions of Sciuropterus nigripes. Idem. On the Palawan Representative of Tupaia ferruginea. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1894), VI, 13, 367. Original description of Tupaia ferruginea palawanensis. Idem. Descriptions of Two New Bats of the Genus Kerivoula. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1894), VI, 14, 460-462. Original description of Kerivoula whiteheadi. Idem. Preliminary Diagnoses of New Mammals from Northern Luzon, Collected by Mr. John Whitehead. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1895), VI, 16, 160-164. Original descriptions of Rhynchomys soricoides, Chrotomys whiteheadi, Celxnoniys silaceus, Carpomys melanurus, C. phxurus, Batomys granti, and Epimys luzonicus. Idem. On Mammals from Celebes, Borneo, and the Philippines recently received at the British Museum. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1896), VI, 18, 241-250. Original description of Harpyionycteris whiteheadi.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. (53 Idem. On the Mammals obtained by Mr. John Whitehead during hia recent Expedition to the Philippines. Trans. Zool. Soc. London (1898), 14, pt. 6, 377-412, pi. 30-36, June. Original descriptions of Celsenomys, Crunomys, and Epimys negrinus. Idem. On Mammals collected in Mindanao, Philippines, by Mr. M. P. Anderson for the Duke of Bedford's Exploration of Eastern Asia. Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1907), No. 39, 5, February, 12. Original description of Crunomys melanius. Idem. The Duke of Bedford's Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia. III. On Mammals obtained by Mr. M. P. Anderson in the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1907), 140-142, June, 1907. Notes on seven species from Mt. Apo. Idem. The Nomenclature of the Flying-lemurs. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat. (1908), VIII, 1, 252-255, March. Cynocephalus volans the proper name for the Philippine flying-lemur. Idem. The Nomenclature of Certain Lorises. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1908), VIII, 1, 467-469, June. Considers Nycticebus philippinus a synonym of N. menagensis. Idem. The Squirrels described as Sciurus steeri from Balabac and Palawan. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, (1908), VIII, 2, 498, December. Restricts S. steeri to Balabac and names the Palawan form Sciurus juvencus. Idem. New Species of Paradoxurus, of the P. philippinensis Group, and a New Paguma. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1909), VIII, 3, 374-377, April. Original description of Paradoxurus minax and P. torvus. Idem. The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the Genera and the Exact Bases and Localities of the Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1911), 120-158, March. Fixes types of Linnsean genera, and type-localities of most Linnaean species. Revives the name syrichta for the Luzon macaque. Tomes, Robert F. Descriptions of Four Undescribed Species of Bats. Proc. Zool Soc. London (1857), 25, 52-54. Original description of Vespertilio chinensis. Idem. A Monograph of the Genus Miniopterus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), 115-128. Original description of Miniopterus tibialis and M. australis. Trouessart, E. L. Description dune Espece Nouvelle de Musaraigne de la Collection du Musee de Paris. Le Naturaliste (1880), No. 42, 330, December 15. Original description of Pachyura edwardsiana. Idem. Catalogus Mammalium tarn Viventium quam Fossilium. Quinquennale Supplementum, 1904. Fasciculus I. Primates, Prosimiae, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, Pinnipedia. Berolini (1904). Records from Philippine Islands: Primates, 2; Prosimiae, 2; Chiroptera, 34; Dermoptera, 1; Insectivora, 6; Carnivora, 7.


ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates I and II. Houses in the Farola district where cholera first appeared in 1902. Map No. 1. Portion of Philippines including Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. 2. The Philippine Islands, by provinces. 105


204 GARRISON. Therefore, the conclusion would appear to be warranted that infection with lung flukes is not evenly distributed throughout the Philippines, as appears to be the case with the parasites above considered, but that it is to be found chiefly in the southern portions of the Archipelago. It is quite within the bounds of probability that the distribution of this parasite may be found to be even more strictly localized. To the best of our knowledge, all cases of paragonimiasis reported for the Philippines, in which the history of previous residence was known, have originated in the southern part of the Islands, and further investigation may show the infection to be confined to this region. The possibility can not be excluded that the infection is limited more or less strictly to certain of these southern islands. Some indication of this was found in our own figures. For instance, 239 prisoners from the Island of Leyte were examined and 6 had paragonimiasis; 127 prisoners from the Island of Samar gave four infections with lung flukes ; on the other hand, while 248 prisoners from Panay were examined, no fluke infections occurred. However, until the matter has been further investigated, we believe that the only generalization justified by our results is as already stated namely, that paragonimiasis prevails in the southern rather than in the northern parts of the Philippines. INFECTIONS WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM. (06 per cent) The use of the specific name seems desirable in the present case in order to differentiate Schistosoma japonicum from S. haematobium, all of our infections being with the former species. Geographical distribution. — As in the case of Paragonimus, the apparently uneven geographical distribution of Schistosoma infections appears to be of greater interest and importance than the actual percentage of infection found among the prisoners examined. The cases of schistosomiasis were distributed geographically as follows Manila, 1 ; Samar, 6; Leyte, 5; and Mindanao, 4. Therefore, excepting the one case from Manila, all infections with Schistosoma appear to have originated on the three southern islands, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. INFECTIONS WITH OPISTHORCHIS. (03 per cent) Racial and geographical distribution. — In only five of the eleven cases of opisthorchiasis could a definite history of previous residence be obtained. Three of these came from the Island of Mindanao, one from


ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN. 207 effects of infections with intestinal worms upon the health of a population is that carried on by Dr. Shattuck of the Bureau of Health at Bilibid Prison during the time our own investigation was in progress, the results of the same examinations being used as far as practicable in both investigations. These results have been placed at our disposal by Dr. Heiser, Director of Health, from the manuscript of his Annual Report for 1906-7, and are briefly as follows: The annual death rate in the prison when it came in charge of the Bureau of Health was 238 per one thousand. The institution of general measures of sanitation reduced this rate to 75 per one thousand where it remained stationary, resisting further reduction. Up to this time little attention had been paid to infection with intestinal worms. In the latter part of 1906, systematic treatment of the prisoners for intestinal worms was begun and vigorously carried out until practically the entire population of the prison had been treated. Following, and, in Dr. Heiser's opinion, largely as the result of this antihelminthic campaign among the prisoners, the death rate dropped to 13 per one thousand per annum. Whether or not this apparent relationship between intestinal worms and the death rate at Bilibid will be substantiated by future records at the Prison, or would be confirmed by the institution of a similar campaign throughout the Islands, its significance can scarcely be overestimated even though ultimately the results should prove to be but a fraction of what was apparently accomplished among the Bilibid prisoners. It moreover sharply emphasizes the fact that the absence of direct, acute manifestations of intestinal helminthiasis should not blind us to the vital importance of these infections as factors in determining the hygienic condition of a people. Applying the rates of infection obtained from the 4,106 prisoners examined at Bilibid to the total population of the Islands (about 7,000,000), it would appear that about 5,000,000 persons in the Philippines are infected with intestinal worms and that the inhabitants of "the Islands harbor over 9,000,000 infections. The magnitude of these figures indicates in part the tremendous proportions of the problems involved in any radical movement toward improvement of existing conditions, especially when we consider that the situation does not appear to be simplified by any marked confinement of the infections to limited areas. Even a casual knowledge of sanitary conditions prevailing throughout the Islands throws additional light upon the difficulties to be encountered and leads to the question whether it is practicable at the present time to institute special prophylactic measures directed toward the eradication of intestinal worms, or whether we must content ourselves with the gradual sanitary improvement of the country.


208 GARRISON. In this connection; one practical suggestion would seem to offer itself. The source of all infections with intestinal worms, followed back to its origin, is necessarily the fasces of persons already infected. 10 With this fact in mind, we have carefully inquired into the different methods of the disposal of excreta customary among the Filipino people and it would appear that it would scarcely be possible to establish more ideal conditions for the spreading of intestinal parasites throughout the Islands. The native, if living near a stream, defecates along its banks, either in, or at varying distances from the water; in the rainy season, the streams overflow their banks and naturally scatter any infection they carry over the adjacent country. Another manner of disposing of the fasces, equally or perhaps more prevalent, is simply through a hole in the floor of the bamboo house, the excreta falling to the ground to be partly devoured and partly scattered about by the universally present hogs and chickens. Such conditions go together with the extremely high prevalence of intestinal worms among the people, and we can scarcely escape the conclusion that the one sanitary measure prominently demanded for the prevention of infection with intestinal worms in the Philippines is a proper disposal of human excreta. In fact it would appear scarcely too strong a statement to say that the spread of infections with intestinal worms could be in time satisfactorily controlled by the proper establishment of this measure alone. The urgency of the demand for a proper disposal of human excreta is further emphasized by the effect which it might reasonably be expected to bear directly upon the prevalence of other diseases, in that it would lessen the distribution of pathogenic organisms other than animal parasites which escape in the fasces. To devise a working system, practical, economical, and adapted to Philippine conditions, is a special problem which requires special and, perhaps, experimental study. That a radical sanitary measure can be effectively and promptly enforced in the Philippines has been strikingly exemplified by the campaign of vaccination against smallpox so successfully carried out by the Bureau of Health. In conclusion, we believe that the most valuable practical lesson to be drawn from the results of the examination of the Bilibid prisoners is the imperative need of establishing throughout the Philippines a system for the proper disposal of human excreta. Moreover, it does not seem unreasonable to expect, in the light of the striking results apparently accomplished at Bilibid by treating infections with intestinal worms, that with the reduction in the present exceedingly high prevalence of 10 Those cases in which the parasite may infect other animals as well as man would, of course, constitute rare exceptions to this statement; for example, Bymenolepsis in rats, Tccnia solium in hogs.


ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN. 209 intestinal worms in the population, the general hygienic condition of the people would be improved to such a degree that there would follow a material reduction in the present high rates of morbidity and of mortality from tuberculosis and other prevailing diseases. 17 17 The following resolution was unanimously adopted at the recent annual meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, held at Manila, February, 1908: "Whereas, it would appear that the rate of infection with intestinal worms is higher among the Filipinos than has ever been definitely reported for any other people; and "Whereas, it would appear further that the death rate at Bilibid Prison has been materially reduced following the treatment of the prisoners for these infections; and "Whereas the spread of infection with intestinal worms can be controlled almost absolutely by the proper disposal of human excreta ; and "Whereas, the proper disposal of human excreta would, at the same time, remove one of the most dangerous channels for the dissemination of other infectious diseases; Therefore, be it "Resolved, That the Philippine Islands Medical Association does petition the Government of the Philippine Islands, through the honorable the Secretary of the Interior, that a commission of five properly qualified members be appointed to decide upon the most practical and efficient methods for the disposal of human excreta that can be established in these Islands and that such appropriation be made and which means provided in accordance with the report of this commission as may be necessary to put into effect a practical and expedient working system for the disposal of human excreta"


A REPORT ON THE FIRST ONE HUNDRED AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. By Philip K. Gilman. From the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, Philippine Medical School. There have been a large number of autopsies performed by the Bureau of Government Laboratories and its successor, the Bureau of Science since the American occupation of these Islands. While in the cases of acute infectious diseases the diagnoses have been carefully made and recorded, and in other special cases full protocols have been preserved, in general the records are not adapted to furnish the basis for a complete statistical study of the relative frequency with which the different chronic diseases occur. A systematic study has been made, by gross and histology methods, of the pathology material, and complete records of the findings have been kept since the opening of the Philippine Medical School, in the department of pathology and bacteriology organized by Dr. H. T. Marshall. The examinations are made according to the usual Virchow routine, and are designed especially to furnish material and records for a general statistical inquiry. The routine includes the preservation of pieces of the organs in Zenker's fluid and subsequent histologic examinations. No unusual efforts have been made to discover remote foci of tuberculosis or syphilis, and the examination for the presence of intestinal parasites has not been altogether complete. Cultures were made in only a few instances. The nerves were examined for degenerations in only one or two cases in which a clinical report rendered the diagnosis of beriberi probable. The following report is based upon the findings in the first one hundred autopsies performed at the Philippine Medical School between August, 1907, and January, 1908. Although the number of cases is comparatively small, these findings should give a good conception of the relative frequency among the lower classes of Filipinos of the commoner diseases, with the exception of the acute epidemic ones, for the bodies came from the free wards of the large hospitals and from the poorer quarters of the city of Manila. Cholera, smallpox, leprosy, etc, are treated only in the special hospital for these diseases, and such conditions would not enter into our records except on rare occasions. 211.


AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 213 condition was found to a greater or less degree twenty-seven times, or in about 90 per cent of the cases of pulmonary involvement. Histologically, the irregular, ragged walls of these cavities were in the majority of instances not definitely limited by any marked reaction on the part of the surrounding lung tissue. A definite formation of new fibrous tissue was found in but one-third of the eases and this zone was nearly always lined with a layer of newly formed tuberculous tissue. Extensive areas of consolidation were frequently found associated with the cavity formation, and in a contiguous portion or adjoining lobe great showers of military and conglomerate tubercles were encountered. The pleura was involved in all cases, the involvement consisting in a chronic, fibrous thickening and obliteration of the cavity which varied from a localized area to complete union of the surfaces. In addition to the cases of tuberculosis, pleural lesions were found very frequently, 50 per cent of the cases included in this report showing some pleural involvement. Tuberculous peritonitis was the cause of death in four cases. One of these showed a small, active focus of the disease in the lungs, one an apparently healed apical lesion, and after a prolonged search the other two revealed no pulmonary involvement. Tuberculosis of the vertebras occurred but once and of the bladder three times; psoas abscess was also present once. Latent tubercular lesions were found in the lungs in but 2 of the 100 cases, and healed foci occurred in but 6. In connection with this evidence of the virulence of the tubercle bacillus, it is interesting to note that cultures of the organism obtained by subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs and subsequent transference from their glands, to suitable media, were kept alive with considerable difficulty and soon died out after a very sparse growth. pneumonia. Pneumonia was the cause of, death in 27 cases, 11 of these being croupous or lobar, and 16 broncho-pneumonia, the majority of the cases occurring in j r young adults and three-fourths coming from the city proper. A summary of the cases of lobar pneumonia shows that all lobes of both lungs were involved in 1 ease, the entire right lung in 1, the left lower lobe in 5, the remaining 4 cases showing involvement of but one lobe. All were accompanied by an exudation of a fibrinous nature upon the pleural surface of the involved lung. Death in this series of 11 cases occurred early in the disease in four instances, and during the stage of red hepatization in two instances. In the former, the tissue involved was in an early stage of engorgement with greatly distended capillaries and swollen epithelium surrounding but a small number of red corpuscles. The remaining five cases showed typical, gray hepatization.


AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 221 A summary of the findings in these cases brings out certain points, some of which at least are of particular interest. Some idea of the importance of tuberculosis as a cause of death in these Islands is shown by the number of cases in this series, 35 per cent, and an idea of the virulence of the disease when once established may be drawn by comparing these figures with the number of cases showing healed tuberculous foci, 6 per cent, and latent foci, 2 per cent. The disease as encountered here is a rapidly progressing one, and the amount of tissue destroyed and thrown out of function is marked. The frequency of chronic degenerative change of the myocardium and of nephritis is more noticeable when compared with the relatively small number of cases of arterial degeneration. The number of ulcerations of the large bowel, 32 per cent, and scarring, 22 per cent, while large, is smaller than the percentage of cases found b) r Musgrave in his series of examinations. A feature by no means the least interesting is the absence of syphilitic lesion in all but one case.


OBSTETRICS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 257 Hospital ; but, taking them all together, what do 76 births, during a period of six months, signify for a city the size of Manila? This insignificant total is an eloquent proof of the exceedingly small moral influence the physician exerts on Filipino women of the lower classes and, on the other hand, demonstrates the palpable preponderance of illegal practitioners and ignorant midwives, monopolizers of almost all the parturitions among. the poor and ignorant women of the city. It is even true that the two externes in obstetrics have been compelled to avail themselves of the influence of illegal practitioners, by means of a wise policy of attraction, in order to attend confinements. To eliminate the illegal practitioner is, for the moment, a problem difficult of solution, for of what advantage would an energetic campaign against them at present be when we lack competent midwives? If the extent in obstetrics are reduced to attending maternity cases in miserable, small habitations, it will be possible for them to take along not more than two or three students to each case, and for this purpose the students would have to confine themselves strictly to fortnightly turns. Lacking the most necessary things, at times even clean water, soap and towels for washing their hands, the students have been compelled b} r circumstances to perform operations in filthy beds in unsanitary places and in an unhygienic atmosphere, the lying-in room serving at the same time as bedchamber, kitchen and even workshop to an entire family In view of the data cited, it is not difficult to foresee that the obstetrical pavilion of the future hospital will be a failure unless energetic measures are resorted to and certain reforms adopted to bring the poor and ignorant women of this city there for confinement. One of the first steps, after the construction of this pavilion, should be the enactment of a law establishing a school of midwifery for the entire Archipelago, and, as a measure of attraction to induce the ignorant women of the city to go there for confinement, I propose that some of the most popular and best-known illegal practitioners from the several suburbs of Manila be admitted as students in that school. This suggestion, however strange it may seem, will give positive results in the field of practice, because eight or ten of these practitioners, matriculated as students and enabled to secure the degree of qualified midwife, would serve as excellent propagandists for attracting parturients to the obstetrical ward, much better than all theoretical means of doubtful success. In a word, the great prestige which some of these illegal practitioners now enjoy among the lower classes of Manila should be used, through a wise policy of attraction, to further the beneficent ends of scientific propaganda. The defective midwifery service now existing in Manila should be organized by regulations rendering efficacious the gratuitous treatment of poor parturients. Nothing would serve this purpose better than to place the midwives under the immediate control of the extent in obstetrics, whose duty it would be to approve the birth certificates issued


PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1134): 1162-1 172. 2000. Three species of toxic sponges from Cebu, Philippines (Porifera: Demospongiae) G. J. Bakus and G. K. Nishiyama Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371 U.S.A. (e-mail: gbakusearthlinknet) Abstract. — Three species of sponges toxic to hard corals are described from Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines. They were most common at depths of 8-12 m, but they occurred between 3 and 32+ m. Plakortis lita forms thick crusts or is subglobular or massive and liver brown. Birds are very densely packed and irregularly distributed. Tions are rare and microrhabds absent. Acervochalina hooperi, new species, forms thin crusts and is dark green. Thick branching spongin fibers are embedded with small oxeas. Xestospongia vansoesti, new species, forms thick crusts but can be digitate, and dark green to black. Dense multispicular tracts contain foxes. The sponge produces a copious brown mucus. Since 1994 we have been periodically studying the coral reef community and specifically the sponges of Cebu, Central Philippines. Nishiyama (Nishiyama & Bakus 1999) discovered that all three species of sponges described below were releasing allomones into the surrounding seawater. These allomones were toxic to some hard corals which suggests that the sponges and hard corals are competing for space. Thus, sponge toxins may play an important role in the structuring of coral reef communities. We are herein describing these species of sponges from our ecological field studies. Materials and Methods Site description. — Our study site is located approximately 200 m off the Tubuli Beach Resort on the east coast of Mactan Island near Cebu City (1017N, 124E) (Fig. 1) (Bakus and Nishiyama 1999). Depths surveyed were 3-32 m. The area has a narrow intertidal region followed by seagrasses (principally Thalassia hemprichii) to a depth of 5-10 m, then a rich coral reef community to a depth of at least 40 m, with the slope becoming steeper beyond a depth of 20 m. The dominant hard corals in the region include Acropora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Tubipora, Halomitra, Parahalomitra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Euphyllia, Pectinia, Porites, Montipora, Millepora and Fungia (University of San Carlos Marine Biology section 1979). The average current velocity at the study site was 009 sec although flow rates as high as about 39 sec (2 knots) occur occasionally during shifting tides. Current direction during our June-july studies was from 60° NE or 220-240° SW, depending on the tides. The water temperature was 28-3 1C although it can get as low as 26C in February (F. Sotto, pers. comm). Underwater visibility was 15-30 m. The three species of sponges occurred at depths of 3-32+ m. They were most common at depths of 812 m. Sponges were collected in the field by hand, frozen in a — 30C freezer, and studied later in the laboratory. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of spicules were made with a Cambridge 360 SEM. Spicules were measured with a Zeiss Compound Microscope fitted with an ocular micrometer. Sponge skeletons were digitized with a RCA TC 1005 camera connected to a Data Translation 3155 frame grabber board in a


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 475 Much less has been accomplished in relation to the geology, but there is ample excuse for this lack of results. To use the expression of Dr. G. F. Becker, "such work in a country where the natives are not on the best of terras with you is more exciting than profitable" Among our Spanish predecessors, Sainz de Baranda, Centeno, Montano, Espina, and Abella have contributed to our knowledge of the geology of Mindanao. The work of the latter was confined almost entirely to the Misamis region, but it is the best of all the contributions from that part of the island. The following appear among other Europeans who collected in Mindanao or studied its geology: Semper, Richthofen, Minard, and Renard. K. Martin worked on some fossils which came from Mindanao and Oebbeke described certain rocks collected on that island. Martin and Oebbeke have never been in the region. Dana, Ashburner, and Nichols were Americans who visited Mindanao before the American occupation and who contributed to a knowledge of its geology and finally, Dr. Becker was in the Archipelago in 1898, just at the outbreak of hostilities with the natives. Guillemard and Becker seem to have been the only investigators who touched at any part of the Sulu group. The former barely mentions Cagayan de Sulu, and the latter could only study the islands from the deck of the vessel, as the natives were at that time in a very warlike humor. Dr. Becker in his report gives a brief summary of the previous work in Mindanao and the following is a quotation "Concerning the great Island of Mindanao, only scattered observations are available. Sainz de Baranda noted the occurrence of serpentine on the east coast of the island at Canmahat and in Misamis Province at Pigtao. Mr. Centeno states that at Pigholugan, near Cagayan, in the Province of Misamis, there are quartz veins in talcose schists. The auriferous districts of the Province of Surigao may, he points out, be regarded as a continuation of the Misamis district. The most notable deposits here are in the mountains of Canton, Ington, and Canmahat, a day's journey southward from the toast of Surigao. The terrane is here composed of much altered talcose slate and serpentine Mr. Semper collected on the Mantis, which is an upper tributary of the Agusan River in Surigao. Here he found a uralitic gabbro and a chloritized, aphanitie, augite-plagioclase rock, containing a few plagioclase phenocrysts. The specimens have been described by Mr. Oebbeke They are probably facies of the melaphyres found by Mr. Montano. Mr. Ashburner examined a slate belt in the extreme northern portion of the island, about 8 miles to the southward of the town of Surigao, at the headwaters of the Cansuran River. It contains auriferous quartz stringers. Mr. Montano collected melaphyres at a number of points in eastern Mindanao. Such are the eastern shore of the Bay of Butuan, the eastern coast of the island between Bislig and Catel, and the divide between the waters which flow northward into Butuan Bay and those which flow southward into the 'Gulf of Davao. The river of this southern drainage basin Montana terms the Sahug. Other authorities give it different names. In its headwaters he found float consisting of melaphyre Report on the Geology of the Philippine Islands, U. S. O. S. 21st An. Rep. (1899-1900), Pt. 3, 507. -He also mentions crystals of rutile from an island called Bigat, which is mknovn to me. Anal. d. Min, Madrid (1841), 2, 197-212. Memoria geologico-minera ( 1876 ) 49. 'Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral, etc. (1881), Beil-band 1, 498.


476 SMITH. and quartz porpliyiies. ilelaphyre lie found again at Pujada Bay near Cape San Agustin. Quartz breccias also occur on the divide between Pujada and the Gulf of Davao. Serpentine accompanies the melaphyre to the south of Bislig' "Mr. Minard visited the gold-bearing region of Misamis, the northwestern province (A Mindanao. The sandstones and conglomerates of the Iponan Valley, dipping 12, are said to be broken through at many points by diorite and serpentine. The pebbles of the conglomerates include diorites, augite-porphyry, serpentine, jasper, and marble" Some years later Jlr. Abella made a reconnaissance of this region, examining the gold deposits along the courses of several rivers, all of which empty into Macajalar Bay. They are the Iponan, the Cagayan, the Bigaan, and the Human. In this region he found two considerable areas of old slates. One of these touches the Iponan River 10 or 12 miles from the sea. The other is intersected by the Human and approaches the sea within 2 miles, near the town of Agusan, which lies at the mouth of the Human River. Alluvial deposits fringe the shore of the bay and follow the streams. Otherwise the country, as depicted by Mr. Abella. is covered with strata provisionally referred to the Miocene. The slates are described as metamorphic and in part statistic. The pebbles of the Tertiary conglomerates consist of such slates, serpentinous rocks, and many varieties of 'trachytic rocks' I think that at the date of his memoir, 1879, Mr. Abella used this term for neo-volcanic rocks not basaltic in appearance. The description of the fossiliferous rocks overlying the slate leaves no doubt but that they are Tertiary or Recent, a fact which it is difficult to reconcile with Mr. Minard's statement that they are cut by serpentine and diorite. In the placer at the Bigot, tributary to the Cagayan, Mr. Abella found slightly rounded, large pebbles of orthoclase' "A few miles north's-est of Zamljoanga (in southwestern mindanao), at Caldera. Dana observed hornblende and talcose schist in pebbles' and on ilalanipa, about 13 miles E. by S. from Zamboanga, the Challenger expedition collected serpentinized peridotite, studied by Mr. Renard" " III. GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION AND ITINERARY. The main body of the Philippine Archipelago is connected with Borneo b' two parallel chains of islands, one consists of Busuanga, Linapacan, Palawan and Balabac, while the other extends southwest from the Zamboanga Peninsula, comprising Basilan, Sidu, Siasi, and Tawi-tawi. The inference is that there has been entire land connection at some time in the past. This question will be referred to in a future chapter, at this place it is sufficient to state that there are some objections of a very reasonable nature to such a conclusion. The Sulu Group and Mindanao together possess a rough likeness to a long-handled dip23er, the Sulu Islands and Zamboanga Peninsula constituting the handle, the eastern part of Mindanao the bowl. Mindanao is marked by its great number of lines and gulfs, its two great rivers, 'Mission aux lies Phil. (1879-1881), 272-277. 'Bull. Soo. geol France (1874), V, 2, 403-406. 'Mem. acerca de los criaderos auriferos Misamis (1879). 4, 18, 32. 45. V. S. Expl. Exp. (1849). 10, 539. Ibid.


GEOLOGIC EECOXNAISSANOK OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 477 its nine or ten lakes and its high mountains. One of the latter. Mount Apo, 2,928 meters, is supposed to be the highest peak in the Archipelago A glance at the map of Mindanao prepared by the Jesuits "will reveal the presence of four main tectonic lines, three of which run approximately north and south, and the fourth east and west. The first is the line following the crest of the range which extends jjaiallel to the long axis of the Zamboanga Peninsula; its direction is I. 20° E. The second seems most nearly to mark the eastward trend of this range; its direction is approximately . 85° W. Along this line are to be found Mount Sugarloaf, just north of Dumankilis Bay, Mount Dapan, a short distance southwest of Lake Lanao, Mounts Kalatungan and Latukan east of the lake, and Mount Agtunganon east of the Agusan River. The next line is that which follows the Apo Range. This is very pronounced from Apo southward, but is not especially marked to the north. On this line are to be found Mount Apo, 2,928 meters, and Mount Matutun, which is doubtless somewhat lower. The fourth, which is not as straight as the others, extends along the backbone of the country east of the Agusan River; its general direction is about K. 8° "W. No very important peaks exist along its extent. The first of these four lines, which -follows the backbone of the Zamboanga Peninsula, is the most marked in that it extends northward through the Island of Istegros, coinciding exactly with the tectonic ILAE of that island and cuts across the lower part of the prong of Masbate, again coinciding with the long axis of Sorsogon and the Catanduanes. The Agusan line, by curving a little to the west, would fit closely with the tectonic lines of Leyte, Masbate, and Tayabas. There is no question but that there is a definite and fairly uniform system of folding and fracturing tlirougliout the Archijjelago, tlie various islands representing the irregular crests of the anticlines while the intervening straits mark the synclines. There are no erj large rivers in the western part of Mindanao, although a fair-sized river follows along the central line of the Zamboanga Peninsula, and two short, swift streams also exist, one of them, the Agus, draining Lake Lanao and emptying into Iligan Bay after a run of about 30 kilometers, and the other, the Mataling River, drawing part of its water from Dapan Lake and part from the northern slopes of the Kulingtang Range. A different condition exists in other parts of Mindanao. The Rio Grande cle Mindanao, over 300 kilometers long, is the second largest river in the Philippine Archipelago. Its course is from north to south until within a short distance of Lake Liguasan where it turns sharply to the west, emptying into Illana Bay. Tliis river is navigable 78322 — — 5


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 479 V. CLIMATE. It is difseiilt to discuss the meteorology conditions of Mindanao in a general way. The fairly regular and distinctly marked seasons which prevail in Luzon do not seem to obtain in Mindanao. The following table is taken from the monthly reports of the Philippine Weather Bureau Rainfall, in millimeters, at Mindanao and Still stations during 1905. Month. Zamboanga. Isabela. Jolo. Davao. Surigao. 87 26 00 373 1438 253 214. 6 841 626 132 15 00 96 1024 540 1402 1124 14i a 381 00 224 00 305-0 196 2099 389 2296 420. 4 594 696 790 1214 2062 884 4178 1928 3414 3283 1606 1273 660 1053 1011 819 1306 1769 00 1673 1120 2168 1128 3804 4836 February May June July September October 1482 3209 1077 577 1123 912 December Total 8923 1,1030 1,4129 2,1297 2,0687 A great difference is shown between the rainfall at Zamboanga, at Surigao and at Davao, and the results are very evident in the difference between the forests of these portions of the island. Zamboanga Peninsula is fairly well forested, if the plain which has been cultivated for a long time is excepted, but the forest of this region is not by any means as luxuriant as that of the Agusan and Davao Valleys. The densest forests in the Philippine Islands, with the possible exception of portions of Mindoro, are probably to be found in the latter districts. I was not in the country for a sufficient length of time to render any statement I might make in regard to the healthfulness of various parts of Mindanao of value. The low country in the river valleys and the lake region to the south of the Cotabato is probably not as healthful as the highlands of the Lanao region. Mosquitoes abound in many parts of the former territory and great precautions must be taken against them. The Cotabato River has a particularly bad, but I think unreserved, reputation in this respect. I had no fever nor any sickness whatever during the five months I was in Mindanao, but both native and American troops have suffered considerably from malaria. A table of the temperatures for the various stations of the island follows


Vatica.] Dipterocarpaceae. 127 pubescence beneath, lat. veins very numerous, connected by loops near the margin, petiole | in., rugose ; fl. rather large, nearly sessile, in small axillary and terminal tomentose spicate panicles much shorter than the 1., bracts large, | in., acute, tomentose ; sep. tomentose ; nut spherical, \ in., very hairy, loosely surrounded by irregularly enlarged, erect, pubescent sep., the 2 largest 2 in., linear, obtuse, 3-veined, the others f-i|in., lanceolate, acute. Moist low country ; rare. Hiniduma Pattu ; Hewesse ; Pasdun Korale ; Lanegal Kanda, near Pelmadulla (F. Lewis). Fl. April. Endemic. I have not seen mature fls. The fruit was obtained at Hewesse in June. Wood heavy, hard, smooth, pale greyish-yellow. The leaves of young trees attain very much larger dimensions than those above given. Pierre (1. c. sub t. 237) erroneously refers this to Stemonoporus. 2. S. (?) disticha, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. PI. 9 (1885). Vateria {Stemonoporus) disticha Thw. Enum. 404. Vatica disticha^ A. DC. 1. c. 620. C. P. 3707. Fl. B. Ind. i. 303 ( Vatica (?). A large tree, young branches finely tomentose ; 1. 4-5 in., lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at base, attenuate, acute, glabrous, ■coriaceous, lat. veins about 11, conspicuous on both surfaces, petiole I in., thick, rugose ; fl. in short, erect, axillary panicles, bracts large, \-\ in., ovate, distichous, imbricate at first, tomentose, soon falling ; fruit not seen. Moist low country ; very rare. Hinduma Pattu and Pasdun Korale i(Thwaites). The C. P. specimens are from ' Lanegal Kanda, March, 1861, and are in bud only. Until further material is obtained the genus of this plant is quite uncertain. Pierre (1. c. sub t. 237) says it is a Doona near D. nervosa. 6. VATICA, L. (sect. Isauxis, Am.). Trees ; fl. in axillary panicles ; sep. 5, slightly connected below; pet. 5 ; stam. 15, apiculate; fruit-sep. all equally and ■considerably enlarged but not wing-like, spreading, not imbricate or enclosing the fruit ; fruit with a thick pericarp marked with 3 grooves, indehiscent (or tardily 3-valved ?) ; •cotyledons equal, thick, plano-convex, deeply divided into 2 equal lobes. — Sp. about 12 ; 6 in F/. B. Ind. Arnott's name Isauxis was given (Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 155) to a section of Vateria, and was never used by him as a generic name. Stemonoporus might perhaps be combined with this, as is done by A. DC.


Anisoptera.] xx. dipterocarpaceae. 219 densely yellow scaly sparingly stellate pubescent; nerves 18 to 20 pairs, prominent, 2 to 3*5 in. long, 75 to 1-25 in. wide; petioles •5 to '75 in. long. Panicles scurfy, 4 to 5 in. long, many-flowered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, sub-acute, 'i in. long, scurfy. Petals narrow, lanceolate acuminate, glabrous. Fruit globose, -4 in. through, smooth, outer wings linear-spathulate obtuse, 3-nerved, transverse nerves conspicuous, 4 in. long, '6 in. wide, inner wings •3 in. long. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Bindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang, Muka Head and Government Hill, at 800 to 2000 ft. altitude. Disirih. Borneo. Native name : Rengkong. (3) A. marginata Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 66, t. 6, fig. ia to 13A. A big tree, glabrous except young parts and inflorescence covered with scales and soft pubescence. Leaves elliptic-oblong, yellow brown beneath, thin coriaceous, base rounded; nerves 10 to 14 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations fine but conspicuous beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, 1-25 to 175 in. wide; petioles -2 to -5 in. long. Panicles terminal and in upper axils, 2 to 6 in. long, velvety pubescent. Sepals •12 in. long grey-velvety, lanceolate. Petals oblong rounded, glabrous white, -2 in. long. Stamens numerous; .filaments very short; anthers short, oblong with a much longer hair-like process. Ovary pubescent. Hab. Pahang, Tanjong Api, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Distrib. Bangka, Borneo. Native name: Mersawa or Sanai. (4) A. laevis Ridl. n. sp. Big tree 100 ft. tall. Leaves glabrous coriaceous, oblonglanceolate rather abruptly acuminate, base round; nerves fine 10 pairs, reticulations fine and conspicuous on both sides, 3 to 6 in. long, i'5 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit globose '5 in. long, outer wings linear blunt, 3*5 in. long, •25 in. wide ; nerves 3, central one broadest, transverse bars and reticulations prominent, inner wings linear, -5 in. long. Hah. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Selandor ; Merlimau (Cantley) ; Machap (Derry). Pahang, Bukit Sungei Nilam, Bentong (Foxworthy) . Native names : Mersawa ; Lah ; Meranti Jamang. This was referred to A. glabra of Kurz by me in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 25, but that, which is only known from fruiting specimens, has larger fruits than this plant. (5) A. thurifera Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 42. Tree. Branchlets scurfy. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ellipticoblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded, margin undulate ; nerves fine ascending, 13 pairs, reticulations pustular, beneath scurfy when young, 3*5 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; petioles '5 to i in. long. Panicles 3 to 5 in. long, lax, scurfy-tomentose. Sepals lanceolate obtuse, densely tomentose, 'i in. long. Petals linear, glabrous.


22 J. Perkins: Dipterocarpaceae by J. Peekins. Dipterocarpus Gaertn. 1. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk. n. sp. Tree 30 — 40 m high (ex Merrill), young branches densely hirsuto-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, oblong or ovate-oblong, on the upper surface glabrous, on the lower surface glabrous except at the sparsely pubescent midrib, margins undulate, nerves on both sides very prominent, veins parallel at rightangles to the nerves, midrib depressed above, prominent beneath; length 12 — 23cm, width 6 — 12 cm; petiole 3,5 — 4 cm long, densely hirsute, consisting of tufts of stellate hairs, some short some long. Stipules 4 cm long, 9 mm wide, externally densely hirsuto-tomentose. Fruit ovoid, wings 13 cm long, 2 cm wide; tube of the fruiting calyx with 5 protuberances in its upper portion. Luzon, Prov. of Tayabas, Guinayangan, growing on sandy soil, sandstone (Merrill no. 2031 with fruit in April), (Merrill no. 2004). The nearest ally of this is Dipterocarpus Warbiirgii Brandis, from which, however, it differs by having smaller fruit. In D. lasiopodus the densely hirsute -pubescent petiole is most peculiar. Merrill says that the wood of this tree is used for bancas (native canoes) and that the tree occurs frequently in forests. 2. Dipterocarpus speciosus Brandis. Luzon, Prov. Principe, Baler (Merrill no. 1149; a. 1903). 3. Dipterocarpus velutinus Yid. Luzon, Prov. Bataan, Dinalupihan (Merrill no. 1479; February 1903). Prov. Zambales, Subig (Merrill no. 1754; April 1903). Anisoptera Korthals. 1. Anisoptera ealopliylla Perk. n. sp. A high forest tree (ex Warburg); branches slender at first with sparse, stellate hairs. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or elliptic, 10 — 22,5 cm long,


Dipterocarpaceae. 23 4,5 — 9 cm wide, chartaceous, long-acuminate, with obtuse apex, base rotund; main nerves 18 — 22, curved, ascending, on the upper surface obscure, on the lower prominent, midrib on the upper surface depressed, on the lower prominent and covered with scattered stellate hairs; petiole 2 — 3,5 cm long, thickened at the apex, glabrous. Fruit globose, 1,5 cm diam., calyx segments uniting below the apex of the fruit; wings 5, 7 — 8 cm long, 1,8 cm wide, obovate-lanceolate, on both surfaces pubescent; 2 segments of fruiting calyx much longer than the others, with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves joined by conspicuous transverse veins which are somewhat oblique. Middle Luzon, Prov. Zambales (Warburg no. 13429 with fruit in April); Luzon, Prov. of Bataan Dinalupihan (Merrill no. 1518). This is closely allied to Anisoptera thurifera Blume but has larger leaves with more numerous nerves, and the apex of the petiole is enlarged. A. thurifera has, moreover, on the lower surface of the leaves, on the inflorescence and on the petioles, minute, round scales which are wanting in this species. 2. Anisoptera Vidaliana Brandis. Luzon, Prov. Manila (Merrill without no. and date); Prov. Bataan (Merrill no. 1475; Jan.-Febr. 1903); Prov. Rizal, Antipolo (Merrill no. 1629; March 1903); Prov. Zambales, Subig (Merrill no. 1763; April 1903). Shorea Roxb. 1. Shorea Guiso Blume? Luzon, Prov. Principe, Baler (Merrill no. 1004; a. 1903). 2. Shorea Warburgii Gilg. Luzon, Prov. Bataan, Dinalupihan (Merrill no. 1482; a. 1903); Prov. Camarines Sur, Pasacao (Ahern no. 129; a. 1902).


1920] 127 in. TWO NEW SIAMESE PLANTS. By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S. I have found the following undescribed species in a small collection sent me by Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, Forest Research Officer, F.M.S. They were obtained by a collector of the Forest Department who accompanied the expedition of the F.M.S. Museums Department to the northern half of the Malay Peninsula in 1919 (antea pp. 65-126). ANONACEAE. 1. Miliusa concinna, sp. nov. Branches slender, bark dark brown lenticelled ; young parts pubescent. Leaves rather distant oblong oblanceolate, blunt or subacute, base narrowed unequally bluntly bilobed, membranous to subcoriaceous, thin, glabrous or when young pubescent on the midrib beneath ; nerves fine inconspicuous, 8 pairs, 4 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole hairy or glabrous, -1 in. long. Flowers solitary or 2 on tubercles ; pedicel slender, hairy, -5 in. long. Sepals ovate -12 in. long, hairy,. Petals oblong, tip rounded, hairy on both sides, -25 in. long. Stamens about 7 whorls, 20 in all ; anthers short, narrow, connective broad, flat irregularly rounded. Pistils 20, densely woolly on the top. South-western Siam : Hat Sunuk near Koh Lak (Hamid No. 3820) ; Koh Lak (Hamid No. 3802). Native name Pom rimpah. The specimens under No. 3802 differ in being much more hairy, the branches being densely 50 ft. tomentose, and the leaves hairy on the back ; «while No. 3820 is almost completely glabrous, only the young parts being pubescent. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 2. Pachynoecarpus grandiflorus, sp. nov. Leaves oblong thin but stiff coriaceous elliptic acutely short acuminate, base narrowed, blunt ; nerves 12 pairs prominent beneath, reticulations conspicuous beneath, 6 to 8 in. long, 2-5 to 4 in. wide ; petiole thick -5 in. long, pubescent. Panicle dense, terminal compact, 3 in. long, 4 in. wide, pubescent ; pedicel -1 in. long. Calyx pubescent mealy, • 1 in. long, lobes lanceolate acute, cleft nearly to the base. Petals -75 in. long, -25 in. wide, oblong spathulate tip broad rounded, glabrescent. Stamens 15 in 2 rows. Ovary cone-shaped free from sepals, puberulous. Style short, thick ribbed ; stigma rather large. Fruit (unripe) ovoid not corky. Calyx entirely covering the nut except the extreme tip, lobes thin, ovate rounded, whole fruit -75 in. long, lobes free part -1 in. long. Peninsular Siam, Klong Wang Tapoh in Renong. (Hamid No. 3787) . Native name Mai Sak. Perhaps nearest to P. Stapfianus but the leaves are thinner and have more nerves. It has larger flowers than any species I have ever seen.


OCEANIC DISPERSAL OF PLANTS. 287 fruit of the former is described as having a hard, blood-red sarcocarp, with the mesocarp traversed by stout vessels from the thin crustaceous endocarp, and this description applies fairly well to the skeleton fruit from the New Guinea drift, save that the endocarp of this is more woody. AVhen fresh this must have been nearly or quite two inches and a half in diameter. Beccari mentions, loc. cit., that he never found the fruit attached to the plant, but always picked it up from the ground. The largest fruit of the order described is that of Macrococculus pomiferus, Beccari (Malesia, i. p. 161). This is also drupaceous and globose or pyriform, and about four inches long by three inches thick. It is from the same country. BIXINE^E. Pangium edule, Beinw. Pangium edule, Reinw. ; Miq., Fl. Lid. Bat., i. 2, p. 109 ; Horsf., PI. Jav. Rar., p. 205, t. 43 ; Blunie, Rumpbia, iv. p. 20, t. 178; Blanco, Fl. Philipp., ed. 3, t. 391. New Guinea drift. Miquel states that this is generally spread in the Malayan Archipelago, from Sumatra to the Celebes, Amboina, and Ceram, though rare in Amboina ; and it is also common in the Philippines ; but hitherto it has not been found either in Continental Asia or in Australia. It is commonly cultivated by the Malays for the sake of its large, oleaginous seeds, which are an important article of food. The fruit varies considerably in size and shape, according to Blurne, who represents one nine inches long and six inches across the middle. It has a thick fleshy indehiscent pericarp, which must decay before the seeds become free. The broad, irregularly wedge-shaped seeds measure two inches or more in their greatest diameter ; and they are provided with a crustaceous testa apparently impervious to water. Only one seed is in the collection, and that is sound, though it has probably lost its germinative power. In its present state it floats with about half its body submerged. Good flowering specimens of this tree are wanted for the Kew Herbarium. DIPTEROCARPE.E. Vateria papuana, Dyer. (Plate LXIV., B.) Vateria papuana, Dyer, ante, p. 123. Vatica papuana, Dyer in Journ. Bot., 1878, p. 100. Vateria sp., Beccari in D'Albertis, New Guinea, ii. p. 394. Fruits from the New Guinea drift, and sea-beach Arrou Islands ; flowering specimens and fruits from Bauioi, Southern New Guinea. In the first place, only flowering specimens of this very distinct Dipterocarp were communicated to Mr Dyer, and as the floral structure agreed with Vatica, it was referred