7 HARDWICKIA BINATA. HOPEA ODORATA. 8 tinged with red ; slightly marked with three or four nerves ; length from one to three inches, and a little more than half of that in breadth. Corol one-petalled, contorted. Tube short, campanulate. Border of five, oblique, sublinear-oblong, spreading divisions, with their margins revolute, curled, and somewhat villous. Petioles round, smooth, about one-fourth, or one-third the length Filaments ten, about as long as the tube of the corol, and inserted by broad, conical, fleshy bases, into its bottom ; they are alternately larger and bifid. Anthers fifteen, two-lobed, with a subulate point from the apex of each, or as in Asarum, they may be said to adhere to the filaments below their apices. Germ above, ovate. Style straight, length of the stamina. Stigma of the leaves. Stipules small, cordate, caducous. Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills, small, delicate, slender, and smooth in every part. Flowers scattered, slender, pedicelled, small. Bractes minute, caducous. Calyx none. Petals five, obovate, concave, spreading, somewhat hoary on the outside ; inside yellowish ; rather longer than the stamina. Filaments ten, alternately shorter, inserted round the base of the germ. Anthers incumbent, ovate, with an acute point between the lobes. Germ oblong. Style ascending. Stigma large, peltate. lanceolate, from two to three inches long, two-valved, simple. ip ture, closely inveloping a single seed, of the same shape and size ; outwardly covered with the permanent calyx ; two of the leaflets of which are now enlarged into two, linear-oblong, obtuse, tough, membranaceous, nervous wings, many times longer than the seeds. Legume OBSERVATIONS. striated lengthwise, opening at the apex. iS^^^ solitary in the apex of the legume, and there inserted, cuneate, furrowed : posterior edge thin, and somewhat membranaceous. A single tree, and the only one I have seen, grows in the garden of Mr. Dowdeswell near Calcutta, originally from Chittagong, where it is indigenous. Flowering time the month of March, when the air, to a considerable distance, is perfumed with the OBSERVATIONS. May This elegant tree is found indigenous on the mountains of the Coast of Coromandel, where it grows to a large size, and yields It differs from the first in having only two of the five leaflets of timber of an excellent quality for a variety of uses. the calyx increasing into wings, and from both, In having a mo-Some beautiful, thriving, young trees are in the Botanic Garden nopetalous corol, and only ten filaments, bearing fifteen anthers, at Calcutta, reared from seeds sent from the mountains of Coro-Mad 211-CARALLIA LUGIDA, 210. HOPEA ODORATA/ GENERIC CHARACTER. C^/j/:v beneath, five-leaved: two of them increasing with the capsule into wings. Corol one-petalled, contorted. Filaments ten, inserted on the tube of the corol, ahernately two-cleft ; Anthers fifteen. ip Seed solitary. DESCRIPTION. Trunk erect, four feet in circumference, and high in proportion. Carallie of the Telingas. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calyx six or seven-cleft, superior. Petals six or seven. Stigm three-lobed. Berry one-celled, one seeded. a DESCRIPTION. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, oval, pointed, serrulate, smooth, shining on both sides, from four to five inches long, and two or two and a half broad. Stipules Branches numerous, spreading in every direction, and adorned Umbellets axillary, small, rigid, few-flowered, generally three-cleft, with many drooping, and expanding bifarious branchlets, Ca/yx above, six or seven-parted, permanent ; divisions acute, covered with dark-brown smooth bark. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, bifarious, drooping, ovate, oblong, Petcds six or seven, orbicular, scalloped, waved, inserted into the divisions of the calyx by short claws. entire, waved, smooth, shining, deep green on both sides ; Filaments twelve or fourteen, length of the corol, inserted into the on the under side there is often a pretty large, single gland in the axill of each of the larger veins. Stipules none. Panicles terminal, and from the exterior axills, drooping, composed of alternate, bifarious, secund, recurved, villous, ramifications, of numerous, small, pale yellow, delightfully fragrant flowers. Bractes cordate, acute, villous, caducous. Calyx beneath, five-leaved : leqfiets unequal, ovate, villous, permanent: the two largest increasing into two large, oblong, obtuse membranaceous wings, by the time the capsule is full grown, * Hopea tinctoria of Linnaeus is now referred to the genus of Symplocos. Linn, spec* plant, edit. Willdenow, 3. p. 1436. calyx. Anthers oblong, erect. Germ beneath, a:lobuIar. Style length of the filaments. Stigma three-lobed. Berry globular, smooth, pulpy, size of a large pea, one-celled, crowned with the very entire calyx. Seed one, rarely two, reniform. OBSERVATIONS. A small handsome ever-green tree, a native of the lower region of the Circar mountains. Flowering time March and April.


— 324 — Fruit one-seeded by abortion, as a rule spherical of depressed spherical, rarely conical >'. kanneliyensis) or pointed (S. reticulatus) , roughish because of a pattern of minute, polygonal areas ; sepals persistent, either unaltered, adpressed to the base of the fruit or patent or hardened and slightly enlarged, pointing downward, in N. kanneliyensis and S. reticulatus much thickened and pointing downward. Cotyledons small and simple or large, lobed, dissected and folded, green or red. No albumen. Germination : the fruit with thick pericarp (S. kanneliyensis, S. reticulatus, perhaps S. wightii) dehisce by valves, along the depressions : the thin <»r thinner skinned fruit crack irregularly, even when they are ribbed in immature stage. The hypocotyledon lengthens considerably and lifts the cots above the ground; they either remain in the pericarp (S. kanneliyensis) or unfold, become horizontal, fleshy, large, thick, wrinkled and incised, red or green. Cots equal or unequal. In some species at the base inside of the pericarp a Meshy cup with laciniate margins ; sometimes a fibrous mass between the cots (Heim, Brandis). The first leaves are, as in Vatica, whorled. Distribution : Wet zone in the S.W. parts of the island, in the Adam's Peak jungle and in the Knuckles Mts. at altitudes from sea leavel to 1700 m Ecology : Always in the wettest parts, many along streams and streamlets in the Occurrence independent of depth of soil or kind of soil. Often in small populations far apart. Only a few reach timber size. They flower in definite periods after ice or twice a year. Flowers few. Fruit setting is rare to very rare (hence ire rare). Pollination by beetles, bees, butterflies. Since the inception of the genus Stemonoporus by Thwaites in IS54, it has moved through Valeria and Vatica and has nowadays been re-established as a proper genus. This implies that the generic delimitations, especially in the Vatica group (Vatica, Stemonoporus, Cotylelobium) are not satisl'actorilv solved. The trees of the three genera look much alike, and are in Ceylon known under one collective vernacular name : Mendora. Whereas in Shorea and Hopea all genera with more or less similar fruit characters are combined, this is not the ease in the Vatica group and this inconsistency is one of the reasons of the unsatisfactory situation. Thwaites originally recognized 11 species under Stemonoporus and 3 under Monoporandra. Under the influence of Bentham, he referred them all to Valeria in the Addendum of his book in 1854, even quoting Bk.muam as the author of the new combinations (this is under the latest Rules not ad missable. the combinations should be printed to be valid and not only suggested, as Bentham did). Thwaites even went one step further than Bentham and moved also Monoporandra to Valeria. Thiselton-Dyer followed suit, but meanwhile A. de Candolle had reduced Stemonoporus to Vatica, but — like all other botanists — up to Alston, kept Monoporandra separate. In his Addendum Thwaites added (under Valeria) 3 new species, of which Valeria


— 392 — pubescent. Petals elongate-ovate, acute, up to 11 mm long, inside white, outside with a central light red longitudinal band. Style thin, 2 mm long, the minute stigma visible above the cone of 15 stamens. Stamens white with short filaments, the upper anther valve bulging in the centre, folded, resulting in an oblique tubular slit apically and one slit below the bulge. Fruit sub-globose, 3 cm diam., light brown, pericarp thin (1 nun), divided int.. polygonal " fields ", scurvy; cotyledons very lai-e. folded, conduplicate, green; radicle I cm long, 4 mm diam., red. with minute appressed hairs, except the tip : sepals linear, appressed to the fruit base. Distribution : Marshy, periodically inundated land along slow running streamlet in lowland in Kalutara Distr., Matugama area near Bulatsinhala near Honaka. Notes : Thwaites commented on this species, of which at that time (1858) only two specimens were known, Collected by Moon around about 1820-25, one according to Thwaites was sterile, the other had flower buds, which he dissected and found to his surprise that this was a Stemonoporus with the correct number of stamens, etc., but because of the peculiar long numerous stipules, he included it in Stemonoporus with an interrogation mark and mentioned its locality as Maturata, likewise with an interrogation mark. Trimen in 1893 described the pedicels and sepals. He had apparently at hand the sole sheet, now in the Peradeniya Herbarium, lie commented on the species as : " It is greatly to be hoped, that this curious plant may be rediscovered." Ashton failed to look in the convolute, attached to the Peradeniya sheet, which he annotated and stated erroneously, that the sheet was now sterile, although it had still two flowers without corolla and stamens. Not taking heed of Thwaites’s remarks, he opinioned that this was not Stemonoporus but likely Sterculiaceae or even Euphorbiaceae. Alston produced some confused statements. " It is scarcely likely to belong to Stemonoporus and may not even be a Dipterocarp at all" and then some lines further : "should probably form a separate genus"" (in Dipterocarpaceae). Thwaites thought that Moon's specimen perhaps was from Maturate, which is in the moutains near Nuwara Eliya. I am sure that this is a mistake for Matugama in the lowland, Kalutara District, near the place where we found the tree. Lewis noted, that he had seen it in the Maguru Ganga valley near Honaka, on waturana land, but unluckilv bad not collected it (waturana is wet land). Following this tip of Lewis I started investigations on Maguruganga near llonaka and by a lucky coincidence, this was also the home site of Dr. Gunatillekke, who approached a rubber planter in the Bulatsinhala area, who informed him that he was the private owner of a small patch of marshy forest along a streamlet. Dr. Gunatilleke and I explored this mosquito infested, degraded forest, but failed to find Stemonoporus moonii, although several other very rare trees were discovered. Not wanting to give up, I suggested to follow the rivulet and our perseverance was rewarded and many specimens of Stemonoporus moonii, believed to be extinct, were discovered along a muddy depression with Areca coccinea (in itself a rare tree) and along the stream-


9821 DIPTEROCARPACEAE (Ashton) 355 Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak to Sabah; S.E. Borneo to P. Laut and Balikpapan). Ecol. Scattered in Mixed Dipterocarp forest on clay rich soils on undulating land and hills below 1000 m. Vern. Resak daun besar. r. sarawak, damar tingkis. Note. The fruit sepals of E. Borneo specimens ( V. ramiflora SLOOT.) are foliose and rather broad, these on Sarawak specimens narrow and incrassate. Further collections may justify distinction of two subspecies in V. oblongifolia. 13. Vatica albiramis SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9(1927) 101, f. 5: in Merr. PI. Elm. Born. ( 1929) 205; ASHTON, Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 66. f. 10; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 30; MEIJER & WOOOD, Sabah For. Rec. 5 (1964) 305, f. 52. Parts glabrous but for the shortly sparsely caducous pubescent calyx and shortly fulvous caducous pubescent ovary. Twig to 1 mm apically. slender, smooth to rugulose. Bud to 2 by 1 mm, conical, acute. Stipule to 16 by 3.5 mm. hastate, subacute, caducous. Leaves 8-20 by 3-7 cm. thinly coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate; base ± narrowly cuneate: acumen to 1 .5 cm long, narrow; nerves 4-6 pairs, rather broad, slightly raised on both surfaces, more prominently so beneath, curved, continuing almost parallel to the margin before terminating, at 45 -50 (-70 ); midrib broad, rounded, slightly raised on both surfaces; tertiary nerves subscalariform; petiole 1-1.3 cm long. Panicle to 28 cm long, terminal or axillary. lax. spreading, glabrous, terete; doubly or trebly branched. Flower bud to 1.5 cm long, slender; calyx shortly sparsely pubescent; corolla rich lemon-yellow; appendage to connective rudimentary; flowers otherwise typical. Calyx lobes subequal. to 12 by 4 mm. ovate, obtuse, tapering to 3.5 mm broad at base, coriaceous, glabrous, becoming reflexed. Nut to 1.2 by 1.2 cm. globose, without style remnant, shortly fulvous pubescent. Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Rejang valley to Kinabalu; E. Sabah). Ecol. Clay rich soils, low hills and ridges; to 1400 m in Kinabalu area. Vern. Resak ranting puteh. r. puteh. Note. Differing from the closely related V. hullettii of Malaya in the narrow fugaceous hastate stipules and totally glabrous young parts and petiole. Fig. 45. Stem-base of young tree of Vatica oblongifolia HOOK. f. ssp. oblongifolia, with flowering and fruiting twigs. Sibulu R., Mengalang For. Res., Beaufort Distr. (Photogr. G. H. S. Wood. July 1954. KEP 80255). Note. The taxa I here recognise as subspecies are rather constant and rarely difficult to identify. Though the full range of variation they together manifest is great, the distinctive characters of the depressed twig and short dense vinose indumentum unites them as a single entity. 14. Vatica oblongifolia HOOK. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1862) 160; MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85; DC. Prod. 16, 2 (1868) 619; WALP. Ann. 7(1868) 378; BURCK. Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 229; BRANDIS. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 126, t. 3, f. 11; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 409; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 109, f. 8; ibid. III, 17 (1941) 135; BROWNE, For. Trees Sarawak & Brunei (1955) 101; ASHTON, Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 75, f. 1O.p.p.: ibid. Suppl. (1968) 34; Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 264, pl. 3-7; MEIJER & WOOD, Sabah For. Rec. 5 (1964) 314, f. 55. pl. 30b (stem). — Fig. 45. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES 1. Petiole at most 14 mm long; leaf elliptic b. ssp. elliptifolia 1. Petiole at least 15 mm long. 2. Fruit calyx lobes more than 10 by 6 mm; nerves at least 26 pairs. 3. Leaf broadly oblong, base ± cordate c. ssp. crassilobata 3. Leaf narrowly obovate, base ± cuneate d. ssp. multinervosa


370 Flora Malesiana ser. vol 92 4-1 1 by 13-25cm, narrowly elliptic, thinly coriaceous: tapering to a narrowly obtuse base and to a 1 cm long acumen; margin ± narrowly revolute; nerves 12-14 pairs, arched, slender but prominent beneath, elevated above, with short less prominent secondary nerves; tertiary nerves subreticulate, distinctly elevated on both surfaces but more prominent beneath as also the midrib; petiole 4-9 mm long, short. Panicle to 5 cm long, slender, terminal or axillary, irregularly doubly branched. Flower bud lo 5 by 3 mm, lanceolate, small; sepals subequal; anthers narrowly oblong; appendages prominent, deltoid; style columnar, expanding distally, slightly longer than ovary; stigma deltoid; flowers otherwise typical. Mature fruit unknown; very young fruit with subequal reflexed calyx lobes. Distr. Malesia: Philippines (Zamboanga, Mindanao), twice collected. 53. Vatica pentandra ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 24. Twigs, petioles and panicles persistently shortly scabrid fulvous pubescent, calyx outside + caducously so, parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary persistently evenly buff puberulent. Twigs c. 2 mm apically, ribbed, much branched, ascending. Leaf buds minute. Leaves 18-45 by 9-20 mm, elliptic, thinly coriaceous, with subrevolute margins, obtuse to broadly cuneate base and ± deeply retuse apex; nerves 4-5 pairs, ascending, at c. 45 , slender, hardly elevated on either surface though more so below; petiole 4-11 mm long, slender, hardly geniculate. Panicle to 4 cm long, slender, singly branched; branchlets bearing to 3 flowers. Flower buds to 9 by 3 mm; stamens 5, in a single whorl; flowers otherwise typical. Fruit unknown. Distr. Malesia: East Borneo (Central Kutei). Ecol. Unknown, lowlands. Note. The only Vatica with but 5 stamens; the leaves are among the smallest and most distinctive in the genus also. 54. Vatica cauliflora ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978)25. Twigs, petioles and panicles persistently scabrid fulvous pubescent; midrib beneath caducously so; calyx outside, parts of petals exposed in bud and ovary persistently evenly buff puberulent. Twigs c. 3 mm apically, stout, ribbed; leaf buds minute. Leaves 7-22 by 2.5-8 cm, oblanceolate, coriaceous, with subrevolute margins, obtuse to subcordate base and + prominent caudate acumen; nerves 14-16 pairs, ascending at 50-60", prominent beneath, evident but depressed above, as also the many secondaries; tertiaries reticulate, barely elevated though evident on both surfaces; midrib prominent beneath, less so above; petiole 10-18 mm long, c. 2 mm 0, relatively slender. Panicles to 6 cm long, solitary, axillary, doubly branched, many-flowered. Flower buds to 7 by 2 mm, lanceolate, otherwise typical. Distr. Malesia: Ulu Kapuas, W. Borneo. Ecol. Locally frequent along river banks. Note. This species is distinguished by the nerves which are depressed above, by the caudate acumen and slender petiole. Very young fruit indicate a possible affinity with V. venulosa BL. 55. Vatica glabrata ASHTON, sp. nov. V. mangachapoi BLCO simulans lamina nervis intrinsecus 9-11 ascendentihus petiolo longissimo partibus glabrescentibus ovariis excepto differt. Medium-sized tree, to 20 m tall, 1 m girth. Apical buds and ovary densely ocherous puberulent, young parts sparsely caducously so, otherwise glabrous. Stipules to 12 by 8 mm, elliptic, obtuse, not at first caducous, leaving a more or less prominent falcate scar. Leaves 6-15(-22) by (2-)2.5-7 cm, lanceolate, coriaceous, + concave, lustrous, with obtuse base and prominently attenuate to 15 cm long acumen; nerves 9-11 pairs, ascending, slender, elevated on both surfaces but more so below, with ± short secondaries; tertiaries reticulate, elevated on both surfaces. Petiole 1.8-4 cm long, slender, very long. Panicles to 7 cm long, irregular, 1-axillary or terminal. Flowers white, as in other species. Fruit unknown. Distr. Malesia: Borneo: Sarawak, S 34865, 36852 (holotype in K, in fl.), Dulit range, Ulu Tinjar, Baram; BRUN 2526, 2533, Ulu Medamit, Limbang. Ecol. Local, scattered in submontane forest at 1200-1500 m on acid soils overlying sandstone immediately below the mossy forest zone. Notes. I collected this species in April 1958 while on an expedition to the Pagon range. Fallen fruit, apparently from this species, were also collected but were lost in a river accident on the return: they were of the Sunaptea type, with two long and three short sepals free to the base. The new collections from Sarawak, and more particularly the type differ in their concave laminae and prominent subamplexicaul subpersistent stipules. The unusually long slender petioles, 9-1 1 pairs of ascending nerves and glabrous young twigs and inflorescences distinguish the four collections from those of V. mangachapoi BLCO which it otherwise resembles and convince me that they represent but a single species. Doubtful species 56. Vatica obtusa BURCK, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 228; MERR. En. Born. ( 1 92 1 ) 409; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 126, nom. illeg.. non (WALL.) STEUD. The type, TEYSMANN HB 11352, from Karimata, is in flower. It is indistinguishable in this state from V. umbonata (HOOK. f.) BURCK and V. pauciflora (KORTH.) BL. Excluded Vatica imbricata SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 16 (1940) 452, f. 10. is according to KOSTERMANS, Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 426 = Mesua acuminatissima (MERR.) KOSTERM. (Gutiiferae).


1. Shorea. 1 18. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. Fam. 18. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 1. Shorea, Roxb. Trees, containing resin, with alt. entire simple leaves. Stipules caducous, Fls. in axillary and terminal panicles, bracts often caducous sometimes 0. Calyx S-sepalons. Petals 5 contorted in bud, St. bypogynous, connective appendaged. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Style subulate. Fruit a 1-seeded nut closely embraced by the bases of the greatly enlarged sepals. Cotyledons fleshy unequal, one embraced by the other, hypogeal in germination. 1. S. robusta, Gaertn, Sarjom, K., S.; Sakua, Kharw ; The Sal tree. Throughout the area. In many of the deep valleys of Singbhum, Bonai and Gangpur it attains 12 ft. girth and 120 ft, high, the soil being a deep loam derived from the decomposition of gneissic ropks. On the hills of clay schist it is a stunted tree attaining 30-40 ft., and it occurs in a very stunted form on the top of Parasnath at 4,400 ft. elevation which is above the elevation it generally attains in the Himalayan region. Large trees are now very scarce in the other districts where the forests have been mostly ruined and the trees are mostly coppice shoots which frequently flower as mere bushes. Gamble records a tree in a sacred grove in the S. P. (at Talpahari) 10 1/2 ft. girth and 120 ft. high. Fl. March-April, in some years the flowering extends into May. Fr. June-July. Nearly or quite leafless in March. Stipules 1/4”-1/2” oblong, covering the young buds. The panicles arise direct from the old wood and on the new shoots, the flowers are unilateral on the branches." Petals with a twisted acumen, free with overlapping bases. Filaments very swollen below. Campbell says the best time for cutting is October, and that the timber is then much more durable. The logs should, of course, always be barked immediately after felling. The fuel and charcoal are excellent, and the latter is said by the Kols to be the best available for iron smelting. The seeds are eaten but are said not to be very wholesome. It was previously much tapped and destroyed for resin before the reservation of the forests. The resin (dunra, K.; sarjom lore, S) is used in medicine and for caulking. The leaf is the usual covering of the Kol cigarette (fikr). The seed should be sown as soon as ripe, but the earliest to fall are usually bad. The stalks of the cotyledons are very long, and if the primary shoot is injured or dies subsequent shoots arise from their axils. The first pair of foliage leaves are opposite. 178


94 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1923 HOPEA PHILIPPINENSIS Dyer in Journ. Bot. 16 (1878) 100; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 97; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 64; Whitford in Philip. Bureau Forestry Bull. 10 2 (1911) 75, t. 79; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 261, 13 (1918) Bot. 183. Luzon-(Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay) , Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Negros, Panay, Mindanao (Agusan, Lanao, Zamboanga). In primary forests at low altitudes; often common. Endemic. Local names: Bagitarim (Tag.); baguatsan (Bik.) ; bagupsan (Bik.); bantaya (S. L. Bis.) ; gisok (P. Bis., Mbo., Lan., C. Bis.) ; gisok-gisok (P. Bis., Sul., S. L. Bis.) ; gisok nga-salngan (S. L. Bis.) ; kulilisiau (Tag.) ; makatayring (Tag.) ; makitarem (Tag.) ; makitarin (Tag.) ; malatamban (Bik.) ; malibato (Mbo.) ; mangalaun (Tag.) ; malalamba (Bik.) ; malatagum (Bik.) ; pagakson (Bik.) ; paina (Tag.) ; pongo (S. L. Bis.) ; subiang (S. L. Bis.). HOPEA PIERREI Hance in Journ. Bot. 15 (1877) 329; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 67, t. 2, f. 10; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 265, 13 (1918) Bot. 184. Hopea micrantha Hance in Journ. Bot. 14 (1876) 242, non Hook. f. Hancea pierrei Pierre Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 3 (1892) t. 248. Hopea foxworthyi Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 4 (1912) 1469; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 184. Hopea glutinosa Elm. op. cit.; Foxw. 1. c. Luzon (Cagayan, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon), Polillo, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Panay, Negros, Samar, Mindanao (Agusan, Zamboanga). In primary forests at low altitudes; often common. Indo-China, Singapore, Borneo. I fail to distinguish Hopea foxworthyi Elm. and H. glutinosa Elm. from each other or from H. pierrei Hance. The fruit differences indicated in the original description are apparently differences of development. Local names: Barakbakan (Mbo.); dagingdingan (Tag., Bik.); dala (Neg.) ; dalingdingan (Bik., Tag., Dum.) ; dalingdingan-isak (Tag., Bik.) ; isak (Tag.) ; kaliot (Pang.) ; lito (Ibn.) ; malatagum (Bik.) ; manggachapoi (Bik., Tag., Mbo.) ; manggachapui (Pang.) ; manggatsapoi (P. Bis.) ; mululagun (Bik.) ; pilak (Bik.) ; pisak (Ibn.) ; sarabsaban (Mang.) ; siyau (S. L. Bis.); sugkad (S. L. Bis.). HOPEA PLAGATA (Blanco) Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 64; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 22, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 269; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 262, 13 (1918) Bot. 183; Whitford in Philip. Bureau Forestry Bull. 10 2 (1911) 73, t. 76, 77. Mocanera plagata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 447. Dipterocarpus plagatus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 311, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 212. Anisoptera plagata Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 42; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 616. Shorea reticulata F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 21, non Dyer. Hopea odorata Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. A, excl. fruit, non Roxb.


The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 359 (Imperata arundinaced). Near water-courses the flora is that of the ordinary dry zone type. The Wet Zone includes the Western Province, the Province of Sabaragamuwa excluding the Kolonna Korale, the Galle and Matara Districts of the Southern Province, the Hill Districts of the Central and Uva Provinces and about one-half of the Kurunegala and Chilaw Districts of the North-western Province, or, in a few words, the South-western and South Central portions of the island. It is the portion which receives the full force of the South-west monsoon, and includes the higher lands affected by the North-east monsoon. The 'rainfall usually ranges from 80 to 200 inches, but it exceeds even this in some places, and rumour has it that in Eratne, to the Southwest of Adam's Peak, it actually does not fall far short of 400 inches. The Low-country "Wet Zone is the country par excellence of the Dipterocarps. In the Chilaw and Kurunegala Districts, and in the Northern portion of the Colombo District, they are represented only by Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, but further South and East they increase in number and species until, in many cases, they form almost the entire forest. No doubt, several new species will have to he added, and even since the first volume of Trimen's Flora has been published fresh discoveries have been made, a case in point feeing the Stemonoporus (? Vatica) Lewisi, which was found by Mr. F. Lewis of the Forest Department at about 1000' altitude above Pelmadulla. The curious almost wingless fruit of Shorea lissophylla was also found near the Bentote river in the Western Province. The forests of this zone, where they have been saved, are to the eye the most magnificent of the whole island, the trees often reaching a height of too feet to the first branch. On this account the trees are often difficult to identify, and it is probable that many are still unnamed, especially as it is not always possible to hit on new species at the time when they are in flower or fruit. The most beautiful of these forests is probably the forest of the Hinidun Pattu, in the Southern Province ; in it the most important Dipterocarps are Dipterocarpus kispidus, which in the South almost replaces D. zeylanicus, D. glandulosus, Shorea oblongifolia, Doona trapezifolia, which extends up to about 3000' above sea level, D. cordifolia, D. macrophylla, D. congestiflora, which produces a valuable timber, Hopea discolor and Vatica affinis. Vatica Roxburghiana is found near streams and in lands subject to inundation in the Western Province and in Sabaragamuwa, while Valeria acuminata, which also loves the neighbourhood of water, is found on more rocky ground. The Dipterocarps which are able to ascend to an elevation of 4000' are Doona zeylanica and D. Gardneri, .and Stemonoporus Gardneri, which has been found up to nearly 5000 feet. Among the natural orders, which are also widely represented, are the Guttiferæ, the Ebenacece, and the Sapotacece. The first-named is represented chiefly by the iron wood Mesuaferrea and M. Thwaitesii,


Anisoptera] XVII. DIPTEEOCARPACEAE 67 1. A. glabra, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. Vern. Thin kadu, Burm. Evergreen, glabrous, except the pubescent inflorescence, wood hard, dark olive-green. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong. Fruiting calyx-tube much constricted at the mouth, the 2 larger segments oblanceolate, with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves, joined at right angles by conspicuous transverse veins. Pegu, Martaban, Cambodia and Cochinchina. Fl. April, May. 2. A. oblonga, Dyer (Shorea nervosa, Kurz). Tenaserim. Young shoots and leaves on the nerves beneath with scattered tufts of minute stellate hairs. 3. HOPEA, Roxb.; FL Brit. Ind. i. 308. Stipules small or minute, early deciduous. Fl. in unilateral spikes or racemes, arranged in ample racemose panicles, calyx often glabrous, petals always hairy outside. Calyx segments imbricate, the two outer growing out into thin membranous wings as the fruit ripens. Stamens 15, of which 10 in 5 pairs are episepalous, in a few species 10, anther cells equal, connective prolonged into a long awn. Stylopodium generally large. Seeds without albumen, cotyledons thick, fleshy, concave, one enclosing the other, both bifid to the base. Radicle and petioles of cotyledons embedded in a groove between the lobes of the outer cotyledon, while the lignified placenta with the remains of dissepiments intrudes between the lobes of the inner, they are filled with starch and oil, the former generally prevailing. Species 46, one in New Guinea. Resin ducts in the pith 8-12 at t lie base of a leaf-bearing Lnternode. The 2 lateral leaf traces run a short ilistanee mils' through the bark. Fig 29. — Anisoptera glabra, Kurz. 1/2. Sect. T. -Euhopea. Secondary nerves not more than 20 pair, not approximate. A. Calyx grey-tomentose. 1. H. odorata, Roxb., Cor. Pl. t. 210. Vern. Thingan, Burm. Evergreen, wood yellowish-brown, close-and even-grained, very durable. Glabrous, except inflorescence. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, secondary nerves 12 pair. Fl fragrant, in axillary grey-tomentose panicles, petals ciliate at margin, anthers oblong. Ovary gradually narrowed into conical stylopodium and long cylindrical style. Ovary and stylopodium puberulous. Moist forests in the southern portion of the Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu and Tenasserim to Cochinchina. Andamans. Also reported from Chittagong, Not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forests. Fl. March, April. Fruit May, June. 2. H. parviflora, Beddome, Fl. Sylv. t. 7. The Ironwood of Malabar, Vern. Bovumara, Kan.: Nirkongu, Tinnevelli. Differs from 1 by petals not ciliate, anthers small orbicular, ovary and stylopodium glabrous, stigma 3-fid, stylopodium ovoid, constricted at base. Moist forests of the Western Ghats, from South Kanara southwards. Fl. March. 3. H. oblongifolia, Dyer. Mergui. Secondary nerves 10 pair, between them a multitude of fine veins, closely reticulte, stylopodium cylindric. 4. H. Helferi, Brandis (Vatica Helferi, Dyer). Mergui, 60 miles inland, branchlets tomentose. Leaves from a cordate unequal-sided base, oblong. Fl. pedicelled in terminal panicles, ovary glabrous.


1874.] of the Brmese Flora. 99 representation of D. alatus; but it is a faithful delineation of what I formerly identified (and I still believe correctly) with D. gonopterus, Turcz. I have not seen D. scaber, Ham. which is described as clothed with fascicled brown hairs. Doubtful species. 1. D. vestitus, Wall. Cat. 954 ; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 295. Hab. Tenasserim, Tavoy (Gomez). Not seen by me but seems allied to, if not identical with, D. turbinatus, apparently differing by the calyx-lobes all short broadly deltoid (not 2 elongate). 2. D. scaber, Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. VI. 300 ; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 297. Hab. Hills of southern Tippera (Ham). 3. D. angustifolius, WA. Prod. I. 84. (D. costatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 613). Hab. Chittagong Hills. Parashorea, Kurz. 1. P. stellata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1970, 66. (Shorea stellata, Dyer in Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 304). Hab. Frequent in the tropical forests of Martaban; raher rare along the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yomah, up to 1500 ftl. elevation. Fl. March; Fr. Apr. May. The generic distinctions of Parashorea do not consist in the develop-ment of the fruit-wings but in the aestivation of the calyx and the entirely exposed nut. Shorea, Roxb. Conspectus of species. * Inflorescence tomentose or velvety-pubescent. X Leaves chartaceous, when fu;;-grown glabrous or nearly so. Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit acuminate; stamens c. 20-25, … … S. obtusa. Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit blunt; stamens about 50, … … S. robusta. XX Leaves very coriaceous, appressed silvery beneath. Incompletely known; leaves apparently persistent, … … … S. Helferi. ** Inflorescence quite glabrous. Calyx quite glabrous, … … … … … S. floribunda. 1. S. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 966; Bl. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. 32. t. 8 ; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 306. Hab. Common in the Eng ang hill Eng forests all over Burma from Ava, Prome and Martaban down to Tenasserim, up to 2000 ft. elevation. Fl. March; Fr. Apr. May.


100 S.Kurz—Contributions towards a Knowledge [No. 2, 2. S. robusta, Gaertn. Fr. III. 48 t. 186; Roxb. Corom. Pl. III. t. 212 and Fl. Ind. II. 615; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Madr. t. 4.; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 306. Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui (Griff. 716/1). Referred here on account of habit. There is another Shorea, in leaf only, very much resembling Durio Ox-leyanus from Tenasserim, Moulmein (Falc. 438), which differs from Sh. leprosula in having the upper side of the leaves not scabrous and generally in the different clothing and nervation. 4. Sh. floribunda, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873. 60; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 304 Hab. Tenasserim, Tavoy. Fl. Decb. pentacme, DC. 1. P. siamensis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, 66. (Shorea Siamensis, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I. 214; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 384). Hab. Very frequent in the Eng and dry forests more especially in Ava and Prome district, less frequent from Pegu and Martaban down to Tenasserim. Fl. March; Fr. Apr. May. The Siamese specimens have the young leaves beneath white-tomentose, but differ in no other respect. Hopea, Roxb. Conspectus of species. * Connective terminated by a short point. Calyx greyish tomentose; leaves bluntish acuminate, … …H. odorata. Leaves oblong, blunt, … … … … …H. scaphula. ** Connective terminated by a bristle longer than the anther-cells. Calyx greyish tomentose; flowers somewhat larger, … …H. gratissima. Calyx almost glabrous; flowers very small, … … …H. Griffithii. 1. H. odorata, Roxb. Corom. Pl. III. t. 210 and Fl. Ind. II. 609. Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 308. (H. vasta, Wall. ap. DC. Prod. XVI. 633). Hab. Common in the tropical forests all over Burma from Chittagong and Martaban down to Tenasserim. Fl. March, Apr.; Fr. May, June. NB. Hopea eglandulosa, Roxb. is a Cyclostemon and differs from the above by white bark as indicated by Roxburgh himself. 2. H. scaphula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 611; DC. Prod. XVI. 635. (Vatica scaphula, Dyer in Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 301). Hab. Chittagong, on Mascal Island (Roxb.). Fl. Jan. 3. H. gratissima, Wall. Cat. 960; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873. 61. (H. oblongifolia, Dyer in Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 309?; Shorea gratissima, Dyer l. c. 307).


118 Dipterocarpaceae. [Shorea. much narrowed and almost stalk-like at base, the 5 nerves parallel and tranversely net-veined. Hab.—Frequent in the tropical forests of Martaban; rather rare along the eastern sloper of the Pegu Yomah, up to 1500 ft. elevation.—Fl. March; Fr. Apr.-May.—s:l.—SS.=Metam. SiS. Remarks.—Sapwood light brown. Shorea, Roxb. Calyx-tube very short. Stamens 35-100, the cells unequal and often a little pilose at the tips, the connective terminating in a bristle of penicellate sharp point. Ovary free, 3-celled. Fruiting calyx not enlarged, the wing-like 5 lobes erect, very imbricate, and with their broad twisted bases closely embracing the nut, the 3 outer ones shorter.—Trees, with entire leaves. Flowers usually rather small, racemose in panicles. * Inflorescence tomentose or velvety-pubescent. X Leaves chartaceous, when full-grown glabrous or nearly so. Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit acuminate; stamens c. 20-25 . . S. obtusa. Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit blunt; stamens about 50 . . . S. robusta. XX Leaves very ciriaceous, appressed silvery beneath. Incompletely known; leaves apparently not deciduous . . . S. Helferi. ** Inflorescence quite glabrous . . . . . . S. floribunda. 1. S. obtusa, Wall.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 306.—Thit-ya—A tree (70–80+40—50+6–7), shedding leaves in HS., the young shoots covered by a fugaceous, greyish or whitish stellate tomentum; bark irregularly cracked and fissured, blackish-grey, rough and brittle; leaves elliptical to elliptically oblong, 4-6 (on very old trees 2-4) in. long, rounded at the base, on a 2/3 in. long, glabrous petiole, blunt or occasionally bluntish apiculate, thick chartaceous, entire, while young and herbaceous (especially beneath) sprinkled with tufts of stellate short hairs, usually soon glabrous, tufty-hairy in the nerve-axils beneath; flowers yellowish, rather small, almost sessile, in short recemes, forming whitish almost scurfy-tomentose panicles in the axils of the new or fallen leaves; calyx about a line long, white-tomentose; petals velvety outside, linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lin. long; lobes of fruiting calyx enclosing a pubescent nut of the size of a cherry-stone, oblong-lanceolate, slightly puberulous, greyish-velvety towards the dilated broad bases, the 3 outer longer ones about 2 in. long, some-what acute or bluntish, the 2 inner ones about 1/2 to 1/4 shorter, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Hab.—Common in the Eng and hill Eng-forests all over Burma from Ava, Prome, and Martaban down to Tenasserim, up to 2000 ft. elevation.—Fl. March; Fr. Apr.-May.—l.—SS.=petrophilous imperm., Lat.


Pentacme.] Dipterocarpaceae. 119 Remarks.—Wood rather light and coarse, loose-grained, brown, nebulous, []’==57pd. Wood valued equal to that of Eng, excellent for tool-handles and planes, also for canoes, &c.—Exudes white resin. N. B.—The Sâl-tree, Shorea robusta, Gaertn. (Bedd. Sylv. Madr. 26, t. 4.; Brand. For. Fl. 26, t. 9), is said to grow in Ava, but I have seen no specimens of it. 2. S. Helferi, Kz. (Vatica Helferi, Dyer; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 302).—A tree; leaves oblong or elliptically oblong, 4-6 in. long, cordate at base, on a thick 3-4 lin. long petiole, coriaceous, blunt, glabrous above, beneath minutely silvery-puberulous, the lateral nerves numberous and prominent; flowers in bud whitish-tomentose, sessile, racemose, forming white or greyish-tomentose 2-5 in. long panicles in the axils of the leaves or almost terminal; rest unknown. Hab.—Tenasserim. S. nervosa, Kz., is another Tenasserim species, of which the flowers and fruits are still unknown. It differs from Sh. leprosula in having the upper side of the leaves not scabrous and generally in the indumentum and nervation. It yields a clear yellowish resin of the qualities and smell of colphony. 3. Sh. floribunda, Kz.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 304.—A leaf-shedding tree, all parts glabrous; young leaves oblong to elliptical, rounded at base, on a slender petiole 1/2-3/4 in. long, acute, 3-4 in. long, glabrous; flowers middling-sized, almost sessile, racemose, forming quite glabrous, slender panicles in the axils of the young leaves; calyx quite glabrous, the 2 inner lobes a little shorter; petals nearly 1/2 in. long, yellowish (?) lanceolate, slightly pubescent outside; sta-mens only about 15, the connective terminating into a reflexed bristle as long as the anther itself. Hab.—Tenasserim.—Fl. Decb. Pentacme, DC. Calyx imbricate, the tube very short. Petals infracted from their middle, and closely twisted round the sexual organs so as to form a closed hemispherical corolla perforated only at the top. Stamens 15; anthers 4-celled, the cells almost equal, saccate at base, tapering into subulate points, the connective also terminated by a rigid bristle. Ovary free; style filiform. Nut enclosed in the broad imbricate bases of the 5 wing-like enlarged calyx-lobes, the 2 inner wings somewhat shorter.—Large trees with entire leaves. Flowers in lax panicles. Fruits of Shorea. 1. P. Siamensis, Kz. (Shorea Siamensis, Miq.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 304).—Eng-kyn.—A tree (60—90+40—50+5—6), leafless during HS., the leaf-buds and sometimes the young leaves beneath covered


92 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2.25 to 3 in.; petiole .7 to .9 in., tomentose. Racemes simple, short, 2-or 3-flowered, pubescent. Flowers 2.5 in. long. Calyx with narrowly campanulate tube, covered outside with minute, pale, stellate tomentum. Petals linear-oblong, blunth, more or less pubes-cent outside. Fruit (? immature) globular-ovoid, glabrous, .65 in. in diam.: accrescent calyx-lobes glabrous, reticulate, linear, blunt, con-tracted at the very base, nearly 5 in. long and about .75 in. broad. Penang; at the back of West Hill, at an elevation of 1000 feet. Curtis No. 1403. A very distinct species known only by Mr. Curtis’ scanty speci-mens. I have names it in honor of Mr. Skinner, Resident Councellor of Penang. 4. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. f. Fruct. III. 51, t. 188. A tree 80 to 100 feet high: young shoots rather slender, at first minute-ly velvety, pale grey, afterwards glabrous: buds cylindric, softly pale pubescent Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, the base rounded or sub-cordate, the edges slightly undulate, sometimes sub-crenate; both surfaces glabrous, or the lower puberulous especially on the midrib and nerves: main nerves 12 to 18 pairs, straight, oblique, prominent on the lower surface: length 4.5 to 11 in., breadth 2.5 to 5.25 in.; petiole 1 to 1.5 in., glabrous or pubescent: stipules tawny-velvety in the lower part but pubescent to-wards the apex. Racemes 3-to 5-flowered. Flowers 1.25 to 1.5 in. long. Calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, smooth, not winged. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, more or less canescent. Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid, tapering to each end when young: globular when ripe and .75 in. in diam., with neither wings nor ridges; the two accrescent calyx-lobes glabrous, conspicuously reticulate, obscurely 3-nerved, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 to 4.5 in. long and 1.25 in. broad; the three small lobes of the calyx deltoid, very short. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. II. 612; Corom. Plants III. 10 t. 213. Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 300: Wall Cat. 952; A. DC. Prod. XVI. 2, 607; W. and Arn. Prod. 85; Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 295: Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 102 t. 143, fig. 13: Kurz. For Fl. Burm. I. 114. D. laevis, Ham. l. c. 299.; A. DC. l. c.607. W. and A. Prod. 85: Kurz, l. c. 114. ?D. indicus, Bedd. Forest. Rep. 1864-5, 17 cum tab.; Flora Sylvat. t. 94. Assam, Cachar, Chittagong, Burmah, S. India. Var. andamanica: enlarged calyx-lobes linear-oblong, not oblanceo-late, .75 in. broad; leaves broadly ovate, sub-cuneate at the base. South Andaman: common. Following Dyer, I have included under this the plant named D. laevis by Buchanan Hamilton in the Memoirs of the Wernerian Society,


1893.] G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 93 Vol. VI. p. 299. Hamilton distinguishes his species D. laevis by its flattened branchlets, and perfectly glabrous leaves and petioles, while D. tuberculatus Gaertn. hae terete branches and pubescent leaves and petioles. The former (called Dulia Garjan, by the natives of Chitta-gong) yields, he says, no wood-oil; while the latter (called Teia Garjan) does. The materials before me do not enable me to differen-tiate the two as species. Moreover, specimens sent to me by Dr. E. Thurston, Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, (and which had been collected by the Forest Officer of Chittagong under the vernacular names Dulia and Telia Garjan) appear exactly alike. Careful investigation in the field may however prove that there is some better basis for Hamilton's view that the trifling differences which he has noted in the outline of the branchlets and the pubescence of the leaves. I am not at all satisfied that the Southern Indian tree named D. indicus by Beddome is rightly reduced here. Better herba-rium specimens than any which I have seen, and investigation in the filed, are I think required to settle this point also. 5. Dipterocarpus kerrii, King, n. sp. A tall tree; all parts, except the petals, glabrous; young branches thin, slightly flattened at the tips, not annular. Buds narrow, cylindric. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, acute or very shortly and bluntly acuminate, the edges undulate, the base cuneate; main nerves 8 to 11 pairs, oblique, traight, bold and shining on the lower surface; length 3 to 4 in., breadth 2 to 2.5 in., petiole .9 to 1.1 in. Panicles short, spreading, few-flowered. Flowers 1.5 in. long. Calyx-tube glaucous. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, more or less pubescent or tomentose towards their middle externally. Fruit turbinate, smooth, 1 to 1.15 in. in diam.; accrescent calyx-lobes linear-oblong, blunt, reticulate, 3-nerved, 4.5 to 5 in. long, and 1.25 to 1.5 in. broad: minor lobes very short, broad, rounded. Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 199, Griffith 727, Derry 1032. Pangkore; on Gunong Yunggal, Curtis No. 1561. Mr. Curtis describes this as a very large tree yielding an oil. It resembles D. Hasseltii, Bl., but has much smaller leaves. I have named this species in honour of Dr. Kerr, an enthusiastic Botanist much interested in the Malayan Flora. Closely allied to this, and perhaps identical with it, is the tree represented by Mr. Curtis' specimen (Waterfall, Penang) No. 1653. The young wood of the latter is however paler than that of D. Kerrii from Pangkore and Malacca, and the leaves are puberulous, not glabrous, beneath. I have seen no flowers of it. 6. D.ipterocarpus cornutus, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 296. A tree 50 to 70 feet high: young branches stout, compressed, minutely


94 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No.2, rufous-tomentose with a few scattered longer hairs. Leaves large, coriaceous, oblong, blunt at each end, the edges undulate or obscurely sinuate-crenate: upper surface glabrous, the midrib and nerves pale when dry: under surface densely covered with minute, pale, stellate tomentum: main nerves 16 to 20 pairs, prominent, spreading, straight, the transverse veins rather distinct: length 9 to 14 in., breadth 5 to 8 in., petiole 2 to 3 in.; stipules rufous-sericeous, the hairs fascicled. Racemes 7-or 8-flowered. Flowers 1.75 in. long. Calyx-tube 5-winged, canescent, the short lobes very obtuse. Petals oblong or sub-spathulate, stellate-canescent. Fruit about 1 in. long, sub-globular, with 5 thick short wings in its upper half; enlarged calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, 5 or 6 in. long and 1.25 to 1.75 in. broad, shining, boldly 3-nerved, reticulate. Dyer in Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 103, t. 143. fig. 15. Parinarium dilleni-folium, R. Br. Wall. Cat. No. 7520. Petrocarpa dillenifolia, Steud. Nomencl. II, 309. Singapore: Wallich. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 197. Penang: Curtis No. 1402. Perak: Wray, No. 4160. It was Sir Joseph Hooker who first pointed out that the Walli-chian plant No. 7520, issued as Parinarium, belongs really to this species. 7. Dipterocarpus fagineus, Vesque in Comptes-Rendus, tome 78, p. 626: Journ. Bot. for 1874, p. 149. A tree 40 to 80 feet high: young branches slender, at first minutely pulverulent tawny-pubescent, ulti-mately glabrescent or glabrous and dark-coloured, the buds cylindric. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute, the edges entire or sub-undulate-crenulate, the baase cuneate, both surfaces puberu-lous especially on the midrib and nerves; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, straight, oblique, prominent on the sub-glaucous lower surface; length 2.5 to 3.25 in., breadth 1.3 to 1.75. Racemes slender, 1-to 4-flowered. Flowers about 1.25 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, not constricted at the mouth, 5-angled. Ripe fruit ellipsoid, tapering more at the base than at the apex, 5-angled, glaucous, 1 in. long: accrescent calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, contracted at the base, 3-nerved, 2.5 to 3 in. long and about .75 in. broad. D. prismaticus, Dyer Journ. Bot. 1874. pp. 104, 152. t. 144 fig. 17. Dipterocarpus, sp. Hook. fil. in Linn. Trans. XXIII, 161. Perak: King's Collector No. 3527, Scortechini. Penang; Curtis No. 1401. D. fagineus, Vesque, has been collected hitherto only in Borneo (Beccari No. 3008 and Motley No. 143,) and the leaves are described by Dyer s being papyraceous in texture and having about 8 pairs of lateral nerves. The leaves of the Perak tree which I now refer to this


1893.] G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 95 species, are coriaceous and have 10 to 13 pairs of nerves. The Perak plant may therefore belong to a distinct, but closely allied, species. Curtis' Penang specimens (No. 1401) are quite glabrous in all parts except the petals. 8. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. II, 36. A tall tree: young branches glabrous, dark-coloured, sparsely lenticillate; buds cylindric. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly and bluntly acuminate, the edges sub-undulate, the base cuneate; both surfaces shining, glabrous, the midrib and 13 to 16 pairs of straight bold nerves with a few stellate hairs along their sides: length 6 to 8 in., breadth 2 to 2.75 in., petiole .9 to 1.1 in. Racemes slightly supra-axillary, densely tawny-tomentose, bifurcating, each branch with 3 to 5 flowers and several linear membranous decid-uous bracts. Flowers about 2.5 in. long. Calyx-tube fusiform, slightly contracted at the mouth, 1 in. long, boldly 5-angled, densely stellate tawny-tomentose as are the 3 minor calyx lobes; the 2 larger linear-oblanceolate lobes sparsely stellate-pubescent, boldly 1-nerved and with 2 obscure lateral nerves. Ripe fruit unknown. Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I. pt. 2, p. 498; A. DC. Prod. XXI. 2, 614; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 1874, 105. D. stenopterus, Vesque, Comptes-Rendus, tome 78, p. 625; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 150. Perak, Scortechini. Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. Except as regards inflorescence, the Perak specimens of this are practivally glabrous. In Bornean specimens, however, the young parts, buds and petioles are fusco-tomentose. (Dyer l. c.) 9. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco, Fl. Filipp. Ed. 2, 314. A tree 80 to 120 feet high: young branches rather stout, sub-compressed, at first hoary-puberulous, but finally quite glabrous, nearly black when dry; leaf-buds shortly ovoid, minutely pale-canescent. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, shortly acuminate; the base broad, rounded or sub-truncate, sub-cordate; the edges or obscurelt undulate-crenate, both sur-faces glabrous; main nerves 14 to 16 pairs, spreading, rather straight, prominent on the lower, obsolete on the upper, surface; length 6 to 9 in., breadth 3.5 to 5 in.; petiole 2 to 3 in. long, glabrous. Racemes about 4-flowered. Flowers articulated to the rachis, 2 in. long. Calyx-tube 5-winged from base to apex. Petals linear-oblong. Fruit oblong, 2.5 in. long, wings stout, .5 in. or more in width; the 2 accrescent lobes of the calyx oblong, obtuse, glabrous, reticulate, 3-nerved, the mesial nerve the longest and most distinct, 7 to 9 in. long and 1.5 to 2 in. broad, the smaller calyx lobes sub-orbicular. A. DC. Prod. XVI., 2 p. 612; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 106, t. 145, fig 19; Burck in Ann. du Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg., vol 6, 201. D. Blancoi, Bl., Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. J. II. 13


100 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, 2. Amsoptera, Korth. Resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, feather-veined and finely reticulate ; stipules small, fugacious or inconspicuous. Flowers in lax terminal panicles Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the base of the ovary; the segments imbricate, then subvalvate. Stamens oo; anthers ovoid with a long subulate connective, outer valves larger. Ovary 3-( rarely 4-5-) celled ; style fleshy, ovoid or oblong, with an attenuate 3-5-fid apex ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit adnate to the calyx-tube, in-dehiscent, 1-seeded, crowned by the accrescent calyx-segments, of which 2 form linear-oblong lobes. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal ; radicle superior. — Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to New Guinea. Species about 6. ]. Anisoptera CurtiSII, Dyer MSS. A tree 80 to 120 feet high: young branches slender, minutely scurf y-tomentose. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, the apex sub-acute or acute, the base narrowed but rounded ; the upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower densely ochra-ccous-lepidote and sparsely stellate-pubescent; main nerves 18 to 20 pairs, spreading : length 2 to 3 -5 in., breadth '75 to 1 25 in., petiole .5 to .75 in. Accrescent calyx-lobes 3'5 to 4"5 in. long, linear-spathulate, shining. 3-nerved : the transverse veins bold and numerous. Penang : Curtis. Perak : King's Collectors. Var. latifolia : leaves broadly elliptic, blunt, the bases rounded but narrowed. Penang : Curtis, No. 1400. The vernacular name of this in Penang is Ringkong. 3. Vatica, Linn. Large or moderately sized resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, feather-veined and finely reticulate ; stipules small, fugacious or incon-spicnous. Flotvers in axillary and terminal panicles, usually tomentose before expansion. Calyx-tube short, free, or adnate to the base of the ovary; segments somewhat acute, imbricate, then sub-valvate. Stamens 15 ; anthers oblong, external valves larger, connective apiculate. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, subulate, or apex clavate or capitate; stigma entire or 3-toothed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit leathery, indehiscent, 1-seeded, surrounded by and sometimes partly adnate to the accrescent, membranous, nerved and reticulate calyx-lobes, two of which expand into narrow wings 2 or 3 in. long, the other three being much smaller. Cotyledons fleshy. Distrib. Tropical Asia and chiefly Malaya ; species about 10. Synaptea is a genus established by Griffith (Notulse IV., 516, Tab. 585 A, fig V.) for a tree collected at Mergui, and named by him Synap-


102 G King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, calyx unequally accrescent, two of them being much elongate, and the fruit being partly inferior; while the section Eu-Vatica, as proposed by Bentham and Hooker originally, and adopted by Burck, is characterised by having the same fruiting calyx as Synaptea; nothing being said about the adhesion between the calyx and the fruit. Pierre, on the other hand, keeps up Synaptea as a genus on account of the presence of albumen and the structure of the embryo (characters not easily worked in herbarium specimens of this family). In my own opinion it appears advisable to admit Synaptea as a section of Vatica, but to exclude Isauxis, Retinodendron, and Pachynocarpus, retaining these as distinct genera. Vatica would, according to this scheme, be divided into two sections:-I. Eu-Vatica:-Fruit free from accrescent calyx, i.e., fruit superior. II. Synaptea:-Fruit adnate in its lower part to the accrescent calyx, i.e., fruit half inferior. Sect. I. Eu-Vatica.-Fruit quite free from the calyx. Inflorescence and ripe fruit pale tomentose; flowers .4 in. long... ... ... 1. V. perakensis. Inflorescence and ripe fruit rusty-tomentose. Flowers .25 in. long; nerves of leaves 13 to 15 pairs; petioles .3 to .4 in. long... 2. V. Lowii. Flowers .45 in. long; nerves of leaves 9 to 12 pairs; petioles .6 to 1.5 in. long... 3. V. Maingayi. Sect. II. Synaptea-Calyx-wings dherent to the ripe fruit for nearly half its length. Leaves 9 to 19 in. long and with 18 to 20 pairs of nerves ... ... ... 4. V. nitida. Leaves 2.5 to 7 in. long, with 6 to 13 pairs of nerves. Larger lobes of calyx of fruit obovate and very blunt. Leaves with 6 to 8 pairs of faint nerves ... ... ... 5. V. cinerea. Leaves with 11 to 13 pairs of bold nerves ... ... ... 6. V. Curtisii. Larger lobes of calyx narrowly oblong. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, with 9 to 11 pairs of nerves; petals narrowly oblong ... 7. V. faginea. Leaves broadly elliptic, with 11 to 13 pairs of nerves; petals broadly elliptic ... ... ... 8. V. Dyeri.


106 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, 8. Vatica Dyeri, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 130 feet high: young branches, panicles, and calyx on both surfaces densely rufous-floc-culent-tomentose, with stellate hairs intermixed, the branches ulti-mately glabrous and their bark pale. Leaves menbranous, usually broadly elliptic, rarely elliptic-oblong, sub-acute or very shortly and bluntly acuminate, the base rounded, both surfaces quite glabrous, finely reticulate: main nerves 11 to 13 pairs, spreading, rather promi-nent beneath: length 3.5 to 7 in., breadth 1.6 to 3 in.; petiole .35 to .5 in., flocculent-tomentose. Panicles axillary or terminal, cymose, 1.5 to 3 in. long. Flowers .4 in long. Calyx lobes unequal, the two larger oblong and obtuse; the three smaller lanceolate, acuminate. Petals broadly elliptic, very obtuse, slightly narrowed to the truncate base, much larger that the calyx-lobes, glabrous, except one of the outside edges which is adpressed-pubescent. Stamens short, unequal-sided, bluntly apiculate. Ovary depressed-pubescent, the stigma capitate. Ripe fruit conical, the two large accrescent calyx0wings narrowly oblan-ceolate-oblong, blunt, 5-nerved, 1.25 in. long and .25 in. broad; the three smaller wings one-fourth of the size of the larger, lanceolate, obscurely 5-nerved. Synaptea Dyeri, Pierre Fl. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 241. Perak: King's Collector, No. 7662. Distrib., Cambodia, Lower Cochin-China, Pierre. The Perak specimens are not in fruit: but in flowers and leaves they agree with Pierre's specimens from Cambodia and Cochin-China. 9. Vatica reticulata, King, n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: all parts except the inflorescence glabrous; young branches slender, dark-coloured. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, tapering from the middle to each end; the apex bluntly acuminate, the base very cuneate and slightly unequal-sided, the edges sub-undulate; both sur-faces finely reticulate when dry, the lower paler; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, little more prominent that the secondary; length 2.5 to 3.5 in., breadth 1 to 1.25 in., petiole .4 in. Panicles axillary or terminal, puberulous, 2.5 to 3.5 in. long, lax, few-flowered. Flowers on long pedicels. Calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate, more or less obtuse, densely pubescent on both surfaces. Ovary hemispherical, ridged, densely tomentose; style short, glabrous; stigma minute. Young fruit sub-globular; fruiting calyx with 2 accrescent linear-oblong wings, the other smaller; all attached to the lower part of the fruit. Perak: King's Collector, No. 6969. The only specimens which I have seen of this are without corolla, stamens, or ripe fruit. The species is, however, a very distinct one, and it is an unmistakeable Vatica. I have therefore ventured to name it in spite of the imperfection of the material.


112 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, rufous-tomentose as are the inflorescence and petioles. Leaves coria-ceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong (rarely slightly ob-ovate), very shortly acuminate or sub-acute, slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-cuneate base; upper surface shining, sparsely stellate-tomentose, the depressed midrib and nerves puberulous; lower surface scaberulous, more densely stellate-pubescent, especially on the bold midrib and 20 to 22 pairs of stout spreading main nerves; length 3.5 to 6.5 in., breadth 15 to 275 in., petiole .6 to .8 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 7 in. long, the ultimate branches bearing 4 or 5 distichous, secund, brac-teate, sessile flowers; bracts broadly ovate, puberulous outside. Sepals ovate, the two inner smaller, all densely golden-sericeous outside, glabrous inside. Petals like the sepals and of about the same length, the inside and one-half of the outer glabrous, the other half adpress-ed-sericeous. Stamens about 40, in several rows; the filaments of the outer shorter, all longer than the anthers; anthers ovate, mostly in-appendiculate, a few with a minute appendix. Ovary elongated, conic, sericeous; the style short, glabrous; stigma small. Fruit (immature) narrowly ovoid, .5 in. long, embraced by, but not adnate to, the accres-cent membranous calyx-wings: the outer 3 calyx-wings linear-oblong obtuse, narrowed to the base, 3.5 in. long and .6 in. broad, 10-nerved; the 2 inner 2.5 in. long and much narrower and fewer-nerved, sparsely pubescent. Malacca: Maingay (Kew. Distrib.) No. 202. Penang: Curtis, No. 431. Perak: King.s Collector, No. 3511. This resembles S-lacunosa Scheff., but differs in not having persis-tent stipules. Its vernacular name in Penang is Seraya. 5. Shorea parvifolia, Dyer in Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind., I., 305. A tree 100 to 150 feet high; young branches slender, pale tomentose at first, ultimately glabrous, dark-coloured and lenticellate. Leaves coria-ceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, the base sub-cuneate or almost rounded; upper surface glabrous (when young the midrib tomentose or pubescent); under surface sparsely scaly-pubescent when young, when adult minutely pubescent, the transverse veins thick; main nerves 9 to 12 pairs, oblique, rather straight, prominent beneath: length 2.5 to 4 in., breadth 1 to 1.8 in.; petiole .35 to .45 in., tomentose when young. Panicles axillary and terminal, crowded near the ends of the branches, 2 to 4 in. long, rather lax, spreading, many-flowered, minutely tomentose, the branches distichous. Flowers .25 in. long, secund, distichous, deciduously bracteate. Sepals slightly unequal, ovate, acute, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals twice as long as the sepals, obliquely elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, except on one-half outside which is silky. Stamens 15, or fewer: the filaments flatten-